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Tipovi Homerskih Formula U Kunićevu Latinskom Prijevodu Ilijade

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Tipovi Homerskih Formula U Kunićevu Latinskom Prijevodu Ilijade Filozofski fakultet Petra Šoštarić TIPOVI HOMERSKIH FORMULA U KUNIĆEVU LATINSKOM PRIJEVODU ILIJADE DOKTORSKI RAD Mentor: prof. dr. sc. Darko Novaković Zagreb, 2015. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Petra Šoštarić TYPES OF THE HOMERIC FORMULA IN THE LATIN TRANSLATION OF THE ILIAD BY RAJMUND KUNIĆ DOCTORAL THESIS Zagreb, 2015. Informacije o mentoru Darko Novaković rođen je u Zagrebu 14. I. 1953. Diplomirao je 1975. te doktorirao 1981. na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu, gdje je od 1990. redoviti profesor, a od 1992. predstojnik Katedre za latinski jezik i književnost. Bavi se antičkom književnom teorijom, retorikom, učenjima o stilu, antičkim romanom (osobito grčkim) te grotesknom komikom u antičkim tekstovima. Iz područja klasične filologije objavio više dvojezičnih izdanja grčkih i rimskih autora (romani Ksenfonta Efeškoga i Haritona, anonimni Lukije ili magarac, Senekina Apokolokintoza, Plautovi Trgovac i Perzijanac, anonimna Pripovijest o Apoloniju, kralju tirskom). Iz područja hrvatskoga latinizma upozorio na nepoznate rukopisne tekstove Filipa Zadranina, Jurja Šižgorića, Jerolima Bartučevića, Benedikta Kotruljevića, Didaka Pira, Ivana Gučetića, Antuna, Mihovila i Fausta Vrančića i dr. U Londonu otkrio Marulićev Životopis sv. Jeronima (Vita diui Hieronymi), a u Glasgowu kodeks s nepoznatim Marulićevim latinskim pjesmama (Epigrammata) te priredio njihova prva izdanja. Sudjelovao na brojnim znanstvenim skupovima u Hrvatskoj i inozemstvu (Rim, Udine, Assisi, Ferrara, Chianciano, Bonn i dr.). Suosnivač je časopisa "Latina et Graeca" (1973-), istoimene biblioteke dvojezičnih izdanja (1979-) i istoimenoga Instituta za klasične jezike i antičku civilizaciju (2006-). Urednik je zbirke Grčki i rimski klasici Matice hrvatske (1998-), urednik Građe za povijest hrvatskoga latinizma (2005-), član uredništva Sabranih djela Marka Marulića (2005-); bio je urednik za hrvatski latinizam i klasične književnosti u Hrvatskoj općoj enciklopediji (1999-2009). Bio je predsjednik Matičnoga povjerenstva za područje humanističkih znanosti, polje jezikoslovlja i znanosti o književnosti (1999-2005), predsjednik Upravnoga vijeća Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice (2001-2005). Dobitnik je godišnje nagrade HAZU za filološke znanosti 2001; godišnje nagrade Filozofskoga fakulteta 2000, 2001, 2005; godišnje nagrade za prevodilaštvo »Iso Velikanović« 2006. Član je Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies u Londonu, Accademia Properziana del Subasio, Upravnog odbora HERE (Humanities in the European Research Area), član stručnog povjerenstva za klasične studije ERIH-a (European Reference Index for the Humanities, Expert Panel for Classical Studies), član međunarodnoga povjerenstva za Thesaurus linguae Latinae pri Bavarskoj akademiji znanosti (Internationale Thesaurus-Kommission). Sažetak Ova je disertacija posvećena problemu adaptacije Homerovih formula u Kunićevu latinskom prijevodu Ilijade prvi out objavljenom 1776. Budući da su Ilijada i Odiseja bile proizvod oralne tradicije, njihova formulaičnost, tipična za usmenu epiku, nije osobina pisane književnosti. Zbog paralela u književnom radu Rajmunda Kunića i njegovog učenika Bernarda Zamanje, te činjenice da su obojica prošla isti obrazovni put u isusovačkim kolegijima i pripadala krugu rimskih neoklasicista, Kunićev pristup prevođenju formula u Ilijadi uspoređuje se sa Zamanjinim pristupom istom problemu u prijevodu Odiseje iz 1777. Odabrano je pet tipova homerskih formula (formule za uvođenje govora, formule koje označavaju izlazak sunca, formula za završetak gozbe, formule koja znače umiranje i epiteti) navedenih prema studiji A Complete Formular Analysis of the Homeric Poems (Pavese, Boschetti 2003). Za prepoznavanje sličnosti i mogućih utjecaja ranijih autora bile su korištene sljedeće baze podataka: Musisque Deoque za antičko pjesništvo, a Poeti d'Italia za talijanske renesansne humaniste. Usporedba primjera za prijevode navedenih tipova formula kod Kunića i Zamanje s formulama u Homerovim epovima pokazuje da su Kunić i Zamanja različito pristupali različitim tipovima formula te da su stvarali pod velikim utjecajem antičkih epskih pjesnika. Najveću inovativnost pokazuju u prevođenju epiteta, gdje se često značajno udaljavaju od izvornika te se neki njihovi prijevodi epiteta mogu smatrati slobodnima, dok su u prevođenju ostalih tipova formula ostvarili veći stupanj vjernosti. Njihovi se prevodilački postupci mogu objasniti kontekstom vremena u kojem su ova dvojica prevodilaca stvarala te utjecajem isusovačkog obrazovnog sustava koji ih je formirao. Summary 1. Introduction The translations by Kunić and Zamanja mark the final stage in a long tradition of translating Homer into Latin. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to explore the translators' approach to the problem of rendering the Homeric formula, a hallmark of the oral epic tradition, in the post-Vergilian epic tradition. 2. Latin translations of Homer The first Latin version of Homer, Andronicus' Odusia, is remarkable for more than one reason: it is the first literary work of Ancient Rome; the oldest translation of Homer and the only one in the original Italic verse, the Saturnian. There were other attempts to translate Homer in ancient Rome, but Andronicus' was the most successful. In the Middle Ages Greek was forgotten in the West, but Homer was not. The Latin reworkings were widely read and inspired further reinterpretations. The West owes its first Latin version of Homer to Petrarch who hired a Calabrian monk named Leonzio Pilato to translate Homer for him. Pilato produced an ad verbum translation, criticised by humanists like Coluccio Salutati. New Latin versions of Homer appeared: prose translations by Leonardo Bruni, Lorenzo Valla and Francesco Griffolini. It took much longer to translate at least one Homeric epic into Latin verse in its entirety because of the style and the subject. The formularity of oral epic poetry with all the repetitions of formulaic elements like speech introductions or time-denoting formulae was not understood at the time. Many Greek epithets, decorative adjectives that accompany nouns, a typical element of oral epic, were compounds – an obstacle for the translator because Latin did not have lexical equivalents. The translator was supposed to overcome these challenges while staying true to Homer – and true to Vergil. The latter was the main model for every humanist epic author, so even a translation of an epic into Latin was bound to bear his mark. Unfortunately for the translators, there were significant differences between Homer and Vergil. Homer lacked Vergil's decorum; Vergil was suitable for Christian interpretation, Homer was not. Therefore the first verse translations were partial (Marsuppini, della Valle, Romano, Pannonius and Poliziano). The first complete Latin version of the Iliad was the one by Eoban Hess published in 1540. Only a year earlier Johannes Prasch translated Books 9-12 of the Odyssey in elegiac couplets. Notable Swiss humanists who translated Homer were Simon Lemm, autohor of the first complete Latin hexameter Odyssey, and Heinrich Loriti. In the late 18th century three Latin translations of Homer appeared: Francisco Javier Alegre, Rajmund Kunić and Bernard Zamanja. 3. Formularity in Greek and Latin epic Although only the minority of Greek and Roman epic poems belong to an oral tradition, Homer's influence was felt in later epic in the use of formularity. Formularity was not necessary in written epic, but it was considered a hallmark of epic literature and later epic poets used the Homeric formula to varying degrees of repetition and subtlety. Humanist epic poets looked to the Romans, especially Vergil, as role models; therefore humanist epic poems will use formularity and imitation of typical Homeric expressions to a certain degree. 4. Life and works of Rajmund Kunić and his pupil Bernard Zamanja Both Rajmund Kunić (Raymundus Cunichius, 1719–1794) and Bernard Zamanja (Brno Džamanjić, Bernardus Zamagna 1735-1820) were born in Dubrovnik, where they attended the Jesuit Collegium Ragusinum, and then continued their studies in Rome at the Collegium Romanum. Kunić taught Greek and rhetoric at various Jesuit colleges in Italy, eventually returning to Rome where he obtained a professorship at the Collegium Romanum, which at the time rivaled La Sapienza. His educational work left him enough time for writing and translating. He wrote more than 3500 epigrams, 46 elegies, 44 poems in hendecasyllables, 13 hexameter poems, 13 epistles and 14 orations; translated into Latin the complete Iliad, Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Mimnermus, Tyrtaeus, Theocritus, 499 epigrams from the Greek Anthology and paraphrased Horace and Catullus. He belonged to the circle of intellectuals around Baldassare Odescalchi (1748- 1810), an educated young aristocrat who sponsored the publishing of Kunić's Iliad in 1776. Kunić, 30 years his senior, dedicated to Odescalchi Anthologica sive epigrammata Anthologiae Graecorum selecta Latinis versibus reddita, the first edition of his translations from Greek anthology. When Zamanja arrived in Rome in 1753 it was his compatriot Kunić who taught him Greek and rhetoric. They formed a close friendship and shared their views on poetry and learning. As translators, they had similar areas of interest: Greek archaic epic and Hellenistic poetry. Zamanja translated the Odyssey, Hesiod, Bion, Moschus and also Theocritus. Zamanja also translated poems from Croatian to Latin. In addition to translations, Zamanja wrote two small-scale didactic epics: Echo (Rome 1764), dealing with acoustics,
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