DOCSLIB.ORG

The Endosperm of a Rare Tree Endemic to Chile, Gomortega Keule, Has Two Parts with Different Chemical Composition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Endosperm of a Rare Tree Endemic to Chile, Gomortega Keule, Has Two Parts with Different Chemical Composition New Zealand Journal of Botany ISSN: 0028-825X (Print) 1175-8643 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzb20 The endosperm of a rare tree endemic to Chile, Gomortega keule, has two parts with different chemical composition Diego Muñoz-Concha, Carlos Valdivia, Patricio Peñailillo & Carlos Baeza To cite this article: Diego Muñoz-Concha, Carlos Valdivia, Patricio Peñailillo & Carlos Baeza (2018): The endosperm of a rare tree endemic to Chile, Gomortega keule, has two parts with different chemical composition, New Zealand Journal of Botany, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.2018.1468343 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2018.1468343 Published online: 10 May 2018. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnzb20 NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2018.1468343 SHORT COMMUNICATION The endosperm of a rare tree endemic to Chile, Gomortega keule, has two parts with different chemical composition Diego Muñoz-Conchaa, Carlos Valdiviaa, Patricio Peñailillob and Carlos Baezac aDepartamento de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Católica del Maule, Curicó, Chile; bInstituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; cDepartamento de Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY ‘Queule’ (Gomortega keule) is an endemic and endangered Chilean Received 25 November 2017 tree belonging to the monotypic family Gomortegaceae. Inside its Accepted 19 April 2018 edible fruit the usually single seed has an oily endosperm divided ASSOCIATE EDITOR in two distinctive parts; this represents a unique organisation of Liliana Katinas storage tissue in angiosperm seeds. Since this trait has not been previously reported in literature, this study aimed to describe both KEYWORDS parts of the storage tissue and to identify the presence of lipid, Embryo; endosperm; starch and protein. Seeds were observed using the paraffin Gomortegaceae; Laurales; oil; method and handmade slices. Specific dyes were applied to seed anatomy identify chemical compounds. Oil content was quantified in both parts of the endosperm. Additionally, seed and embryo size were measured from endocarps collected from the forest floor during an 8 month period. Increased embryo size and absence of germination suggest morphological dormancy. Histological slices showed abundant and larger starch grains in the inner part of the endosperm, and lower presence of proteins compared to the outer part. In terms of oil content, the inner part of the endosperm contained 27% (w/w fresh weight), the embryo 22% and the outer part 20%. Although both parts of the storage tissue are notoriously different, both belong to the endosperm. The presence of oil, proteins and starch in the storage tissue may provide ecological advantages for seedling establishment. Introduction Gomortega keule (Molina) Baillon, commonly named ‘queule’, belongs to the monotypic family Gomortegaceae within the order Laurales (Byng 2014). This evergreen tree is endemic to the coastal ranges of the Maule and Bío-Bío regions of central Chile (Benoit 1989; Hechenleitner et al. 2005), being a characteristic component of the Chilean Winter Rainfall-Valdivian biodiversity hotspot (Myers et al. 2000). The conservation status of the species is Endangered because of the intense replacement of its natural habitat by plantations of exotic timber trees (Espinosa 1948; Le-Quesne and Stark 2006). The edible fruit of G. keule can be consumed fresh or processed, and has been known to the local people since ancient times (Le-Quesne and Stark 2006). The excellent quality wood was used for crafting. The attractive appearance of the tree gives it an CONTACT Diego Muñoz-Concha [email protected] © 2018 The Royal Society of New Zealand 2 D. MUÑOZ-CONCHA ET AL. ornamental potential (Albert 1924; Rodríguez et al. 2007). However, the species is not cul- tivated for human use due to its difficult propagation. The fruit of G. keule is a false drupe developed from an inferior ovary (Byng 2014). The extremely hard endocarp encloses one (or, rarely, two or three) seed(s) which has been described as oily (Muñoz 1986). The seed anatomy was reported by Doweld (2001) who refers to the storage tissue as endosperm without adding any further descriptions. However, when the seed is microdissected, two distinct parts (inner and outer) can be observed in the endosperm. Heo et al. (2004) showed a photograph of the seed where the two parts could be distinguished, without further information. This work aimed to describe the chemical composition of the storage tissue in the seed of G. keule and to characterise the presence of organic substances such as lipids, proteins and starch. Additionally, embryo size was evaluated as complementary data to this poorly known seed. Materials and methods Plant material Fruits and endocarps of G. keule were obtained from Los Queules National Reserve (35° 58′S, 72°40′W) and Ralbún (Forestal CELCO S.A.; 36°03′S, 72°38′W), Chile. Mature fruits were collected from the forest floor in March for microscopic observation. Endocarps were obtained from the forest floor in December to evaluate oil content. Embryo size was measured using endocarps left on the litter of the forest floor in a mesh cage, thus preventing disturbances by animals or people; 6–19 endocarps were taken every month during 10 months and fixed in FAA (40% formaldehyde, 96% ethanol, acetic acid, water; 10:50:5:35). Endocarps were opened using a bench vice and seeds were subsequently dissected. Embryo length and width were measured and a logistic regression (Thornley and Johnson 1990) was performed to evaluate size changes. Microscopy preparations For microscopy preparations, the procedure by Chamberlain (2007) was followed with modifications. Fixed seeds were dehydrated in a series of ethanol solutions (50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 96%), and subsequently placed in petroleum ether, xylol and paraffin. Sample sections of 18 µm were obtained using a microtome Microm HM-35 and sub- sequently immersed in xylol and ethanol. After staining with safranin (red) and fast green according to D’Ambrogio (1986), the samples were mounted using Histofluid medium. Histochemical tests were performed for proteins (eosin 1%, staining red-pink; Barber et al. 1991), lipids (Sudan III 0.2%, staining orange-red; Schneider et al. 1999) and starch (iodine 1%–potassium iodide 2%, staining reddish brown or bluish; Wang et al. 1998) on handmade slices of fresh seeds obtained with a razor blade. Tissues were observed in a microscope Olympus CX31 under different magnifications. Photographs were taken with an MShot MC50 digital camera. Oil content determination Seeds were dissected and the embryo, inner and outer part of the storage tissue were sep- arated, weighed and thoroughly ground in a 1.5 mL centrifuge plastic tube. The tube was NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY 3 centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 5 min. The two liquid phases observed were taken using a micropipette and weighed. The process was repeated with the pellet at 10,000 rpm for 7.5 min. The extraction was performed three times independently, each with 10 seeds. In order to detect oil presence, the two previously retrieved liquids phases were treated with Sudan III. For dry mass determination, tissue remains were dried after the extraction using a Binder heater at 60 °C for 48 h. Results Embryo size During the time the endocarp was lying on the forest floor, the length and width of the embryo increased, fitting a logistic growth equation (r2 = 0.83 for length and 0.69 for width; Figure 1). Protrusion of the radicle was not observed. Microscopy observations Two parts of the endosperm were clearly distinguishable in the histological preparations (Figure 2A). The outer part of the endosperm showed parenchymal cells containing small green-hyaline structures stained with fast green and consequently corresponding to protein bodies (Prego et al. 1998). Big red grains were visible in cells from the inner part of the seed. The cells from both parts got together without a distinct limit or cell arrangement (Figure 2B). The inner part was stained with iodine-potassium iodide, while the outer part showed weak and diffuse staining with the same dye. A higher abun- dance of large starch grains was observed in the inner part than in the outer part of the endosperm. Figure 1. Embryo size changes in Gomortega keule. 4 D. MUÑOZ-CONCHA ET AL. Figure 2. Storage tissue in the seed of Gomortega keule. A, General view of the seed showing the inner part (IP) and outer part (OP) of the endosperm. Scale bar = 0.5 mm; B, contact zone between the OP and IP. Scale bar = 200 µm; C, iodine-potassium iodide staining showing starch grains in the inner part. Scale bar = 30 µm; D, inner part showing big oil bodies (OB) stained with Sudan III. Scale bar = 50 µm. Using hand preparations, the outer part showed starch grains stained with iodine-pot- assium iodide, oil bodies stained with Sudan III and small protein bodies stained with eosin. The inner part presented grains stained with iodine (Figure 2C) corresponding to starch or maybe to a mixture of starch and proteins (Ancíbor 1971). Big oil bodies were stained with Sudan III (Figure 2D). Regarding the relative abundance of the different particles stained in each part of the endosperm, the outer part showed an abundance of lipids (oil), proteins and the presence of starch. The inner part contained an important proportion of lipids, starch grains and a lower content of proteins (Table 1). Oil presence and content After grinding and centrifugation, two distinct liquid phases were distinguished in the embryo and the endosperm parts (outer and inner). The oily liquid (upper liquid Table 1. Presence of substances detected by dyes in the outer and inner part of the endosperm of Gomortega keule.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bioclimatic and Phytosociological Diagnosis of the Species of the Nothofagus Genus (Nothofagaceae) in South America
    International Journal of Geobotanical Research, Vol. nº 1, December 2011, pp. 1-20 Bioclimatic and phytosociological diagnosis of the species of the Nothofagus genus (Nothofagaceae) in South America Javier AMIGO(1) & Manuel A. RODRÍGUEZ-GUITIÁN(2) (1) Laboratorio de Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC). E-15782 Santiago de Com- postela (Galicia, España). Phone: 34-881 814977. E-mail: [email protected] (2) Departamento de Producción Vexetal. Escola Politécnica Superior de Lugo-USC. 27002-Lugo (Galicia, España). E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Nothofagus genus comprises 10 species recorded in the South American subcontinent. All are important tree species in the ex- tratropical, Mediterranean, temperate and boreal forests of Chile and Argentina. This paper presents a summary of data on the phyto- coenotical behaviour of these species and relates the plant communities to the measurable or inferable thermoclimatic and ombrocli- matic conditions which affect them. Our aim is to update the phytosociological knowledge of the South American temperate forests and to assess their suitability as climatic bioindicators by analysing the behaviour of those species belonging to their most represen- tative genus. Keywords: Argentina, boreal forests, Chile, mediterranean forests, temperate forests. Introduction tually give rise to a temperate territory with rainfall rates as high as those of regions with a Tropical pluvial bio- The South American subcontinent is usually associa- climate; iii. finally, towards the apex of the American ted with a tropical environment because this is in fact the Southern Cone, this temperate territory progressively dominant bioclimatic profile from Panamá to the north of gives way to a strip of land with a Boreal bioclimate.
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic
    Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both.
    [Show full text]
  • SIPARUNACEAE E MONIMIACEAE Siparuna Gêneros Pelos Reserva Na Representadas Estão Semelhantes
    146 Siparunaceae e Monimiaceae As duas famílias foram recentemente monóicas ou dióicas. Os frutos são encobertos separadas. Monimiaceae sempre foi pelo receptáculo carnoso e quando maduros considerada heterogênea, e estudos atuais rompem-se irregularmente (com exceção de S. apontam para a segregação de certos gêneros glycycarpa, que é indeiscente), expondo drupas no nível de família, como o gênero Siparuna semelhantes a sementes, com arilo vermelho para Siparunaceae. São tratadas juntas neste ou alaranjado rico em lipídios. guia por serem vegetativamente semelhantes. As flores de Siparuna são polinizadas por Estão representadas na Reserva pelos gêneros moscas de hábito noturno, que visitam as flores Siparuna e Mollinedia. para acasalamento e oviposição. Monimiaceae é predominantemente pantropical com aproximadamente 194 espécies em ca. 22 gêneros, com a mesma distribuição de Siparunaceae na região neotropical. Na Amazônia ocorre somente o gênero Mollinedia, com uma espécie dióica, M. ovata registrada na Reserva. No campo a família é identificada através das mesmas características usadas para Siparunaceae. Mollinedia ovata tem folhas subcoriáceas, venação broquidódroma e poucas secundárias. As flores são como em Siparuna guianensis Siparunaceae, o receptáculo apresentando a Siparunaceae é neotropical e contém margem sinuosa. Os frutos são drupas sésseis aproximadamente 70 espécies em 2 gêneros ou estipitadas (semelhantes aos de Guatteria, (apenas um gênero mono-específico na Annonaceae) ou como em Siparunaceae, mas África Ocidental, Glossocalyx), distribuídas raramente com arilo alaranjado. desde o México e o Caribe até o Paraguai e Argentina. Somente Siparuna ocorre na Amazônia brasileira, estando representada na Reserva por nove espécies de hábito arbóreo ou arbustivo. O reconhecimento da família no campo é fácil: a lâmina foliar tem pontuações translúcidas e a planta tem um odor cítrico, agradável ou fétido (de onde vem o nome indígena caá-pitiú, ou planta com cheiro ruim), devido à grande concentração de óleos essenciais.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of Floral Key Innovations in Angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes
    Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes To cite this version: Elisabeth Reyes. Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms. Botanics. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. English. NNT : 2016SACLS489. tel-01443353 HAL Id: tel-01443353 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01443353 Submitted on 23 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2016SACLS489 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N° 567 Sciences du Végétal : du Gène à l’Ecosystème Spécialité de Doctorat : Biologie Par Mme Elisabeth Reyes Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 13 décembre 2016 : Composition du Jury : M. Ronse de Craene, Louis Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux d’Édimbourg M. Forest, Félix Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux de Kew Mme. Damerval, Catherine Directrice de recherche au Moulon Président du jury M. Lowry, Porter Curateur en chef aux Jardins Examinateur Botaniques du Missouri M. Haevermans, Thomas Maître de conférences au MNHN Examinateur Mme. Nadot, Sophie Professeur à l’Université Paris-Sud Directeur de thèse M.
    [Show full text]
  • Djvu Document
    Cenomanian Angiosperm Leaf Megafossils, Dakota Formation, Rose Creek Locality, Jefferson County, Southeastern Nebraska By GARLAND R. UPCHURCH, JR. and DAVID L. DILCHER U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1915 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1990 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center Box 25425 Denver. CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Upchurch, Garland R. Cenomanian angiosperm leaf megafossils, Dakota Formation, Rose Creek locality, Jefferson County, southeastern Nebraska / by Garland R. Upchurch, Jr., and David L. Dilcher. p. cm.-(U.S. Geological Survey bulletin; 1915) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs. no.: 1 19.3:1915. 1. Leaves, Fossil-Nebraska-Jefferson County. 2. Paleobotany-Cretaceous. 3. Paleobotany-Nebraska-Jefferson County. I. Dilcher, David L. II. Title. III. Series. QE75.B9 no. 1915 [QE983] 557.3 s-dc20 90-2855 [561'.2]CIP CONTENTS Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 2 Materials and methods 2 Criteria for classification 3 Geological setting and description of fossil plant locality 4 Floristic composition 7 Evolutionary considerations 8 Ecological considerations 9 Key to leaf types at Rose Creek 10 Systematics 12 Magnoliales 12 Laurales 13 cf. Illiciales 30 Magnoliidae order
    [Show full text]
  • Why Are There So Many Flowering Plants? a Multiscale Analysis of Plant Diversification
    vol. 195, no. 6 the american naturalist june 2020 Why Are There So Many Flowering Plants? A Multiscale Analysis of Plant Diversification Tania Hernández-Hernández1,2 and John J. Wiens1,* 1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721; 2. Catedrática CONACYT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología) asignada a LANGEBIO-UGA (Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad–Unidad de Genómica Avanzada) Cinvestav, Libramiento Norte Carretera León Km 9.6, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico Submitted February 3, 2019; Accepted November 25, 2019; Electronically published April 3, 2020 Online enhancements: appendixes A–R. Dryad data: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5tb2rbp10. abstract: The causes of the rapid diversification and extraordi- cies distributed among 10 major clades (phyla sensu Niklas nary richness of flowering plants (angiosperms) relative to other 2016). The differences in richness among these clades are plant clades is a long-standing mystery. Angiosperms are only one striking (fig. 1), with ∼90% of described land plant species be- among 10 major land plant clades (phyla) but include ∼90% of land longing to angiosperms (flowering plants; Magnoliophyta). plant species. However, most studies that have tried to identify which Given that angiosperms also appear to be relatively young, traits might explain the remarkable diversification of angiosperms they clearly have a high overall diversification rate (speciation have focused only on richness patterns within angiosperms and tested minus extinction; Morlon 2014). The challenge is to identify only one or a few traits at a single hierarchical scale. Here, we assem- fi ble a database of 31 diverse traits among 678 families and analyze which traits might help explain this accelerated diversi ca- relationships between traits and diversification rates across all land tion, including traits related to ecology, morphology, phys- plants at three hierarchical levels (phylum, order, and family) using iology, reproduction, and genomic characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Rattus Rattus, a Potential Threat to the Endangered Tree Gomortega Keule in the Maulino Forest of Chile
    New Zealand Journal of Botany ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzb20 Rattus rattus, a potential threat to the endangered tree Gomortega keule in the Maulino forest of Chile Matías Barceló & Javier A. Simonetti To cite this article: Matías Barceló & Javier A. Simonetti (2020): Rattusrattus, a potential threat to the endangered tree Gomortegakeule in the Maulino forest of Chile, New Zealand Journal of Botany, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.2020.1799041 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2020.1799041 Published online: 06 Aug 2020. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 30 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnzb20 NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2020.1799041 SHORT COMMUNICATION Rattus rattus, a potential threat to the endangered tree Gomortega keule in the Maulino forest of Chile Matías Barceló * and Javier A. Simonetti Laboratorio de Conservación Biológica, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Gomortega keule is an endangered tree species, the single extant Received 18 May 2020 species of a monotypic family. It is safeguarded only in one Accepted 17 July 2020 protected area. Its recruitment and germination are low, possibly HANDLING EDITOR in part because rodents prey on the seeds. However, it remains Janice Lord unknown if any rodent preys upon its large fruit and if so, to what extent. In this work we aimed to evaluate the interaction and KEYWORDS possible predation of the invasive species Rattus rattus on Invasive species; predator; G.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Position and Floral Function of Siparuna (Siparunaceae: Laurales) Author(S): S
    Phylogenetic Position and Floral Function of Siparuna (Siparunaceae: Laurales) Author(s): S. S. Renner, A. E. Schwarzbach and L. Lohmann Source: International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 158, No. 6, Supplement: Morphology and Evolution of Flowers (Nov., 1997), pp. S89-S98 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2475169 Accessed: 24-09-2015 08:01 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2475169?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of Plant Sciences. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.252.67.66 on Thu, 24 Sep 2015 08:01:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Int. J. Plant Sci. 158(6 Suppl.):S89-S98. 1997. C 1997 by The Universityof Chicago. All rightsreserved. 1058-5893/97/5806S-0007$03.00 PHYLOGENETICPOSITION AND FLORAL FUNCTION OF SIPARUNA(SIPARUNACEAE: LAURALES) S.
    [Show full text]
  • LETTER Doi:10.1038/Nature12872
    LETTER doi:10.1038/nature12872 Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments Amy E. Zanne1,2, David C. Tank3,4, William K. Cornwell5,6, Jonathan M. Eastman3,4, Stephen A. Smith7, Richard G. FitzJohn8,9, Daniel J. McGlinn10, Brian C. O’Meara11, Angela T. Moles6, Peter B. Reich12,13, Dana L. Royer14, Douglas E. Soltis15,16,17, Peter F. Stevens18, Mark Westoby9, Ian J. Wright9, Lonnie Aarssen19, Robert I. Bertin20, Andre Calaminus15, Rafae¨l Govaerts21, Frank Hemmings6, Michelle R. Leishman9, Jacek Oleksyn12,22, Pamela S. Soltis16,17, Nathan G. Swenson23, Laura Warman6,24 & Jeremy M. Beaulieu25 Early flowering plants are thought to have been woody species to greater heights: as path lengths increase so too does resistance5. restricted to warm habitats1–3. This lineage has since radiated into Among extant strategies, the most efficient method of water delivery almost every climate, with manifold growth forms4. As angiosperms is through large-diameter water-conducting conduits (that is, vessels spread and climate changed, they evolved mechanisms to cope with and tracheids) within xylem5. episodic freezing. To explore the evolution of traits underpinning Early in angiosperm evolution they probably evolved larger conduits the ability to persist in freezing conditions, we assembled a large for water transport, especially compared with their gymnosperm cousins14. species-level database of growth habit (woody or herbaceous; 49,064 Although efficient in delivering water, these larger cells would have species), as well as leaf phenology (evergreen or deciduous), diameter impeded angiosperm colonization of regions characterized by episodic of hydraulic conduits (that is, xylem vessels and tracheids) and climate freezing14,15, as the propensity for freezing-induced embolisms (air bub- occupancies (exposure to freezing).
    [Show full text]
  • Fitoquímica E Atividade Antiplasmódica De Siparuna Poeppigii (Tul.) A. Dc. (Siparunaceae)
    0 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA SAÚDE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS FARMACÊUTICAS FITOQUÍMICA E ATIVIDADE ANTIPLASMÓDICA DE SIPARUNA POEPPIGII (TUL.) A. DC. (SIPARUNACEAE) NAYLA DI PAULA VIEIRA PINA BELÉM – PA 2016 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA SAÚDE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS FARMACÊUTICAS FITOQUÍMICA E ATIVIDADE ANTIPLASMÓDICA DE SIPARUNA POEPPIGII (TUL.) A. DC. (SIPARUNACEAE) Autor: Nayla di Paula Vieira Pina Orientadora: Prof.ª Dra. Alaíde Braga de Oliveira Co-orientadora: Prof.ª Dra. Maria Fâni Dolabela Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, área de concentração: Fármacos e Medicamentos, do Instituto de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal do Pará como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas. BELÉM – PA 2016 2 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Nayla di Paula Vieira Pina FITOQUÍMICA E ATIVIDADE ANTIPLASMÓDICA DE SIPARUNA POEPPIGII (TUL.) A. DC. (SIPARUNACEAE) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, do Instituto de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal do Pará como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Área de concentração: Fármacos e Medicamentos. Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof.ª Dra. Alaíde Braga de Oliveira (Orientadora) Instituição: PPGCF UFPA Ass:_______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Wagner Luiz Barbosa Instituição: PPGCF UFPA Ass:_______________________________________ Profa. Dra. Mara Silvia Pinheiro Arruda Instituição: Faculdade de Química UFPA Ass:_______________________________________ BELÉM – PA 2016 3 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação-na-Publicação (CIP) Biblioteca do Instituto de Ciências da Saúde / UFPA Pina, Nayla di Paula Vieira. Fitoquímica e atividade antiplasmódica de Sirapuna poeppigii (tul.) a. dc. (Siparunaceae) / Nayla di Paula Vieira Pina; orientadora, Alaíde Braga de Oliveira; co-orientadora, Maria Fâni Dolabela.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP (APG) SYSTEM History Of
    ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP (APG) SYSTEM The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to an informal international group of systematic botanists who came together to try to establish a consensus view of the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that would reflect new knowledge about their relationships based upon phylogenetic studies. As of 2010, three incremental versions of a classification system have resulted from this collaboration (published in 1998, 2003 and 2009). An important motivation for the group was what they viewed as deficiencies in prior angiosperm classifications, which were not based on monophyletic groups (i.e. groups consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor). APG publications are increasingly influential, with a number of major herbaria changing the arrangement of their collections to match the latest APG system. Angiosperm classification and the APG Until detailed genetic evidence became available, the classification of flowering plants (also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae, Anthophyta or Magnoliophyta) was based on their morphology (particularly that of the flower) and their biochemistry (what kinds of chemical compound they contained or produced). Classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group. The result was a large number of such systems (see List of systems of plant taxonomy). Different systems and their updates tended to be favoured in different countries; e.g. the Engler system in continental Europe; the Bentham & Hooker system in Britain (particularly influential because it was used by Kew); the Takhtajan system in the former Soviet Union and countries within its sphere of influence; and the Cronquist system in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The Woody Planet: from Past Triumph to Manmade Decline
    plants Review The Woody Planet: From Past Triumph to Manmade Decline Laurence Fazan 1, Yi-Gang Song 2,3 and Gregor Kozlowski 1,3,4,* 1 Department of Biology and Botanical Garden, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; [email protected] 2 Eastern China Conservation Center for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Chenhua Road No.3888, Songjiang, Shanghai 201602, China; [email protected] 3 Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenhua Road No.3888, Songjiang, Shanghai 201602, China 4 Natural History Museum Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 6, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-26-300-88-42 Received: 6 November 2020; Accepted: 16 November 2020; Published: 17 November 2020 Abstract: Woodiness evolved in land plants approximately 400 Mya, and very soon after this evolutionary invention, enormous terrestrial surfaces on Earth were covered by dense and luxurious forests. Forests store close to 80% of the biosphere’s biomass, and more than 60% of the global biomass is made of wood (trunks, branches and roots). Among the total number of ca. 374,000 plant species worldwide, approximately 45% (138,500) are woody species—e.g., trees, shrubs or lianas. Furthermore, among all 453 described vascular plant families, 191 are entirely woody (42%). However, recent estimations demonstrate that the woody domination of our planet was even greater before the development of human civilization: 1.4 trillion trees, comprising more than 45% of forest biomass, and 35% of forest cover disappeared during the last few thousands of years of human dominance on our planet.
    [Show full text]