DOCSLIB.ORG

The Mohole Workshop Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Mohole Workshop Report The MoHole A Crustal Journey and Mantle Quest Workshop Report Kanazawa, Japan, 3-5 June 2010 Workshop Steering Committee : Benoît Ildefonse, Natsue Abe, Yoshio Isozaki (Chairs) Donna K. Blackman, J. Pablo Canales, Shuichi Kodaira, Greg Myers, Mladen R. Nedimovic, Damon A.H. Teagle, Susumu Umino (host), Douglas S. Wilson Report Writing Committee : B. Ildefonse (Chair), N. Abe, D.K. Blackman, J.P. Canales, Y. Isozaki, S. Kodaira, G. Myers, K. Nakamura, M. Nedimovic, N. Seama, A. Skinner, E. Takazawa, D.A.H. Teagle, M. Tominaga, S. Umino, D.S. Wilson, M. Yamao Contents Executive Summary............................................................................................................ 1 1. Introduction................................................................................................................... 4 2. Scientific Rationale for the MoHole, a Crustal Journey and Mantle Quest....................... 5 2.1. The Mohorovičić Discontinuity.............................................................................................................................5 2.2. Formation of the lower crust.................................................................................................................................6 2.3. Composition and hydration of the ocean crust..............................................................................................7 2.4. Limits and controlling factors of life...................................................................................................................8 2.5. Physical and chemical nature of the upper mantle ......................................................................................8 3. Geophysical Site Surveys.............................................................................................. 10 3.1. Scientific Requirements ........................................................................................................................................10 3.2. Technological Constraints....................................................................................................................................10 3.3. Potential Sites............................................................................................................................................................12 3.3.1. Cocos Plate (aka 1256 area)............................................................................................................................14 3.3.2. Off Southern/Baja California...........................................................................................................................15 3.3.3. Hawaii........................................................................................................................................................................16 3.4. Large Scale Surveys: Finding the Right Project Area................................................................................17 3.5. Small-Scale Surveys: Detailed Imaging of Project Area and Target...................................................18 4. Technology & Engineering Development...................................................................... 19 4.1. Mud Circulation Technology ...............................................................................................................................19 4.2. Logging/ Coring........................................................................................................................................................20 4.3. Drill Bit, Drill String, and Core Barrels............................................................................................................21 4.4. Drilling Mud................................................................................................................................................................21 4.5. Casing/Cementing ...................................................................................................................................................22 4.6. Assessing the Past Experience in Crustal Drilling......................................................................................23 4.7. Accumulating Experience in Hard-Rock Drilling .......................................................................................23 5. Operations ................................................................................................................... 24 5.1. Professional Planning.............................................................................................................................................24 5.2. Site Characterization Data....................................................................................................................................24 5.3. Well Design Considerations.................................................................................................................................25 5.3.1. Pilot Hole Options .................................................................................................................................................25 5.3.2. Well Control and Borehole Pressure Management................................................................................25 5.3.3. Mud program..........................................................................................................................................................25 5.3.4. Casing design ..........................................................................................................................................................25 5.3.5. Cementing plan ......................................................................................................................................................26 5.3.6. Directional drilling options...............................................................................................................................26 5.4. Downhole drilling tool selection .......................................................................................................................26 5.5. Downhole Measurements.....................................................................................................................................26 5.5.1. Drill collar measurements - Logging While Drilling/Measurement While Drilling ................26 5.5.2. Wireline tools..........................................................................................................................................................27 5.5.3. VSP experiment ......................................................................................................................................................27 5.5.4. Long-term monitoring........................................................................................................................................27 5.6. Logistics........................................................................................................................................................................27 6. Keys for success ........................................................................................................... 28 6.1. Geophysical surveys and Hole location..........................................................................................................28 6.2. Scientific coring, sampling and measurements...........................................................................................28 6.3. Broadening the scientific spectrum .................................................................................................................30 6.4. Drilling technology..................................................................................................................................................30 6.5. Industrial engagement...........................................................................................................................................31 6.6. Public engagement, outreach, education.......................................................................................................31 6.7. Anticipated time table for the MoHole project............................................................................................32 7. References ................................................................................................................... 33 8. Workshop Agenda........................................................................................................ 35 Thursday, June 3 - Day 1................................................................................................................................................35 Friday, June 4 - Day 2......................................................................................................................................................36 Saturday, June 5 - Day 3.................................................................................................................................................36 9. Workshop Participants................................................................................................. 37 Appendices ...................................................................................................................... 39 Appendix 1 - Scientific Objectives of Mission Moho proposal (2007).......................................................40 1. Primary Motivation for Mission Moho ................................................................................................................41
Load more

Recommended publications
  • LECTURE 8 - Mohorovičić’S Inversion: the Discovery of the Crust-Mantle Boundary A.K.A
    LECTURE 8 - Mohorovičić’s inversion: the discovery of the crust-mantle boundary a.k.a. “Moho” Hrvoje Tkalčić "Andrija Mohorovičić" by a surrealistic painter, Carlo Billich *** N.B. The material presented in these lectures is from the principal textbooks, other books on similar subject, the research and lectures of my colleagues from various universities around the world, my own research, and finally, numerous web sites. I am grateful for the material I used in this particular lecture to D. Skoko, M.Herak, and A. Mohorovičić himself, who was a founder of the Geophysical Institute of the University of Zagreb, at which I studied as an undergraduate student.*** Seismic “phases” and their nomenclature Construction of travel time curves (hodochrones) istance d Epicentral Time Observed and theoretical travel time curves Kennett et al., 1991 1909 Earthquake and the Mohorovičić’s assumption Mohorovičić’s method Mohorovičić’s method Mohorovičić’s method The depth of the discontinuity Voilà! Andrija Mohorovičić 1910 The discontinuity in seismic wave speeds Somewhat arbitrary v alues on this scheme, but generally OK Abrupt change in the composition and density of rocks results in a sharp change in seismic wave speeds The depth of Moho (crustal thickness) Moho in popular culture . The Mohorovičić Discontinuity is mentioned in one particular computer game, an RTS called Total Annihilation. Players can build a "Moho Mine" in order to mine metal at or close to the Mohorovičić Discontinuity. Due to the size of the structure, the public being unfamiliar with the Mohorovičić Discontinuity, and an expansion structure called the "Moho Metal-Maker", "Moho" is misinterpreted as meaning "big.” .
    [Show full text]
  • The Mohole : a Crustal Journey and Mantle Quest
    The MoHole : a Crustal Journey and Mantle Quest BENOÎT ILDEFONSE CNRS, GÉOSCIENCES MONTPELLIER [email protected] Mission Moho co-proponents Natsue Abe, Peter Kelemen, Hidenori Kumagai, Damon Teagle, Doug Wilson, Gary Acton, Jeff Alt, Wolfgang Bach, Neil Banerjee, Mathilde Cannat, Rick Carlson, David Christie, Rosalind Coggon, Laurence Coogan, Robert Detrick, Henry Dick, Jeffrey Gee, Kathryn Gillis, Alistair Harding, Jeff Karson, Shuichi Kodaira, Juergen Koepke, John Maclennan, Jinichiro Maeda, Chris MacLeod, Jay Miller, Sumio Miyashita, Jim Natland, Toshio Nozaka, Mladen Nedimovic, Yasuhiko Ohara, Kyoko Okino, Philippe Pezard, Eiichi Takazawa, Takeshi Tsuji, Susumu Umino Co-authors of MoHole workshop report Natsue Abe, Yoshio Isozaki, Donna Blackman, Pablo Canales, Shuichi Kodaira, Greg Myers, Kentaro Nakamura, Mladen Nedimovic, Ali Skinner, Eiichi Takazawa, Damon Teagle, Masako Tominaga, Susumu Umino, Doug Wilson, Masaoki Yamao April 1958, meeting in the Great Hall of the NAS : “What good will it do to get a single sample of the mantle?...” “Perhaps it is true that we won't find out as much about the earth’s interior from one hole as we hope. To those who raise that objection I say, If there is not a first hole, there cannot be a second or a tenth or a hundredth hole. We must make a beginning.” Harry Hess Project “Mohole” 1957-1966 Life, April 14, 1961 Offshore Guadalupe Island March-April 1961 CUSS 1 Dynamic positioning ~ 3500 mbsl 5 holes Max depth 183 m, miocene sediments & ~ 14 m of basalt 40 years of planning on deep drilling of the ocean lithosphere Oceanic basement drilling 1968 - 2005 basalt (45 holes > 50 m) gabbro & serpentinite (37 holes > 10 m) Ildefonse et al., 2007 Not enough !! ~3% of DSDP/ODP/IODP cumulated depth No continuous section of ocean crust ! Scientific planning 2006-2010 • Mission Moho Workshop Formation and Evolution of Oceanic Lithosphere Portland, Sept.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Review of "Exploring the Earth's Crust: History and Results of Controlled-Source Seismology (GSA Memoir 208)" by Claus Prodehl and Walter D
    Book Review of "Exploring the Earth's Crust: History and Results of Controlled-Source Seismology (GSA Memoir 208)" by Claus Prodehl and Walter D. Mooney Prodehl and Mooney have done an impressive service to the community in providing this compendium of controlled-source seismic studies of the earth's crust carried out to 2005. It is a remarkable piece of work. The book will be a valuable resource for students and researches in earth sciences for many years to come. The chapter on the "History of controlled-source seismology" provides an excellent introduction to the data sets and experiments that are discussed in the remainder of the book. It is strange that for such a large book there is no index and, as a result, it is awkward to find material of interest. Consequently this chapter is especially necessary. The chapter on "The first 100 years (1845-1945)" does for controlled-source seismology what Love's (1927) "Historical Introduction" did for the theory of elasticity and Dewey and Byerly (1969) did for seismometry. Given the importance and ubiquity of the term "Mohorovičić Discontinuity" it would be interesting to know who first used this term and how quickly it was generally accepted. This is not, however, addressed in Prodehl and Mooney other than to say "This boundary [reported by Mohorovičić (1910)] ... was shortly thereafter defined as the crust-mantle boundary and was named the Mohorovičić discontinuity...". (By the way, for those anglophones interested in the history of seismology there is an English translation of Mohorovičić 's 1910 paper (Mohorovičić 1992).) It is, of course, common knowledge that the crust is defined as the region of the earth above the Mohorovičić Discontinuity (or Moho) and that this is observed seismically from both earthquakes and controlled sources.
    [Show full text]
  • PROJECT MOHOLE INITIAL FEASIBILITY STUDY for 2017 DRILLING Prepared for Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
    PROJECT MOHOLE INITIAL FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR 2017 DRILLING Prepared For Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Final Report Project No. IOD-I211-001 Version No.: 5 Date: June 30, 2011 Purpose: The purpose of this document is to provide a feasibility study for drilling and coring activities that will take place in ultra-deepwater environment of th Pacific Ocean and also in very high temperature igneous rocks constituting 2600 Network Blvd, Suite 550 Frisco, Texas 75034 the oceanic crust in order to reach the upper mantle. 1-972-712-8407 Some of the topics discussed include: 1. Drilling with riser in 4000 meters water depths. 16225 Park Ten Place, Suite 450 Houston, Texas 77084 2. Drilling and coring 150°C-250°C igneous rocks. 1-281-206-2000 3. Reaching the upper mantle at 6000-7000 meters below the ocean seafloor. www.blade-energy.com 4. Well design for the 3 potential drill sites. 5. Operational time and costs estimation for the 3 potential drill sites. Blade Energy Partners Limited, and its affiliates (‘Blade’) provide our services subject to our General Terms and Conditions (‘GTC’) in effect at time of service, unless a GTC provision is expressly superseded in a separate agreement made with Blade. Blade’s work product is based on information sources which we believe to be reliable, including information that was publicly available and that was provided by our client; but Blade does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the information provided. All statements are the opinions of Blade based on generally-accepted and reasonable practices in the industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Mohole Deep Sea Drilling Project Ocean Drilling Program
    A Brief History of Scientific Ocean Drilling Deep Sea Drilling Project Ocean Drilling Project Mohole Program Drilling for Science Scientists have been using drilling technology to understand Earth’s history since 1958. – Project Mohole (1958 -1966) – Deep Sea Drilling Project (1968 -1983) – Ocean Drilling Program (1985 - 2003) – Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (2003 - ) Project Mohole •Project Mohole attempted to drill through the Earth’s crust to the Mohorovicic Discontinuity and retrieve a sample of the mantle. •Recovered the first sample of oceanic crust. •Although the mantle was never reached, Project Mohole showed that deep ocean drilling was a viable means of obtaining geological samples. Deep Sea Drilling Project 1968-1983 During worldwide operations, the Glomar Challenger sailed 96 Legs and drilled 624 sites. DSDP Scientific Highlights • Verified the theory of plate tectonics; • Discovered that Antarctica has been ice-covered for 20 million years; • Showed that the Mediterranean Sea completely dried up between 5 and 12 Ma. Ocean Drilling Program 1985-2003 • During ODP, the JOIDES Resolution sailed 110 Legs and drilled 650 sites ODP Scientific Highlights •Defining the longest record of Earth’s natural climate variability; •Collecting the first marine record of the K/T boundary; •Sampling gas hydrates How is IODP different? Multiple Drilling Platforms Riser Platform Mission-Specific Non-riser Platform Chikyu Riser Platform • Operated by Japan’s JAMSTEC Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX) • Scheduled to begin IODP operations in 2007 • 12,000 m drillstring with 2500 m riser capability IODP - Multiple Drilling Platforms • Riserless drilling vessel • Riser-equipped drilling vessel • Mission specific platforms Riser versus Non-Riser: What’s the difference? 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 ( Pressure Gradient by Specific Gravity ) Riserless Drilling Riser Drilling Riser Pipe and BOP Hydrostatic Pressure of 3500m Fluid Column of which SG is 1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Question of Rigs, of Rules, Or of Rigging the Rules?
    A Question of Rigs, of Rules, or of Rigging the Rules? A Question of Rigs, of Rules, or of Rigging the Rules? Upstream Profits and Taxes in US Gulf Offshore Oil and Gas JUAN CARLOS BOUÉ With EDGAR JONES Published by the Oxford University Press For the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 2006 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights
    [Show full text]
  • SIO Deep Sea Drilling Project Records, 1961-1987. Collection 87
    Accession No.: 87-20 PROCESSING RECORD SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY ARCHIVES ______________________________________________________________________________ Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Deep Sea Drilling Project SIO Deep Sea Drilling Project Records, 1961-1987 Bulk Dates: 1966-1987 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: 356 rcc, 31 mss, 15 oversized tubes, video, film DESCRIPTION: As early as 1957 earth scientists discussed the possibility of drilling a hole through oceanic crust to the Mohorovicic discontinuity. This project became known as the Mohole Project, and was supported by the National Science Foundation. The first hole was drilled in 1961. Cost overruns led to the termination of the Mohole Project in 1966. In 1964, a consortium of oceanographic institutions, the Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) was formed, and in 1965 the group submitted a proposal to NSF to drill sediments and shallow basement rocks in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and adjacent seas. In 1966 with NSF funding, the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) was operated at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. In January 1967, SIO signed a contract with the National Science Foundation to manage the drilling program. By March 1987 the project had expended over $226 million dollars. The DSDP contract ended in 1987 and drilling operations were moved to Texas A&M University. The records in this accession document the operation of the Deep Sea Drilling Project at SIO. The records include documentation of JOIDES and JOI, Inc., contracts and subcontracts, proposals, program plans, correspondence, safety reviews, leg files, radio messages, deck logs of R/V GLOMAR CHALLENGER, records of the Operations and Engineering office, records of project managers and chief scientists, documentation of instrumentation design, documentation of cruise staffing and DSDP personnel, press releases, photographs and other material.
    [Show full text]
  • Holes in the Bottom of the Sea: History, Revolutions, and Future Opportunities Holes in the Bottom of the Sea: History, Revolutions, and Future Opportunities
    VOL. 29, NO. 3–4 | MARCH-APRIL 2019 Holes in the Bottom of the Sea: History, Revolutions, and Future Opportunities Holes in the Bottom of the Sea: History, Revolutions, and Future Opportunities Suzanne OConnell, Professor of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA, [email protected] ABSTRACT about plate tectonics, ocean chemistry, (Scripps Institution of Oceanography No other international scientific col- evolution, life in harsh environments, [SIO]) and Harry Hess (Princeton laboration has contributed as much to our and climate change. University), both AMSOC members, knowledge of Earth processes as scientific Scientists from across the world have proposed to drill a deep hole to sample ocean drilling (SOD). These contributions benefited from and contributed to the pro- Earth’s mantle below a zone of seismic include geophysical surveys, core sam- gram. Geophysical site survey data, cores, velocity change, the Mohorovicic ples, borehole well logs, and sub-seafloor and associated information are available to Discontinuity (Moho): “Project Mohole.” observatories. After more than half a the global scientific community to study The National Science Foundation (NSF) century, involving thousands of scientists and sample. More than 1000 international may have been in favor of the project, from around the world, SOD has been scientists, ranging in age from early career because the 1957 International Union of instrumental in developing three geosci- to retired, are proponents on active propos- Geodesy and Geophysics Resolution 11 ence revolutions: (1) plate tectonics, als for upcoming drilling. recommended that the Moho be drilled. (2) paleoceanography, and (3) the deep This article, by no means comprehen- The Soviet Union said they had the equip- marine biosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Electronic Recording System and Drill-Off Data Illustrating Its Use
    DRILLING DATA RECORDING Mobile Electronic Recording System and Drill-off Data Illustrating Its Use WARREN B. BROOKS MEMBER AIME SOCONY MOBIL OIL CO., INC. JAMES T. DEAN DALLAS, TEX. Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/JPT/article-pdf/15/01/11/2213667/spe-409-pa.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 WILTON GRAVLEY Abstract Several mechanical and electrical recording systems for drilling variables are now available for rental or purchase. A mobile electronic system has been developed for These systems record from one to six variables. Accuracy, recording drilling variables. Continuous records have been sensitivity, reliability and durability vary considera?ly o.n made, during field tests, of drilling rate, weight on bit, these units. The oscillographic system described m thiS rotary rate, torque, fluid pressure and pump rate. Addi­ paper was designed for improved accuracy and sensitivity. tion~iiy, intermittent recordings have heen made of strains and accelerations in various pieces of drilling-rig equip­ The subject recording equipment has many uses. One ment, and longitudinal, torsional and bending stresses in frequent application has been the obtai~ing."of accur.ate the drill pipe. Transducers are placed on the rig for moni­ drill-off data. In many instances the Lubmski- calculatIOn uring the variables. Cahles connect the transducers through method for drill-off data is sufficiently accurate, However, circuits to an oscillograph. The major electronic compo­ in cases where severe buckling occurs during the drill-off nents of the equipment are housed in a trailer for protec­ or where the wall thickness of the drill pipe has changed tion and portability.
    [Show full text]
  • EMSC8002 LECTURE 5 - Introduction to Ray Theory Hrvoje Tkalčić
    EMSC8002 LECTURE 5 - Introduction to ray theory Hrvoje Tkalčić *** N.B. The material presented in these lectures is from the principal textbooks, other books on similar subject, the research and lectures of my colleagues from various universities around the world, my own research, and finally, numerous web sites. I am grateful for some figures I used in this lecture to P. Wu, D. Russell and E. Garnero. I am thankful to many others who make their research and teaching material available online; sometimes even a single figure or an idea about how to present a subject is a valuable resource. Please note that this PowerPoint presentation is not a complete lecture; it is most likely accompanied by an in-class presentation of main mathematical concepts (on transparencies or blackboard).*** 3-D Grid for Seismic Wave Animations Courtesy of D. Russell & P. Wu No attenuation (decrease in amplitude with distance due to spreading out of the waves or absorption of energy by the material) dispersion (variation in velocity with frequency), nor anisotropy (velocity depends on direction of propagation) is included. Compressional Wave (P-Wave) Animation Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating compression and dilation. Particle motion is parallel to the direction of propagation (longitudinal). Material returns to its original shape after wave passes. Shear Wave (S-Wave) Animation Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating transverse motion. Particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation (transverse). Transverse particle motion shown here is vertical but can be in any direction. However, Earth’s layers tend to cause mostly vertical (SV; in the vertical plane) or horizontal (SH) shear motions.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Tectonics
    Global Tectonics Lecture 7 – Earth’s Interior Read Chapters 2.3, 2.4, 2.8, 2.9, 2.12 of KK&V How do we know what’s inside? Geodesy: shape and size of the Earth (R ~6370 km) Gravity: mass of the Earth (6 1024 kg) -> average density is 5.5 103 kg/m3 (compare to density of rocks we find on the surface) Magne[sm: geodynamo Seismology: seismic veloci[es and discon[nui[es Geochemistry: the bulk composi[on of the Earth is close to the composi[on of meteorites -> accre[on from the solar nebula Mapping the ocean crustal layers Seismic reflection Seismic refraction Seismic refraction Sonobouys (3-4 hours) OBS: ocean bottom seismometer (months) P3 Orion Tail boom has magnetometer distance Direct wave Seismic waves whose angle of refraction is 90° are known as headwaves Reflected Headwaves travel at velocity of waves underlying layer; tangent at Xc Headwaves time (secs) Upside down Velocity = Δx/Δt Classic velocities: version layer 3 = 6.7 km/sec of (b) left mantle = 8.1 km/sec Inverted (and compressed) sonobuoy record Y axis starts at 7 secs. Direct wave cut off at bottom Continental crust has a lower velocity than oceanic layer 3 Typical lower continental crust is 6.3 km/sec (oceanic layer 3 is 6.7 km/sec) Another way of presenting results (KK&V) “Reduced” time-distance plots; Y axis shows time – x(dis)/8 A refracted head wave with a velocity of 8 kms/sec will be horizontal Here Pg is direct wave, P* is mid-crust discontinuity, Pn is Moho Another example of reduced time- distance plot for oceanic crust showing three strong refraction arrivals Mantle head wave has a velocity > 8 kms/ sec Seismic refraction gives you Structure of oceanic crust layer thickness and velocity KK&V Drilling from the top of the oceanic crust has barely penetrated layer 2 and reached the top of layer 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Attempts to Reach the Pristine Mantle
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`aHM! "C^]D"C]bW"C]\DFGGb! bM!6NX.!*0(%/!X/03301:!! FGGbDFG"b! ! N1!3+1=! _M!A)R0%$!P)3+!.%101(43+!X/03301:!./)[%,$! "CcGD"C]C! \M!A03[+1!*01:!./)[%,$! "C]^D"C]c! ^M!PZ>!X%%'!X/03301:!./)[%,$! "CCGD"CC_! cM!6KX.! "CC^D! ! 6=%+(! ]M!A%35D(01801:!,+'(43%!0=%+(! ! *%,)/=(! X%%'%($!=/033!-)3%d!P)3+!AVDb!"FEF^F!&!L"CcGD"C]CM! X%%'%($!(,0%1$050,!-)3%!01!),%+1d!FE"""!&!I+($%/1!%e4+$)/0+3!.+,050,!LQ%:(!^CE!cGE!]bE! """E!"bcE!"_GE!"_]!Y)3%!\G_>E!XAX.WNX.E!"CcCD"CCbM! X%%'%($!S+$%/!=%'$-!=/033%=!5)/!(,0%1,%d!\EC^]H^!&!2+/0+1+!>+(01!LQ%:!"FC!Y)3%! ]GF#E!NX.E!"C]CDCGM! X%%'%($!)03!S%33!01!),%+1d!"GE^]\!&!L"EF\C!&!S+$%/!=%'$-M!X%%'S+$%/!Y)/0f)1!L>.M!
    [Show full text]