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Attempts to Reach the Pristine Mantle

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(4/R%?(!+1=!+!$%,-1)3):0,!5%+(0B030$?!($4=?!-+R%!B%%1!&+=%E!6!&0:-$!')01$!)4$!$-+$!$-%!3+/:%D(,+3%! /),8!$411%301:!)1!$-%!(4/5+,%!,)($(!'%/-+'(!m"!&0330)1!'%/!&03%H!7%!&0:-$!%J'%,$!$-+$!$-%! '/)')(%=!(&+33!B)/%E!$-%!4(%!)5!&)=%/1!/%&)$%D,)1$/)33%=!01($/4&%1$+$0)1E!+1=!%('%,0+33?!$-%! +B(%1,%!)5!,)&'30,+$01:!(%%'+:%!+1=!R%1$03+$0)1!'/)B3%&(!S)43=!:/%+$3?!/%=4,%!$-%!,)($!5/)&! $-+$!)5!,)1R%1$0)1+3!$411%301:H!A)!$-0(!,)($!&0:-$!S%33!B%!,)&&%1(4/+$%!S0$-!$-+$!)5!&+1?! &)=%&!:/)4'!+$$+,8(!)1!)$-%/!B+(0,!+/%+(!)5!(,0%1,%E!+(!0(!01=0,+$%=!01!$-%!50/($!'+/+:/+'-H!6! (-)43=!308%!$)!$-+18!h+&%(!V+/R%?!5)/!&+1?!=0(,4((0)1(E!+1=!5)/!%1,)4/+:%&%1$!01!$-0(!&+$$%/H!! 1957: Harry Hess and Walter Munk asked themselves, “How could the earth sciences take a great stride forward?” Munk suggested that they should consider what project, regardless of cost, would do the most to open up new avenues of thought and research.
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