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1957: Harry Hess and Walter Munk asked themselves, “How could the earth sciences take a great stride forward?” Munk suggested that they should consider what project, regardless of cost, would do the most to open up new avenues of thought and research. He thought that the taking of a sample of the earth’s mantle would be most significant.
NSF turns down the proposal by American Miscellaneous Society’s feasibility study on “taking of a sample of the earth’s mantle.”
IUGG Resolution #11 adopted. … Urges the nations of the world and especially th)(%!%J'%/0%1,%=!01! =%%'!=/03301:!$)!($4=?!$-%!5%+(0B030$?!+1=!,)($!)5!+1!+$$%&'$!$)!=/033!$)!$-%!2)-)/)R0T0U!=0(,)1$0140$?!+$! +!'3+,%!S-%/%!0$!+''/)+,-%(!$-%!(4/5+,%H! ! #2ANK!B%,)&%(!#2ANK!K)&&0$$%%!)5!$-%!g+$0)1+3!#,+=%&?!)5!A,0%1,%(!Lg#AMH! ! #'/03!"C\]d!2%%$01:!01!$-%!V/%+$!Y+33!)5!$-%!g#A!'/%'+/+$)/?!$)!,)1=4,$01:!+!($4=?!$)!=%$%/&01%!$-%! 5%+(0B030$?!)5!=/03301:!$)!$-%!2)-)/)R0T0U!=0(,)1$0140$?H! B(%):(.C0)4+(8/)".#01,.5D)B(%)&1(%-*.C0)*(),0D)B(%)2".C0)*(),0D) 97-+$!:))=!S033!0$!=)!$)!:%$!+!(01:3%!(+&'3%!)5!$-%!&+1$3%n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
April 1959: William Bascom christens the new project Mohole, in an article in Scientific American “The Mohole.”!
! _! Project Mohole was an attempt to retrieve a sample of material from the earth's mantle by drilling a hole through the earth's crust to the Mohorovi!i" Discontinuity, or Moho. The project was suggested in March 1957 by Walter Munk, NAS member (1956) and member of the National Science Foundation (NSF) Earth Science Panel.
Project Mohole represented, as one historian has described it, the earth sciences' answer to the space program. If successful, this highly ambitious exploration of the intraterrestrial frontier would provide invaluable information on the earth's age, makeup, and internal processes. In addition, evidence drawn from the Moho could be brought to bear on the question of continental drift, which at the time was still controversial. The Mohorovi!i" Discontinuity marks the boundary between the earth's crust and mantle. (The Moho was named for Andrija Mohorovi!i", a Croatian geologist who first proposed the existence of such a discontinuity. ) The plan was to drill to the Moho through the seafloor, at those points where the earth's crust is thinnest. Attempting such an effort on land would have been impractical, since the drilling equipment would not have withstood the depths and temperatures involved. Ocean drilling offered a further advantage in that undersea samples, undistorted by atmospheric and surface actions, would provide better evidence of long term geological activity than would samples drawn from land.
The American Miscellaneous Society (AMSOC), an informal group of scientists of which Munk was a member, endorsed Munk's idea. The group was formed in 1952 when Office of Naval Research geophysicists Gordon Lill and Carl Alexis found themselves handling research proposals that fit into no existing scientific categories. Out of that "precarious miscellany" AMSOC emerged, as a forum for scientific speculation. When funds for Project Mohole had been obtained from NSF, AMSOC in 1958 took charge of the effort as an official study unit of the National Research Council's Division of Earth Sciences.
Project Mohole was to include three phases, the first consisting of an experimental drilling program, the second consisting of an intermediate vessel program, and the third consisting of the final drilling to the Mohorovi!i" Discontinuity. After ocean-going trials off La Jolla, California, Phase I began in earnest with a set of drillings off Guadalupe, Mexico, in March and April 1961. Five holes, one of which extended 601feet beneath the seafloor, were drilled under 11,700 feet of water. Cores obtained from the holes showed that the first layer of crust extended 557 feet and consisted of sediment Miocene in age. The second layer of crust was sampled for the first time, and this was found to consist of basalt. After the unprecedented success of Phase I, it was decided to shift operational control to NSF while maintaining the AMSOC Committee as project adviser. This relationship proved to be unsatisfactory, and after a series of negotiations and redefined agreements with NSF, the AMSOC Committee in 1964 dissolved itself. Following the AMSOC Committee's dissolution, two new National Academies committees continued to advise the NSF Mohole activity until Congress, objecting to increasing costs, discontinued the project toward the end of 1966, before Phase II could be implemented.
Although Project Mohole failed in its intended purpose, it did show that deep ocean drilling was a viable means of obtaining geological samples. Since Mohole's demise a number of related programs have been undertaken, the most recent one being the NSF's Ocean Drilling Program. http://www.nationalacademies.org/history/mohole/
! \! John Steinbeck, Josh Tracey, William Riedel - Project Mohole M... http://www.life.com/image/101231681/channels/News/print/1
Project Mohole Meeting Men discuss the Project Mohole around a table abaord the vessel CUSS I off Guadalupe Island in the Pacific Ocean, 1961. The project was originated as a scientific exercise to drill into the Earth's crust. Pictured are, from left, John Steinbeck, Josh Tracey, unidentified, William Riedel, Roger Revelle, Walter Munk, Gustav Arrhenius, and Willard Bascom. Photo: Fritz Goro Jan 01, 1961
Printed From: www.life.com/image/101231681 © 2010 See Your World LLC. All Rights Reserved From Mission Moho Workshop Report (2007)
1 of 1 6/28/10 1:42 PM
! ^! Workshop Reports Mission Moho Workshop: Drilling Through the Oceanic Crust to the Mantle
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*OUSPEVDUJPO 3800 meters water depth offshore Guadalupe Island, Mexico. This remarkable breakthrough was the first stage of ProjectProject The Mohorovi!i" discontinuity (Moho) is a seismically Mohole, a much more ambitious project to drill through the imaged, first order acoustic interface assumed to represent ocean crust to the Moho (e.g., Bascom, 1961; Shor, 1985). the transition between the Earth’s crust and the underlying Over the last 45 years, this fundamental goal has not been mantle in both continental and oceanic settings. To date, this achieved, but it has been consistently reiterated in the elusive frontier has been a symbolic goal for many geologists, successive plans of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), but beyond the reach of available drilling technology. With the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), and the IODP. the recent commissioning of the Chikyu, a new riser-drilling vessel of thethe Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), the Since the end of the 1960s, tens of holes have been drilled technically challenging goal of drilling to and through the and cored into oceanic basement (Fig. 1). These have led to Moho within the ocean basins becomes feasible. major improvements in our understanding of oceanic crustal architecture and of mid-ocean ridge processes (Dick et al., The formation and evolution of the oceanic lithosphere 2006; Ildefonse et al., 2007). To date, however, only four deep are the dominant processesprocesseess in the chemical differentiation basement holes have penetrated more than 1000 meters into and physical evolution of our planet. This evolution encom- oceanic basement (Fig. 2). IODP’s most recent successes in passes the transfer and transformation of material and this arena are two deep holes at complementary sites. Hole energy from Earth’s mantle to the crust, and from the crust U1309D, in slow-spread Atlantic Ocean crust, reached 1415 m !"# $%&'()*+&,(%# to the ocean and atmosphere. Independent of sunlight, the below sea floor and recovered a complex series of gabbroic evolving ocean crust supports life in unique subsurface and rocks (Blackman et al., 2006; Ildefonse et al..,, 2006); and Hole seafloor habitats that may resemble the earliest of Earth’s 1256D, in the superfast-spread crust of the eastern Pacific ecosystems.!"#$%&'()*+&,(% From its formation# until its return by subduction Ocean, reached 1507 m below seafloor and, for the first time, to the mantle, the oceanic lithosphere interacts with seawater, passeedthroughacompleteLayer2(pillowbasaltandsheeteddthroughacompleteLayer2(pillowbasaltandsheeted through a complete Layer 2 (pillow basalt and sheeted sequesters surface materials (including water), and recycles dike) sequence into the transition between sheeted dikes # -+,.%&,/,+# (+.0%# )',11,%2# ,3# '((&.)# ,%# &4.# 5*.3&# &(# 3&*)6# &4.# (+.0%# +'*3&# 0%)# ,&3# them back into the mantle. and underlying gabbros (Wilson et al., 2006; Alt et al., in ,%&.'/0+.# 7,&4# &4.# *%).'16,%2# 80%&1.#!# &4.# "#$#%#&'(')press). These# ),3+(%&,%*,&6# two holes have 9:(4(;<# provided -,%+.# considerable &4.# In,%,&,01# April 1961, .//('&3# the first ="# successful 6.0'3# 02(# drilling 9>'(?.+&# and coring :@A@BCD# of experience !E=F;D# G..H# in deep -.0# ocean G',11,%2# crustal drilling, >'(?.+&# complementing 9G-G>;# @2+-&(8"%55%&'(8>8!A@8!A0@8!oceanic3&0'&,%2# basement ,%# !EIFD# recovered 0%)# a 10&.'# few meters @+.0%# of G',11,%2#basalt((( in >'(2'08#that from 9@G>;# the two).J(&.)# earlier deep 3,2%,/,+0%&# and successful .//('&3# ODP Holes&(#
*%).'3&0%)# &4.#Spreading /('80&,(%# rate (/# (+.0%,+# +'*3&#ODP K6#Hess Deep 3.0L/1(('# 3H'.0),%2D#MARK area Atlantis Bank 0# /*%)08.%&01#MAR, 15°20’N Atlantis Massif 109 ODP 147 ODP 153 ODP 118-176-179 ODP 209 IODP 304-305 Slow <40 mm y-1 Intermediate 40-80 mm y-1 Fast >80 mm y-1 .1.8.%� ,%# H10&.# &.+&(%,+3<# M4.# /('80&,(%#0 0%)# 01&.'0&,(%# (/# &4.# (+.0%,+# 1,&4(3H4.'.#
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,%#P""Q<600 # 600 # 800 $%#&4.#R"L6.0'#4,3&('6#(/#3+,.%&,/,+#(+.0%#)',11,%2#H'(2'083D#0#1,8,&.)#%*8K.'#(/#3,&.3# 800 40J.#K..%#)',11.)#)..H16#,%&(#&'*16#(+.0%,+#K03.8.% S,2<# !#0%)#@G>D#1200 &4.#$->#+(%+1*).)#&40J,1.#&4.#3,8H1.D#106.'L+0U.# depth (mbsf) 1200 *+,-%#.,/0#1$'#2'3,04#5,206789:;0#<0#=,>-'=0=%?.3>20.3%?=3?%,0@>.0A%#>52B0.?11#%3,50<%#401400
&4.#3&*)6#(/#(K)*+&.)#(+.0%,+#1,&4(3H4.'.D#3&'*+&*'01#),//.'.%+.3#K.&7..%#/03&1600 1400 L#0%)#31(7L 504B Gabbro and peridotite B 3H'.0)#+'*3&#(K3.'J.)#K6#(1800 +.0%#)',11,%2#3*22.3&3#&40&#&4.'.#0'.#90.03&;#&7(#.%)1600 L Basaltic crust A 8.8K.'#+1033.3#(/#(+.0%#+'*3&V#9!;#S03&2000 L3H'.0)#+'*3&#,%#74,+4#&4.#08K,.%.1*HH16# Figure,3# 1. 0K1.# Summaries &(# U..H# of existing *H# scientific 7,&4# drill &4.# holes .W&.%3,(%# into oceanic crustal (/# &4.# and mantle 1,&4(3H4.'.# rocks. [A] Depth &0U,%2# of penetration H10+.# for 0&# all &4.#holes penetrating ),J.'2.%&# more than 50 meters into basaltic basement, as a function of spreading rate. Hole 1256D has reached the base of the sheeted dike complex at a shallower depthH10&.# than the K(*%)0'6# bottom of Hole 9(H4,(1,&,+ 504B, which is# still+'*3&;X# in sheeted 0%)# dikes. 9P;#Black 31(7= DSDPL3H'.0)# holes, blue +'*3&#= ODP holes, ,%# 74,+4#red = IODP &4.# holes. 8.1&# Modified 3*HH16# from IODP Expeditions 309 and 312 scientists (2006). [B] Depth of penetration for all ODP and IODP holes deeper than 10 meters below seafloor into gabbroic rocks)(.3#%(&# or residual mantle U..H#*H#7,&4# peridotite. Blue = dominantly .W&.%3,(%D#&4.'.K6#'.5*,',%2# gabbro, green = dominantly peridotite, 3,2%,/,+0%&# white = no recovery. &.+&(%,+# After Blackman .W&.%3,(%#&(# et al. (2006). 0++(88()0&.#&4.# '.80,%,%2# +(8H(%.%&#(/#H10&.#3.H0'0&,(%<# -*+4# /0*1&L033,3&.)# 3H'.0),%2#3..83#0.03(+0116#&(#K.#033(+,0&.)#7,&4#3.0L/1(('# .WH(3*'.# (/# From Oceanic Crustal Structure and Formation Thematic Review Report (2009) 3.'H.%&,%,Y.)# 80%&1.# H.',)(&,&.<# M4.# 10&&.'# (K3.'J0&,(%#403#Scientific '.J,J.)#&4.# Drilling, No. 4, H'. MarchL(H4,(1,&. 2007 #
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! ]! 38
BOX 4.1: Quest for the Mantle: MoHole The Mohorovi i Discontinuity, or ‘Moho’ is the fundamental boundary within the upper part of our planet yet we have little knowledge of its geological meaning. New deep drilling technology under devel- opment now make it possible to fulfill scientists’ long term aspiration to drill completely through the oce- anic crust, across the Moho and sample the underlying mantle. In the oceans, the Moho is commonly a bright seismic reflector at 5 to 8 km depth and marks a step change to seismic p-wave velocities (Vp) in excess of 8 km/s. It is generally assumed that the Moho also represents the boundary between mafic igneous rocks crystallized from magmas that form the crust and residual peridotites of the upper mantle. However, this interpretation has never been tested. There are geologically valid scenarios where the Moho might delineate the boundary between mafic and ultramafic cumulate rocks within the crust or exist below serpentinised peridotites that were previ- ously part of the mantle. Observations and sampling of the Moho, the crust-mantle boundary and the rocks of the upper mantle are fundamental to understanding the geodynamics and chemical differentia- tion of our planet.
Our principal goal is to drill completely through intact fast spreading oceanic crust into the upper BC+/)(?#"()*+(3-&)5+D(3#E#mantle. On the road to the Moho we (figure will make from paradigm-testing draft New Science measurements Plan (2013-2023)) of the! lower oceanic crust and the deep mag- matic, tectonic and hy- drothermal processes that occur at the mid-ocean ridges. A full penetration will provide the first direct estimate of the bulk composition of ocean crust and determine the limits of the deep bio- sphere. Direct observa- tions of the mantle will document how magmas are focused from a broad melting region to a narrow zone of crustal accretion beneath mid-ocean ridges, and quantify tectonic cou- pling between the crust and mantle. We pres- ently have no fresh samples of in situ man- tle and little knowledge of the composition and physical state of the convecting mantle. This scientific endeavour, at the limits of 21st century technol- ogy will create an inspi- rational legacy for generations to come, equivalent to Man’s missions to the Moon.
!
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Description • One of the major goals of the KTB is the elucidation of structure and evolution of the interior zones in a former mountain chain. The drill site near Windischeschenbach is at the boundary between the Saxothuringian and Moldanubian, two major tectonostratigraphic units of the Hercynian fold belt in Central Europe. This boundary is regarded as a suture zone formed by the closure of a former oceanic basin 320 million years ago. This process gave way to a continent- continent collision and the formation of a mountain chain comparable to the today's extension of the Himalayan mountain chain. Today the high mountain relief is eroded and, therefore, once deeply buried rocks are exposed at the surface. Therefore, this area is an ideal place for the study of deep seated crustal processes. • Furthermore, detailed geophysical surface experiments have shown that the area around the drill site is characterized by an anomalous high electrical conductivity and pronounced gravimetric and magnetic anomalies. • Key questions to be addressed by continental deep drilling include the evaluation of fundamental processes occurring in the lithosphere, the outer skin of our planet and resource base for mankind. Among these are the understanding of earthquake activities and the formation of ore deposits, important questions in a world of growing population and vast development. The drilling activities near Windischeschenbach form the German contribution to worldwide efforts on understanding our planet. • Major research themes are: o Evaluation of geophysical structures and phenomena o Investigation of the thermal structure of the continental crust o In-situ investigation of rock-fluids and their contribution to formation of ore deposits o Elucidation of structure and evolution of the continental crust o Determination of the earth's stress field o Ultradeep drilling also makes great demands on drilling and borehole measurement technology. Thus, the experience and technical development acquired during the project greatly enhances knowledge in the drilling and service industry. Location • Germany, Bavaria, Upper Palantine, Windischeschenbach, 49° 48.983' N, 12° 16.67' E Project Start and End • Pilot Hole o Begin drilling September 22, 1987 o End drilling April 4, 1989 • Main Hole o Begin drilling October 6, 1990
! "G! 地質調査所月報（第48巻第3／4号）
掘削関連組織を第7－5図に示した．掘削部門はKTB－ Directorateの一部門として位置づけられ，エンジニアリ o End drillingCo5ingh6ngef October 12, 1994 ング・技術研究開発部門はHannoverに，掘削作業部門は Ackersohle Programs and Funding 現地に置かれている．資材購入は掘削部門とは別に掘削 • German Continental Scientific Deep Drilling 現場に置かれた管理部門が行う．掘削作業部門の下にはProgram 85！8。●RS “9典」 •1478m l German Science Foundation ドリリングコントラクターに直接指示するSupervisor 医2・zem Principal Investigators と泥水管理，Mud－10g，掘管検査を実施する人員が置か V∈rr・hrung bi5207 b巳fahrbar． 6鱒 • Rolf Emmermann GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam,れている． GFZ Bohrloch Formarionswassef i • Heinrich RischmüllerVerrohrung． (†) Niedersächsiches Landesamt 第7－2表にKTBの構成人員の概数を年度ごとに示し für Bodenforschung (NLfB) Partners ρa〔kermans⊂h巳廿∈lverしor巳吋 た．この表から掘削技術者はパイロットホール掘削時は GeoForschungsZentrumZO71．3m Potsdam, GFZ • S1！2”WしOP bi53乙10m 5名，メインホール掘削時は9名となっている．また， • Niedersächsiches Landesamt5112‘e WLOC von3410m für BodenforschungSupervisor，Service－manは，それぞれパイロットホー (NLfB) bl5＝〕671．711、 Zemenlkopf• German Research Foundation10一丁』110．Omm ル掘削時で1名，6名，メインホール掘削時には，それぞ co3670m ＿ lO－0〔111．3mm l befechneU• The Federal MinisteryOber9・ng51／2”15” of Education, Science, れ2名，10名に増員されている．Research and Technology (BMB+F) 3671，7m • UTB ULTRATIEF／・∫lz Bohrgesellschaft KTBでは掘削候補地を1984年にOberpfalz地方と o DEUTAG Zemenlmqnlel 5” Hydril SしX Schwarzwald地方の2地点に絞り，2地域で300－400m o DST ［0 108．8mln｛OrifU ！ の調査井を掘削した．調査井は最終坑径4インチ以上の ITAG 5。●Floot CoUor o ワイヤーライン・オールコア方式で掘削され，主に岩石の Keywords 5f●RS 3850，0π1 物性，坑井の熱流量，温度等が調査された．この結果を元 • Convergent Margins, Collision Zones, Thermal Regimes, Deep Biosphere o廿ener 日ohrloChbereich に地温が低いと予想されたOberpfalz地方に決定され Current State lFom計ionswa∬erl ETl4000，1ml一 た．第7－6図にOberpfalz地方に掘削された調査井の仕様 • Drilling operations and scientific evaluations have been finalized と掘削地点を示した．パイロットホール掘削の主目的は
第7－6図 地表付近からコア掘り，カッティング採取，泥水分析およ Bram, KTBパイロットホール1990年4月以降の坑井状K., J. Draxler, G. Hirschmann, G. Zoth, S. Hiron and M. Kühr, The KTB borehole- Germany’s 況図 superdeep telescope into the Earth’s crust, Oilfield Review,び検層を行い，メインホール掘削時に浅部での調査を最 7, 4-22, 1995. 小限にする事であった．これらの地球科学情報に加え，地 Wohlgemuth L, Tran Viet, T. and Engeser, B., Drilling experiences at the ultradeep well KTB!HB 層の掘削しやすさ，地層傾斜，逸泥・溢泥†深度，推定地， th Proceedings 8 International Symposium on the Observation層温度の確認等の掘削に関するデータはメインホール掘 of the Continental Crust Through Drilling， 39!45, 1996.
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βpud date － 06・Ocし 1990 蟻．． t醐e＠8730m dごilling epd 脚 ：し：し．Ocヒ 1994 7醐【linα ， 禰 ‘ 韻11ingt血e－ 1感67day8 ㈱ f」は以 depしh 齢 9工0工皿 5惚脈僚 ㌦壇 ㈱ ㌦ 鋤臨．一 10000 0 100 200 300 4CO 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500㎝ 面Uingdays Wohlgemuth第7－7図 メインホールのドリリングチャート（Wohlgemuth et aL，1996） et al. (1996) !
一192一
! ""! KTB – Major Goals: • Nature of geophysical structures and phenomena: Seismic reflectors, electric, magnetic and gravimetric anomalies; calibration of methods of deep sounding • The Earth´s stress field and the brittle - ductile transition: orientation and amount of mechanical stress versus depth; Formation and nucleation of earthquakes • The thermal structure of the Earth´s crust: Temperature distribution, heat flow, heat production; Geothermal energy • Fluid and transport processes: Fluid sources, fluid pathways and household; Occurrence and distribution of mineral deposits • Structure and evolution in the internal zone of the Paleozoic crust of Central Europe: Characteristics,deformation mechanism and dynamic of a reactivated crust. Mineral deposit prospection
• Long-term DEEP CRUSTAL LABORATORY 2002-11-15 Wohlgemuth / Harms / OSG
Kola Superdeep: KTB – Technical Strategy: >20 years of ultradeep drilling in Soviet Union • 2 Drillholes Concept • Pilot hole of 3 – 5 km length with complete coring through new 6´´ WL coring system integrated in heavy 5 km rotary rig. • Avoiding time consuming coring operations and allow to drill 4 - 5 km vertically. • Development of 10 – 12 km concept during Pilot drilling based on pilot experience and trials e.g. lithology, dip, temperature, mud systems, tools, bits.
KTB - Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Preparatory Phase Location Survey 1984 - 1986 Pilot Phase 4 km Pilot Drill Hole 1987 - 1989 Test Programme 1989 - 1990 Main Phase 9.1 km Main Hole 1990 - 1994 Key Experiments 1994
Final Phase Deep Crustal Lab - 1996 - 2006
2002: Long-term (12 month) fluid withdrawel (60 l per min)
• Central European location • Paleozoic basement Status and processes of the deep continental crust • Eastern edge of the Bohemian Massiv • Laurasia - Gondwana terrane patchwork 2002-11-15 Wohlgemuth / Harms / OSG 2002-11-15 Wohlgemuth / Harms / OSG
0 0 - 1000 m - 21 K/ 30-JAN-98 16-JAN-97 • interlayered enriched MOR basalts km 1 - 9 km - 28 1000 22-MAR-96 and k/km 2000 • turbititic continental margin 0 - 1000m - 55 sediments 3000 mW/m! • developped in an rapidly opening 1 - 9 km - 85 mW/m! 4000 ocean
T underestimated 5000 from shallow depth [m] 6000 boreholes (500 m) due to: 7000 max. temperature • groundwater 248 °C at 8549 m 8000 circulation -> 265 °C at 9100 m
• ice age cooling 9000 0 50 100 150 200 250 • anisotropy in temperature [°C] thermal conductivity
• 49 m height • 2943 kN hook load • 1249 kW elevator • 22 m/s velocity • 250 rpm table • 360 kW pwr swivel • 0 – 600 rpm • 590 kW pumps • Special WL string • WL equipment Drilling Strategy developed during VB:
• Remote joystick- • Hi-automated extra heavy drilling rig operated drilling rig • Vertical hole through vertical drilling system • Pumps, drawwork, • Downhole motor driven bits until 190° BHT hook, safety • Slim clearance casing concept due to VDS installlations • Super strong steel for drill pipes for enhanced • Pipehandling system tensile strength (+100 to reserve!) incl. retractor and • Special coring technologies (LDCS) based on WL pipe conveyor experience in 12 !´´ and 8 "´´ • High temperature polymer mud (Hectorite, +) • Online data acquisition and storage • Integrated Technical-Sciene-Logging Plans
Wohlgemuth / Harms / OSG
Drilling Strategy developed during • 83 m height derrick • 800 to hook load VB: • 2220 kW gear-driven • Development of extra heavy drilling rig draw works • Verticality through vertical drilling • 3 x triplex pumps • 35 MPa pump pressure system • 40/140 - 20/270 kNm/min • Downhole motor driven bits until 190° BHT table • Slim clearance casing concept due to VDS • 70 MPa preventer • Super strong steel for drill pipes for enhanced • Supplied by public tensile strength (+100 to reserve!) power • Special coring technologies (LDCS) based on WL • Automated pipehandling experience in 12 !´´ and 8 "´´ with retracting system • High temperature polymer mud (Hectorite, +) • 3 x 13.3 m drill pipe • Online data acquisition and storage stands • Integrated Technical-Sciene-Logging Plans
KTB Main Hole • Vertical Drilling System • < 10 m deviation until 7.5 km automated • Operation til 7.5 km depth pipehandler with 12 km • Limitation due to BHT temperature and breakouts pipe capacity • Controls on dev., T, P, function with mud pulsing • major spin-off for hydrocarbon exploration with horizontal drilling techniques (>9 km horizontal drilling)
2002-11-15 Wohlgemuth / Harms / OSG 6 km casing 13 3/8´´ in 14 #´´ OH (slimhole clearance concept); (720 to max. load)
2002-11-15 Wohlgemuth / Harms / OSG 2002-11-15 Wohlgemuth / Harms / OSG
motor steering system for directional drilling operations (based on on VDS)
2002-11-15 Wohlgemuth / Harms / OSG
Drilling Strategy developed during VB: Drilling Strategy developed during VB: • Development of extra heavy drilling rig • Development of extra heavy drilling rig • Vertical hole through vertical drilling system • Vertical hole through vertical drilling system • Downhole motor driven bits until 190° BHT • Downhole motor driven bits until 190° BHT • Slim clearance casing concept due to VDS • Slim clearance casing concept due to VDS • Super strong steel for drill pipes for enhanced tensile strength (+100 to reserve!) • Super strong steel for drill pipes for • Special coring technologies (LDCS) in 12 enhanced tensile strength (+100 to !´´ and 8 "´´ based on WL experience reserve!) • Special coring technologies (LDCS) based on WL • High temperature polymer mud (Hectorite, +) experience in 12 !´´ and 8 "´´ • Online data acquisition and storage • High temperature polymer mud (Hectorite, +) • Integrated Technical-Sciene-Logging Plans • Online data acquisition and storage • Integrated Technical-Sciene-Logging Plans 0 24 1/2´´ Casing
2,000 16´´ Casing 468 days time loss (32%) ~ 55.5 MDM (21%)
s r Zones causing major problems 4,000e t 13 3/8´´ Casing e 6760 m 7219 m 8328 m 8790 m
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6,000t
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D 5 1/2´´ Start 10/06 1990 Casing 8,000 End 10/11 1994 Days 1467 Depth 9101
10,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 Drilling time in days
Drilling Strategy developed during VB: Caliper Log of the Fault • Development of extra heavy drilling rig • Vertical hole through vertical drilling system Zone SE1 31,75 KTB-HB; • Downhole motor driven bits until 190° BHT • Slim clearance casing concept due to VDS 7000 – 7200 m; • Super strong steel for drill pipes for enhanced tensile Diameter in cm strength (+100 to reserve!) • Special coring technologies (LDCS) based on WL experience in 12 !´´ and 8 "´´ • High-T polymer mud (Hectorite, +) Volume increase: • Online data acquisition and storage 31,75 cm = 79,1 l/m 104,0 cm = 849,1 l/m • Integrated Technical-Sciene-Logging 104,0 Plans Wohlgemuth / Harms / OSG
0 24 1/2´´ Casing • Heavy large rig • Elongated pipe stands 2,000 16´´ Casing • Automated Pipehandler 468 days time loss (32%) ~ 55.5 MDM (21%)
s • Vertical drilling system r Zones causing major problems 4,000e t 13 3/8´´ Casing e 6760 m 7219 m 8328 m 8790 m • Slim clearance casing
m
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6,000t
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D 5 1/2´´ Start 10/06 1990 Casing 8,000 End 10/11 1994 Days 1467 Depth 9101
10,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 Drilling time in days
2002-11-15 Wohlgemuth / Harms / OSG 0 m 1. Hole 1. Deviation correction 0 - 5595 m Cementing back KTB Main Hole: major flaws 10.06. 90 - 01. 13. 92 305 - 250 m • Vertical Drilling Systems worked until 7.5 km, limits 2. Hole 2. Deviation correction only due to technical problems (batteries/rubber seals) 5525 - 6760.5 m Cementing back and financial shortage. 01.17.92 - 07.29.92 5595 - 5518 m
• No topdrive or powerswivel was installed (39 m reaming 3. Hole 1. Kick off sections would have been possible). Without topdrive 6461.5 - 7219.5 m Unstability 6734 - 6403 m 13 m reaming only, interruptions in reaming, pumping 09.15.92 - 01.24.93 and cooling causing more breakouts. 4. Hole 2. Kick off 7144 - 8328.2 m Unstability • The borehole walls were instable and produced not only 13.03.93 -07.09.93 7192 - 7099 m large breakouts but also a caliper decrease! 5. Hole 3. Kick off SHRINKING BOREHOLE due to induced stresses (e.g. 7390 - 8729.7 m Unstability 19.10. 93 - 04.04.94 7516 - 7315 m cooling through mud) were completely unexpected and unknown! No defense available except more casings 6. Hole 4. Kick off 8625.2 - 9101 m Unstability and higher costs or casing while drilling. 05.07. 94 - 10. 10. 94 8625 - 8400 m FD 9101 m
KTB Main Hole: greatest achievements Expected Unexpected non-productive time non-productive time • Vertical Drilling Systems (extreme reduction of torque) Mud treatment Fishing • Slim Clearance Casing (tools size reduction plus extended Casing Repairs Maintenance casing capabilities) • Huge rig, pipehandler, gear driven draw work, safety Scientific time installations, high automatization (reduced tripping) Coring, Tripping, Reaming Drilling related time • HT Downhole motors (torque reduction) Logging Testing Drilling 28 % • Special Coring Systems (successful coring at great depth) Round-Trip 28% • HT Mud System (stable, lubricating, but not Reaming, Opening 8% contaminating) • Integrated technical-science-logging teamwork
KTB total project costs ICDP themes and projects: (1982 - 1995; incl. all pre-drilling studies): 527,800,000 DM (26.5 MDM VB; 267 MDM HB) Prestudies & Site-Selection
3% 13% On- & Off-site Science
57% 12% Infrastructure Drilling
5% R&D Projects 10% Logging 2002-11-15 Wohlgemuth / Harms / OSG Key Areas for Technological Improvements: ICDP technical project characteristics • Lake Baikal 900 - modified rig and rebuilt coring tools Borehole stability - Breakout control with Casing • Long Valley 3000 - com. rig, Hybrid WL Coring System While Coring or T and P mud • Hawaii 3100 - com. rig, Hybrid WL Coring System control • Dabie Sulu 2000 - commercial rig and coring system Ultradeep Sampling - Ultradeep ´WL coring´ or • Lake Titicaca 400 - new rig and barge, rebuilt coring tools • Chicxulub 1510 - com. rig, Hybrid WL Coring System other rapid sampling (double- • Mallik 1200 - commercial rig and coring system string counterflash coring) • San Andreas 2000 - commercial rig and coring system Time and costs reduction - bit life extension, round trip • Dabie Sulu 5000 - commercial rig, new WL system time reduction, slim-hole • Corinth 1200 - commercial rig and WL system techniques, coring time = • Unzen 2000 - commercial rig and drilling system drilling time • Lake Malawi 1000 - modified barge, commercial rig • Lake Bosumtwi 1000 - new rig and barge, rebuilt coring tools HT/HP capabilities - MWD, LWD, Fluid sampling No Deep Drilling (5 – 8 km), no Ultradeep Drilling (8 – 14 km)
General KTB and ICDP lessons
Scientific drilling will:
1. take place in extreme difficult environment (volcanoes, faults, seismic zones, impacts, unconsolidated sediments, difficult environs.) 2. be more expensive! (10 – 20% contingency necessity [oil 200%]) 3. start later and take more time! (Planning flexibility) 4. encounter serious drilling problems (Worst case planning) 5. truncate unpredicted lithologies and structures (Falsification of models and predictions)
Necessities for Seismogenic Zone drilling: • Vertical Drilling System, Active Steering System and downhole motors to final depth! • Casing while drilling for loose and instable formations or extended casing scheme with additional casings planned beforehand! • Feasibility investigations for new drilling and coring technologies including e.g. mud temperature and mud pressure adapted to formation temperature and fluid pressure! • Use of (expensive) downhole M/L-WD systems available in oilfield industry (175°C) or alternative HT-HP tools in academia (Mag, Sus, SP, hi-res-image)! >#6%+)(F#5-(!+&%&/C5-(8"%55%&'(!"#J+2)( ! IJ,%/'$(!5/)&!P)f3)R(8?!L"C]_MH! 0&)"#1C2)%#&( a>%?)1=!+33!=)4B$E!+!,34%!$)!$-%!&?($%/?!)5!)/0:01!+1=!%R)34$0)1!)5!$-%!I+/$-q(!,/4($!0(!-0==%1!01! $-%!41%J'3)/%=!=%'$-(!)5!$-%!I+/$-E!S-0,-!,)1$+01!4181)S1!&01%/+3!/%()4/,%(a! ! Z-/%%!($+:%(!,+1!B%!=%501%=!01!$-%!($4=0%(!)5!$-%!=%%'!($/4,$4/%!)5!jAA*!$%//0$)/?H!Z-%!50/($! ,)R%/(!$-%!"C^Gl(E!S-%1!$-%!:%1%/+3!$+(8(!S%/%!5)/&43+$%=E!$-%!'/)B3%&!S+(!$-)/)4:-3?!($4=0%=! 5/)&!$-%!(,0%1$050,!')01$!)5!R0%SE!+1=!A)R0%$D&+=%! $%,-10,+3!&%+1(!5)/!43$/+D=%%'!=/03301:!+1=! :%)3):0,+3D:%)'-?(0,+3!01R%($0:+$0)1(! 01!B)/%-)3%(!)5!"GD"\!8&!)1!=%'$-! S%/%!=%R%3)'%=H!Z-%! (%,)1=!($+:%!S+(!01!$-%!"CcGq(E!S-%1!$-%!%J'%/0&%1$+3!=/03301:!)5!$-%!P)3+!+1=!A++$3?!43$/+D=%%'! -)3%(E!+(!S%33!+(!+!14&B%/!)5!8%?!/%:0)1+3!($4=0%(!)5!=%%'!:%)'-?(0,(E!S%/%!41=%/$+8%1H!Z-%!$-0/=! ($+:%!)5!/%(%+/,-E!B%:41!01!"C]"E!0(!+!$/+1(0$0)1+3!($+:%!'3+11%=!$)!3%+=!$)!$-%!01$%:/+$%=!($4=?!)5! $-%!I+/$-q(!,/4($!+1=!4''%/!&+1$3%!$-/)4:-)4$!$-%!jAA*H! !
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! "^! Fig. 1.5. Scheme of the regional study of the Earth's crust and mantle within the limits of USSR territory.
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Indices Total in the Uralmash-4E drill rig Uralmsh-15006 drill rig (per 1 m of drilling) interval of 0-2000 m 2000-4000 4000- 6000-7263 7263-9000 m 9000-10000 L0000-11500 0-11 500 m m 6000 m m m m Total calendar time 7.5 2.3 4.1 7.0 7.3 11.7 10.4 13.1 of drilling, h % 100.0 100.0! 100.0! 100.0! 100.0! 100.0! 100.0! 100.0! Including net drilling, 2.0 0.8 1.7 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 h % 26.7 34.8 41.5 31.4 34.4 21.4 21.2 16.8 Of which: On-bottom, h % 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 8.0 21.7 17.1 11.4 6.9 4.3 3.9 3.1 Round trip, h % 1.4 0.3 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.8 18.7 13.1 24.4 20.0 27.4 17.1 17.1 13.7 Auxiliary operations, 3.1 1.0 2.0 3.1 2.5 5.4 3.5 5.1 h % 41.3 43.5 48.8 44.3 34.3 46.1 33.6 38.9 Repairs, h % 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 8.0 4.3 4.9 8.6 6.8 4.3 9.6 11.5 Problem control, h % 1.0 - 0.1 0.3 1.3 2.2 1.3 2.9 13.3 - 2.4 4.3 17.8 18.8 12.5 22.1 Overall drilling time, 6.7 1.9 4.0 6.2 6.8 10.6 8.0 11.7 h % 89.3 82.6 97.6 88.6 93.2 90.6 76.9 89.3 Unproductive time, 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.5 1.1 2.4 1.4 h % 10.7 17.4 2.4 11.4 6.8 9.4 23.1 10.7
Including: Accident elimination, 0.5 - 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.9 2.3 0.8 h % 6.7 - 2.4 7.2 2.6 7.7 22.1 6.1 Idle time, h % 0.3 0.4 - 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.6 4.0 17.4 - 4.2 4.2 1.7 1.0 4.6 Of which: Delay in supply of 0.1 0.4 - 0.1 0.1 0.1 - 0.6 new equipment and 1.3 17.4 - 1.4 1.4 0.8 - 4.6 tools, h %
Delay in supply of 0.2 - - 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 - Geophysical 2.7 - - 2.8 2.8 0.9 1.0 - instrumentation, h %
! "C! Table 3.28. Core recovery data
Depth range, m Secti Number Penetration Core Average on of runs , m recovery per run, No m m % Penetrati Core on reco very 0-1059 1 108 942 386 41 8.7 3.6 1059-2805 239 1674 913 54.5 7 3.8 2805 -4673 265 1570 940 59.7 5.9 3.5 Total: 612 4186 2239 53.4 6.8 3.7 4673 - 5624 2 80 644 103 16 8.1 1.3 5642 - 6823 125 865 260 30.1 6.9 2.1 6823-7263 35 334.7 46.8 14 9.6 1.3 Total: 240 1843.7 409.8 22 7.7 1.7 7263-7943 3 39 291.3 105.8 36.3 7.5 2.7 8043-9008.4 105 742.5 308.1 41.4 7.1 2.9 Total: 144 1033.8 413.9 40 7.2 2.9 9008.4- 10028 4 104 835.8 248.3 30 8 2.4 10028-10772 56 612.2 163.9 26.8 10.9 2.9 10772-11500 61 723.7 225.2 31.1 11.9 3.7 Total: 221 2171.7 637.4 29 9.8 2.9 Grand total: 1217 9235.2 3700.1 40.1 - - ! I#&25C/%#&( "H!V%)3):?! FH!V%)'-?(0,(! bH!X/03301:! !!!!!I55%,$0R%!'%1%$/+$0)1!=%%'!01$)!$-%!I+/$-l(!01$%/0)/!-+(!B%%1!&+=%!')((0B3%!B?!$-%!A)R0%$D&+=%! -0:-D'%/5)/&+1,%!=/03301:!%e40'&%1$!+1=!$))3(!+1=!+=R+1,%=!$%,-1)3):0%(H!A4/5+,%!+1=!=)S1-)3%! %e40'&%1$! +1=! $))3(! 5%+$4/%! 30:-$! S%0:-$! +1=! (0&'3%! =%(0:1H! Z-%?! ,+1! B%! (4,,%((5433?! %&'3)?%=! S-%/%R%/! $-%/%! 0(! 01(4550,0%1$! 015)/&+$0)1! )1! =/03301:! ,)1=0$0)1(! 01! ,/?($+3301%! /),8(H! Z-%! B/%+8$-/)4:-!-+(!3+/:%3?!B%%1!=4%!$)!1%S!$%,-10,+3!+''/)+,-%(E!(4,-!+(!)'%1D-)3%!+=R+1,%!=/03301:E! 3)SD('%%=!$4/B)=/03301:E!$-%!4(%!)5!30:-$D+33)?!+34&0104&!=/033!'0'%(!+1=!01($/4&%1$(!5)/!&)10$)/01:! $-%!$4/B)=/033!)'%/+$0)1!+$!$-%!B)$$)&-)3%!S0$-!=+$+!$/+1(&0$$%=!$)!$-%!(4/5+,%E!%$,H! !!!!!Z-%!=/03301:!$%,-1)3):?!-+(!'/)R%=!-0:-3?!%55%,$0R%!D!+!=%'$-!)5!"F!8&!S+(!/%+,-%=!4(01:!+!=/03301:! /0:!S0$-!+!3)+=!,+'+,0$?!)5!)13?!_!2gE!$-%!)'%1!'03)$!-)3%!-+=!+1!41'/%,%=%1$%=!3%1:$-!)5!&)/%!$-+1! CH\!8&E!$-%!S%0:-$!)5!$-%!/41D01!=/033!($/01:!S+(!S0$-01!"^GD!"cG!$!+1=!$-%!5433!,?,3%!)5!/)41=!$/0'! )'%/+$0)1(!=0=!1)$!%J,%%=!"]!-H! !!!!!./%R0)4(3?!%J0($01:!'4/%3?!$-%)/%$0,+3!,)1,%'$(!)5!/43%(!)5!R+/0+$0)1!)5!$-%!=/03301:!'/),%((!-+R%! B%%1!R%/050%=H!;)/!01($+1,%E!/),8!=/033+B030$?!+$!:/%+$!=%'$-(!S+(!1)$!+55%,$%=!+$!+33H!Z-%!&+01$+0101:!)5! $-%!($+B030$?!)5!$-%!,/?($+3301%!/),8!&+((!01!$-%!f)1%!(4//)41=01:!$-%!-)3%!-+(!'/)R%=!$)!B%!+!&)/%! ,)&'3%J!'/)B3%&!$-+1!%J'%,$%=H!Z-%!'/),%=4/%(!5)/!=/033!($/01:!=%(0:1!-+=!$)!B%!%((%1$0+33?!&)=050%=! $)! +33)S! 5)/! /%(0($+1,%! 5)/,%(! +1=! 3)((! )5! ($/%1:$-! )5! 30:-$D+33)?! '0'%(! +$! -0:-! $%&'%/+$4/%(H! #! $%,-10e4%!)5!,)/%!/%,)R%/?!5/)&!$-%!B)$$)&-)3%!01!+!($+$%!)5!,)&')(0$%!($/%((!-+(!B%%1!0&'/)R%=H! g%S! 5%+$4/%(! -+R%! B%%1! %($+B30(-%=! $)! ,)1$/)3! -)3%! '+$-! +1=! )$-%/! =/03301:! '+/+&%$%/(H! 70$-! $-%! (+&'3%!015)/&+$0)1!+R+03+B3%E!)1%!,+1!%55%,$0R%3?!'3+1!B)$-!$-%!=/03301:!'/),%((!+1=!=%R%3)'&%1$!)5! -0:-D'%/5)/&+1,%!%e40'&%1$!S0$-!'/%(,/0B%=!,-+/+,$%/0($0,(!)1!+!(,0%1$050,!B+(0(aH! !
! FG! .Q#gd!hjXVI!./)[%,$! Urabe, T., N. Morita, T. Kiguchi, T. Miyazaki and S. Kuramoto, JUDGE Project: A Continental Scientific Drilling into Plate Subduction Zone.（1）Executive Summary, Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan, 48, 122-125, 1997.
#B($/+,$d!Z-%!h+'+1%(%!6(3+1=(!3),+$%!+$!$-%!'3+$%!B)41=+/?!S-0,-!0(E!:%)3):0,+33?!('%+801:E!)1%!)5!$-%! &)($!+,$0R%!/%:0)1!)1!)4/!:3)B%H!#$!$-0(!/%:0)1E!),%+10,!'3+$%!=0+:)1+33?!=%(,%1=(!41=%/!,)1$01%1$+3! '3+$%H!Z-0(!'-%1)&%1)1E!,+33%=!'3+$%!(4B=4,$0)1E!,+4(%(!R+/0)4(!801=(!)5!1+$4/+3!-+f+/=(!(4,-!+(! R)3,+10,!%/4'$0)1E!%+/$-e4+8%!+1=!$(41+&0H!N1!$-%!)$-%/!-+1=E!0$!:05$(!4(!R+/0%$?!)5!1+$4/+3!/%()4/,%(H! ;)/!%J+&'3%E!$-%!:)3=E!+!/%'/%(%1$+$0R%!&01%/+3!/%()4/,%!01!h+'+1E!,)1$/0B4$%=!$-%!5%/$030$?!)5!$-%! h+'+1%(%!,43$4/%!01!+1,0%1$!%/+d!Z-%!$/%+(4/%(!)5!6&'%/0+3!7+/%-)4(%!_1(&(,.!+1=!+!3+/:%!+&)41$!)5! (,/0'$4/%(!)5!>4==-0(&!S-0,-!/%'/%(%1$!'/64#()L%-0%+/))5!$-%!]$-)K%1$4/?!S%/%!B+/$%/%=!S0$-!'C".5) `#."&0#E!K-01+!5)/!:)3=!5/)&!h+'+1!LA-0B+E!"CCGMH!#33!$-%!:%)3):0,+3!,-+/+,$%/0($0,(!)5!h+'+1%(%!6(3+1=(! +/%!=%/0R%=!5/)&!$-%!(4B=4,$0)1!+1=!/%3%R+1$!+,$0R0$0%(． h+'+1%(%!j3$/+w=%%'!X/03301:!+1=!V%)(,0%1$050,!IJ'%/0&%1$(!LhjXVI!'/)[%,$M!0(!+!'/)')(+3!)5!+!B0:! (,0%1,%!'/)[%,$!$)!,)1=4,$!3+1=wB+(%=!=/03301:!+$!()4$-%/1!P+1$)!/%:0)1!$)!01$%/(%,$!$-%!(4B=4,$0)1! f)1%!$-+$!%J0($!+$!+!=%'$-!)5!"G8&!+1=!$)!'%/5)/&!(,0%1$050,!)B(%/R+$0)1!S0$-!$-0(!S%33!+(!05!0$!0(!+! $%3%(,)'%!$)!3))8!01$)!$-%!%+/$-q(!01$%/0)/H!Z-0(!('%,0+3!0((4%!'/%(%1$(!$-%!(),0%$+3!+1=!(,0%1$050,! /+$0)1+3%!)5!$-%!'/)[%,$!+(!S%33!+(!0$(!(4&&+/?E!$%,-10,+3!/%R0%S!)5!0$(!5%+(0B030$?E!+1=!/%e40/%=! $%,-1)3):?!011)R+$0)1． !!A)4$-%/1!P+1$)!0(!+!R%/?!/+/%!3),+30$?!S-%/%!S%!,+1!/%+,-!(4B=4,$0)1!f)1%!5/)&!$-%!(4/5+,%!+$!+! =%'$-!3%((!$-+1"G8&H!Z-%!+/%+!0(!+3()!410e4%!01!$-%!S)/3=!(01,%!$-%/%!0(!5433?!54/10(-%=!(%0(&)&%$%/! 1%$S)/8!$-+$!%1+B3%(!4(!$)!&)10$)/!(%0(&0,0$?!/%3+$%=!$)!$-%!(4B=4,$0)1H!61!$-0(!(4B=4,$0)1!f)1%E!S%! ,+1!)B(%/R%!:%)3):0,!410$!,+33%=!+,,/%$0)1+/?!'/0(&!01!S-0,-!(%=0&%1$(!)1!$-%!),%+10,!'3+$%!+/%! /)33%=!4'!+(!05!$-%?!S%/%!(,/+'%=!4'!B?!+!B433=)f%/H!Z-%!B+(%&%1$!)5!$-%!h+'+1%(%!6(3+1=(!-+(!B%%1! +,,4&43+$%=!$-/)4:-)4$!$-%!:%)3):0,!$0&%!+(!+,,/%$0)1+/?!'/0(&!5)/&%=!+3)1:!$-%!%+($%&!&+/:01!)5! $-%!#(0+1!,)1$01%1$H!Z-%!hjXVI!'/)[%,$!:0R%(!4(!+1!)'')/$410$?!$)!)B(%/R%!+,$0R%!'/),%((%(!)5! 9&)41$+01!B403=01:@!+1=!:3)B+3!:%),-%&0,+3!,?,3%!S-0,-!),,4/!01!+!&+3)/!(,+3%!+$!$-%!(4B=4,$0)1! f)1%H!Z-%/%5)/%E!$-%!hjXVI!S%33!0(!/%:+/=%=!+(!+!1+$4/+3!3+B)/+$)/?!$)!$%($!,/0$0,+3!-?')$-%(%(!)1! %+/$-!'/),%((%(．!! !!Z-%!hjXVI!'/)[%,$!0(!+3()!+B3%!$)!+1(S%/!e4%($0)1(!)5!(),0%$+3!01$%/%($%(0=%(E!+!,)&'3%$%3?!1%S!,)1,%'$!)5!=/03301:!)'%/+$0)1!(-)43=!B%!=%R%3)'%=!$)! :%$!+(!&+1?!=+$+!+(!')((0B3%H!Z-%/%5)/%E!0$!0(!%((%1$0+3E!+$!+1!%+/3?!($+:%!)5!$-%!'/):/+&E!$)!=%$%/&01%! :%)$-%/&+3!:/+=0%1$!+,,4/+$%3?!$)!(%$!$-%!:)+3!)5!$-%!$%,-1)3):?!=%R%3)'&%1$H!Z-%!hjXVI!'/)[%,$!0(! B+(%=!4')1!$-%!(?($%&+$0,!01$%:/+$0)1!)5!$%,-1)3):?!S-0,-!S033!:0R%!4(!($/)1:!01,%1$0R%(!$)!%J'+1=! $-%!01=4($/0+3!-)/0f)1!$)S+/=!$-%!41%J'3)/%=!=)&+01!308%!#')33)!'/)[%,$
! F"! 4,L,4,MI,>( ! N,%+10,!,/4($+3!'%1%$/+$0)1! Bascom, Willard, A Hole in the Bottom of the Sea, Doubleday, 1961. Cromie, William J., Why the Mohole, Adventures in Inner Space, Little, Brown and Company, pp.230, 1961. Steinbeck, John, High Drama of Bold Thrust through Ocean Floor - Earth’s second layer is tapped in prelude to MOHOLE by John Steinbeck, Life, 4/14, 1961. Greenberg, D.S., Mohole: The project that went awry, Science, 143, 115-119, 1964. Greenberg, D.S., Mohole: The project that went awry (II), Science, 143, 223-227, 1964. Greenberg, D.S., Mohole: The project that went awry (III), Science, 143, 334-337, 1964. Greenberg, D.S., Mohole: Drilling site in Pacific favored as time nears to award construction contract for vessel, Science, 147, 487-488, 1965. Greenberg, D.S., Mohole: Last-minute opposition turned aside, Science, 150, 195, 1965. Hess, H. H. and H. S. Ladd, Mohole: Preliminary drilling, Science, 152, 544-545, 1966. Greenberg, D.S., NSF appropriation: Mutiny on the Mohole, Science, 152, 895-896, 1966. Greenberg, D.S., Mohole: Senate is asked to restore funds, Science, 153, 38-39, 1966. Greenberg, D.S., Mohole: Aground on Capitol Hill, Science, 153, 963, 1965.
IODP Initial Science Plan (http://www.iodp.org/isp/) Interridge Science plan 2004-2013 (http://www.interridge.org/en/science/nextdecade) . Mission Moho Workshop report (http://www.iodp.org/mission-moho-workshop/#7) . Mission Moho proposal (http://www.gm.univ-montp2.fr/spip/spip.php?rubrique185) . Melting, Magma, Fluids and Life Workshop report (http://www.interridge.org/en/WG/DeepEarthSampling/workshop2009) . Oceanic Crustal Structure and Formation – IODP and ODP achievements November 2002 – December 2005, Thematic Review Report Series No. 2, IODP-MI, 2009 (http://www.iodp.org/trc/2/). The Mohole Crustal Journey and Mantle Quest Workshop report (2010) (to be posted http://earth.s.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/~Mohole/).
Continental crust K+($+1)E!hH*HE!"CC_E!./)('%,$(!5)/!,)&&%/,0+3!+B0):%10,!:+(!'/)=4,$0)1d!0&'30,+$0)1(!5/)&!$-%! A03[+1!*01:!+/%+E!AS%=%1E!,.)Z-%!54$4/%!)5!%1%/:?!:+(%(d!jHAH!V%)3):0,+3!A4/R%?!./)5%((0)1+3! .+'%/!"\cGE!'H!"bbD"\_H! PZ>!L8$BH0,='D)1301%H)/:
! FF!
! ;0,$0)1! *%+30$?! !
! Drilling To The Core B?!Y0=%8)!Z+8+?+&+A%'$%&B%/!"FE!FGG\!! In Jules Verne's classic 19th-century novel "Journey to the Center of the Earth," Professor Lidenbrock travels to a mysterious subterranean world. Now a Japanese ship is aiming to replicate his adventure, striking out on its own quest to explore the earth's depths. In August, the massive 57,000-metric-ton Chikyu ("Earth"), a cutting-edge deep-sea drilling vessel, left Nagasaki on a test run. Though the Japanese venture may not reveal the prehistoric monsters or hidden oceans that Lidenbrock's journey did, it is hoping to reach unprecedented depths.
IJ'%,$+$0)1!
! Fb! Carbon Cycle (NASA)! ! !
! ! I+/$-q(!K+/B)1d!Y)S!&4,-!+1=!S-%/%n!! The Deep! Carbon Cycle #$&)('-%/0,!KNF!b]G!''&! A%+S+$%/!Kd!bG!''&! K/4($d!FGG!''&! K)1$01%1$+3!,/4($d!_GGG!''&! 2+1$3%d!nnn! K)/%d!nnn!
! F_!