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Seismic Reflection Methods in Offshore Groundwater Research
geosciences Review Seismic Reflection Methods in Offshore Groundwater Research Claudia Bertoni 1,*, Johanna Lofi 2, Aaron Micallef 3,4 and Henning Moe 5 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK 2 Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Université des Antilles, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France; johanna.lofi@gm.univ-montp2.fr 3 Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, GEOMAR, 24148 Kiel, Germany; [email protected] 4 Marine Geology & Seafloor Surveying, Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta 5 CDM Smith Ireland Ltd., D02 WK10 Dublin, Ireland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 April 2020; Accepted: 26 July 2020; Published: 5 August 2020 Abstract: There is growing evidence that passive margin sediments in offshore settings host large volumes of fresh and brackish water of meteoric origin in submarine sub-surface reservoirs. Marine geophysical methods, in particular seismic reflection data, can help characterize offshore hydrogeological systems and yet the existing global database of industrial basin wide surveys remains untapped in this context. In this paper we highlight the importance of these data in groundwater exploration, by reviewing existing studies that apply physical stratigraphy and morpho-structural interpretation techniques to provide important information on—reservoir (aquifer) properties and architecture, permeability barriers, paleo-continental environments, sea-level changes and shift of coastal facies through time and conduits for water flow. We then evaluate the scientific and applied relevance of such methodology within a holistic workflow for offshore groundwater research. Keywords: submarine groundwater; continental margins; offshore water resources; seismic reflection 1. -
Technical Barriers and R&D Opportunities for Offshore, Sub-Seabed Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide
Technical Barriers and R&D Opportunities for Offshore, Sub-Seabed Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide Report Prepared for the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) Technical Group By the Offshore Storage Technologies Task Force September 14, 2015 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by participants in the Offshore Storage Task Force: Mark Ackiewicz (United States, Chair); Katherine Romanak, Susan Hovorka, Ramon Trevino, Rebecca Smyth, Tip Meckel (all from the University of Texas at Austin, United States); Chris Consoli (Global CCS Institute, Australia); Di Zhou (South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China); Tim Dixon, James Craig (IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme); Ryozo Tanaka, Ziqui Xue, Jun Kita (all from RITE, Japan); Henk Pagnier, Maurice Hanegraaf, Philippe Steeghs, Filip Neele, Jens Wollenweber (all from TNO, Netherlands); Philip Ringrose, Gelein Koeijer, Anne-Kari Furre, Frode Uriansrud (all from Statoil, Norway); Mona Molnvik, Sigurd Lovseth (both from SINTEF, Norway); Rolf Pedersen (University of Bergen, Norway); Pål Helge Nøkleby (Aker Solutions, Norway) Brian Allison (DECC, United Kingdom), Jonathan Pearce, Michelle, Bentham (both from the British Geological Survey, United Kingdom), Jeremy Blackford (Plymouth Marine Laboratory, United Kingdom). Each individual and their respective country has provided the necessary resources to enable the development of this work. The task force members would like to thank John Huston of Leonardo Technologies, Inc. (United States), for coordinating and managing the information contained in the report. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provides an overview of the current technology status, technical barriers, and research and development (R&D) opportunities associated with offshore, sub-seabed geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO2). -
LECTURE 8 - Mohorovičić’S Inversion: the Discovery of the Crust-Mantle Boundary A.K.A
LECTURE 8 - Mohorovičić’s inversion: the discovery of the crust-mantle boundary a.k.a. “Moho” Hrvoje Tkalčić "Andrija Mohorovičić" by a surrealistic painter, Carlo Billich *** N.B. The material presented in these lectures is from the principal textbooks, other books on similar subject, the research and lectures of my colleagues from various universities around the world, my own research, and finally, numerous web sites. I am grateful for the material I used in this particular lecture to D. Skoko, M.Herak, and A. Mohorovičić himself, who was a founder of the Geophysical Institute of the University of Zagreb, at which I studied as an undergraduate student.*** Seismic “phases” and their nomenclature Construction of travel time curves (hodochrones) istance d Epicentral Time Observed and theoretical travel time curves Kennett et al., 1991 1909 Earthquake and the Mohorovičić’s assumption Mohorovičić’s method Mohorovičić’s method Mohorovičić’s method The depth of the discontinuity Voilà! Andrija Mohorovičić 1910 The discontinuity in seismic wave speeds Somewhat arbitrary v alues on this scheme, but generally OK Abrupt change in the composition and density of rocks results in a sharp change in seismic wave speeds The depth of Moho (crustal thickness) Moho in popular culture . The Mohorovičić Discontinuity is mentioned in one particular computer game, an RTS called Total Annihilation. Players can build a "Moho Mine" in order to mine metal at or close to the Mohorovičić Discontinuity. Due to the size of the structure, the public being unfamiliar with the Mohorovičić Discontinuity, and an expansion structure called the "Moho Metal-Maker", "Moho" is misinterpreted as meaning "big.” . -
Technical Report 08-05 Skb-Tr-98-05
SE9900011 TECHNICAL REPORT 08-05 SKB-TR-98-05 The Very Deep Hole Concept - Geoscientific appraisal of conditions at great depth C Juhlin1, T Wallroth2, J Smellie3, T Eliasson4, C Ljunggren5, B Leijon3, J Beswick6 1 Christopher Juhlin Consulting 2 Bergab Consulting Geologists 3 ConterraAB 4 Geological Survey of Sweden 5 Vattenfall Hydropower AB 6 EDECO Petroleum Services Ltd June 1998 30- 07 SVENSK KARNBRANSLEHANTERING AB SWEDISH NUCLEAR FUEL AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CO P.O.BOX 5864 S-102 40 STOCKHOLM SWEDEN PHONE +46 8 459 84 00 FAX+46 8 661 57 19 THE VERY DEEP HOLE CONCEPT • GEOSCIENTIFIC APPRAISAL OF CONDITIONS AT GREAT DEPTH CJuhlin1, T Wai froth2, J Smeflie3, TEIiasson4, C Ljunggren5, B Leijon3, J Beswick6 1 Christopher Juhlin Consulting 2 Bergab Consulting Geologists 3 Conterra AB 4 Geological Survey of Sweden 5 Vattenfall Hydropower AB 6 EDECO Petroleum Services Ltd. June 1998 This report concerns a study which was conducted for SKB. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily coincide with those of the client. Information on SKB technical reports froml 977-1978 (TR 121), 1979 (TR 79-28), 1980 (TR 80-26), 1981 (TR 81-17), 1982 (TR 82-28), 1983 (TR 83-77), 1984 (TR 85-01), 1985 (TR 85-20), 1986 (TR 86-31), 1987 (TR 87-33), 1988 (TR 88-32), 1989 (TR 89-40), 1990 (TR 90-46), 1991 (TR 91-64), 1992 (TR 92-46), 1993 (TR 93-34), 1994 (TR 94-33), 1995 (TR 95-37) and 1996 (TR 96-25) is available through SKB. -
Geo V18i2 with Covers in Place.Indd
VOL. 18, NO. 2 – 2021 GEOSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED GEO EDUCATION Geoscientists for the Energy Transition INDUSTRY ISSUES Gas Flaring EXPLORATION Alaska Anxiously Awaits its Fate GEOPHYSICS Nimble Nodes ENERGY TRANSITION Increasing Energy While Decreasing Carbon geoexpro.com GEOExPro May 2021 1 Previous issues: www.geoexpro.com Contents Vol. 18 No. 2 This issue of GEO ExPro focuses on North GEOSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED America; New Technologies and the Future for Geoscientists. 30 West Texas! Land of longhorn cattle, 5 Editorial mesquite, and fiercely independent ranchers. It also happens to be the 6 Regional Update: The Third Growth location of an out-of-the-way desert gem, Big Bend National Park. Gary Prost Phase of the Haynesville Play takes us on a road trip and describes the 8 Licencing Update: PETRONAS geology of this beautiful area. Launches Malaysia Bid Round, 2021 48 10 A Minute to Read The effects of contourite systems on deep water 14 Cover Story: Gas Flaring sediments can be subtle or even cryptic. However, in recent years 20 Seismic Foldout: The Greater Orphan some significant discoveries and Basin the availability of high-quality regional scale seismic data, 26 Energy Transition: Critical Minerals has drawn attention to the from Petroleum Fields frequent presence of contourite dominated bedforms. 30 GEO Tourism: Big Bend Country 34 Energy Transition Update: Increasing Energy While Decreasing Carbon 36 Hot Spot: North America 52 Seismic node systems developed in the past 38 GEO Education: Geoscientists for the decade were not sufficiently compact to efficiently Energy Transition acquire dense seismic in any environment. To answer this challenge, BP, in collaboration 42 Seismic Foldout: Ultra-Long Offsets with Rosneft and Schlumberger, developed a new nimble node system, now being developed Signal a Bright Future for OBN commercially by STRYDE. -
The Mohole : a Crustal Journey and Mantle Quest
The MoHole : a Crustal Journey and Mantle Quest BENOÎT ILDEFONSE CNRS, GÉOSCIENCES MONTPELLIER [email protected] Mission Moho co-proponents Natsue Abe, Peter Kelemen, Hidenori Kumagai, Damon Teagle, Doug Wilson, Gary Acton, Jeff Alt, Wolfgang Bach, Neil Banerjee, Mathilde Cannat, Rick Carlson, David Christie, Rosalind Coggon, Laurence Coogan, Robert Detrick, Henry Dick, Jeffrey Gee, Kathryn Gillis, Alistair Harding, Jeff Karson, Shuichi Kodaira, Juergen Koepke, John Maclennan, Jinichiro Maeda, Chris MacLeod, Jay Miller, Sumio Miyashita, Jim Natland, Toshio Nozaka, Mladen Nedimovic, Yasuhiko Ohara, Kyoko Okino, Philippe Pezard, Eiichi Takazawa, Takeshi Tsuji, Susumu Umino Co-authors of MoHole workshop report Natsue Abe, Yoshio Isozaki, Donna Blackman, Pablo Canales, Shuichi Kodaira, Greg Myers, Kentaro Nakamura, Mladen Nedimovic, Ali Skinner, Eiichi Takazawa, Damon Teagle, Masako Tominaga, Susumu Umino, Doug Wilson, Masaoki Yamao April 1958, meeting in the Great Hall of the NAS : “What good will it do to get a single sample of the mantle?...” “Perhaps it is true that we won't find out as much about the earth’s interior from one hole as we hope. To those who raise that objection I say, If there is not a first hole, there cannot be a second or a tenth or a hundredth hole. We must make a beginning.” Harry Hess Project “Mohole” 1957-1966 Life, April 14, 1961 Offshore Guadalupe Island March-April 1961 CUSS 1 Dynamic positioning ~ 3500 mbsl 5 holes Max depth 183 m, miocene sediments & ~ 14 m of basalt 40 years of planning on deep drilling of the ocean lithosphere Oceanic basement drilling 1968 - 2005 basalt (45 holes > 50 m) gabbro & serpentinite (37 holes > 10 m) Ildefonse et al., 2007 Not enough !! ~3% of DSDP/ODP/IODP cumulated depth No continuous section of ocean crust ! Scientific planning 2006-2010 • Mission Moho Workshop Formation and Evolution of Oceanic Lithosphere Portland, Sept. -
Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4Th Conference Volume 1 Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4Th Conference
Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference Volume 1 Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference held at the Barbican Centre, London 29 March-1 April 1992 Volume 1 edited by J. R. Parker Shell UK Exploration and Production, London with I. D. Bartholomew Oryx UK Energy Company, Uxbridge W. G. Cordey Shell UK Exploration and Production, London R. E. Dunay Mobil North Sea Limited, London O. Eldholm University of Oslo A. J. Fleet BP Research, Sunbury A. J. Fraser BP Exploration, Glasgow K. W. Glennie Consultant, Ballater J. H. Martin Imperial College, London M. L. B. Miller Petroleum Science and Technology Institute, Edinburgh C. D. Oakman Reservoir Research Limited, Glasgow A. M. Spencer Statoil, Stavanger M. A. Stephenson Enterprise Oil, London B. A. Vining Esso Exploration and Production UK Limited, Leatherhead T. J. Wheatley Total Oil Marine pic, Aberdeen - 1993 Published by The Geological Society London THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1807 as The Geological Society of London and is the oldest geological society in the world. It received its Royal Charter in 1825 for the purpose of 'investigating the mineral structure of the Earth'. The Society is Britain's national learned society for geology with a membership of 7500 (1992). It has countrywide coverage and approximately 1000 members reside overseas. The Society is responsible for all aspects of the geological sciences including professional matters. The Society has its own publishing house which produces the Society's international journals, books and maps, and which acts as the European distributor for publications of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists and the Geological Society of America. -
Integration of Seismic and Petrophysics to Characterize Reservoirs in ‘‘ALA’’ Oil Field, Niger Delta
Hindawi Publishing Corporation The Scientific World Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 421720, 15 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/421720 Research Article Integration of Seismic and Petrophysics to Characterize Reservoirs in ‘‘ALA’’ Oil Field, Niger Delta P. A. Alao, S. O. Olabode, and S. A. Opeloye Department of Applied Geology, Federal University of Technology Akure, P.M.B 704 Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria Correspondence should be addressed to P. A. Alao; [email protected] Received 9 April 2013; Accepted 25 June 2013 Academic Editors: M. Faure and G.-L. Yuan Copyright © 2013 P. A. Alao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In the exploration and production business, by far the largest component of geophysical spending is driven by the need to characterize (potential) reservoirs. The simple reason is that better reservoir characterization means higher success rates and fewer wells for reservoir exploitation. In this research work, seismic and well log data were integrated in characterizing the reservoirs on “ALA” field in Niger Delta. Three-dimensional seismic data was used to identify the faults and map the horizons. Petrophysical parameters and time-depth structure maps were obtained. Seismic attributes was also employed in characterizing the reservoirs. Seven hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs with thickness ranging from 9.9 to 71.6 m were delineated. Structural maps of horizons in six wells containing hydrocarbon-bearing zones with tops and bottoms at range of −2,453 to −3,950 m were generated; this portrayed the trapping mechanism to be mainly fault-assisted anticlinal closures. -
Vicksburg (Oligocene) Smaller Foraminifera from Mississippi
Vicksburg (Oligocene) Smaller Foraminifera From Mississippi GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 241 Vicksburg (Oligocene) Smaller Foraminifera From Mississippi By RUTH TODD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 241 Descriptions and illustrations of smaller Foraminifera from jive measured sections in western Mississippi UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1952 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. Contents Page Abstract _________________ 1 Systematic descriptions— Continued Introduction ______________ 1 Family Heterohelicidae- _______ 24 Stratigraphic sections _ _____ 2 Family Buliminidae.-__________ 25 Systematic descriptions_ 4 Family Rotaliidae-___________ 34 Family Textulariidae___ 4 Family Amphisteginidae------- 42 Family Verneuilinidae__ 5 Family Cassidulinidae- _ __--___. 42 Family Valyulinidae _ _ 6 Family Chilostomellidae-______ 43 Family Miliolidae. ____ 6 Family Globigerinidae--------- 43 Family Ophthalmidiidae 10 Family Anomalinidae_________ 44 Family Lagenidae____ 10 Family Planorbulinidae__ 46 Family Polymorphinidae 16 Bibliography __ ___________________ 47 Family Nonionidae. ____________________________ 21 Index.___________--_------_-____ 49 Illustrations Plate 1. Textulariidae, Verneuilinidae, Valvulinidae, Miliolidae, Ophthalmidiidae__--_----------_----_-------_ 2. Lagenidae______--____________________-_______________________________-___-------_-------_-- -
Approach Optimizes Well Geosteering
SEPTEMBER 2018 The “Better Business” Publication Serving the Exploration / Drilling / Production Industry Approach Optimizes Well Geosteering By Christopher Viens When a change in total gamma is not based 3-D geosteering solution rather and Mark Tomlinson associated with an up or down movement than conventional 2-D geosteering soft- through stratigraphy, it indicates faulting, ware. By integrating multiple well and HOUSTON–Geosteering in horizontal a depositional anomaly, heterogeneity, or seismic surface inputs, this approach wells involves correlating logging data bedding that is not laterally continuous gives the geosteering geologist the infor- to a type log from a nearby offset well to or stratified. Because the fundamental mation to confidently resolve abrupt bed characterize the zone of interest. Corre- basis of geosteering is correlating to dip changes, identify faults, identify areas lating against a type log requires the bed- marker beds that have lateral continuity, of lateral continuity/discontinuity, identify ding thickness and gamma character of in situations where lateral continuity is stratified/unstratified zones and understand the target well to be close to that of the absent, only a low level of interpretation formation-related directional drilling tra- type log, which can be offset by miles in confidence can be achieved using tradi- jectory phenomena, etc. some cases. If not, the resulting geosteering tional correlation methods. interpretation will have unreasonable bed To maximize the benefits of azimuthal Laterally Continuous Bedding dips that do not accurately reflect the gamma imaging, a protocol has been de- In areas with laterally continuous target lithology being drilled, leaving the veloped to identify and handle challenging strata, the gamma character in the type geosteering geologist running multiple geosteering situations using a model- well typically will be present at the simultaneous interpretations in the hope that one will start to make sense as new data come in during drilling. -
VOTTNQ INFORMATION - Mississippi 1962 - 1966
VOTTNQ INFORMATION - Mississippi 1962 - 1966 \ 1 1 iiiiiiiiWiww_wwww-w»----wwwwwwwwwwiwwMMIMMiWW^^ I \h(r'A l<T6*3 I*-, MISSISSIPPI POLITICAL HANDBOOK By William L. Higgs "K. f IT"*. ^. \ . lit PREFACE This handbook was completed during a residence fellow ship at Brandeis University under the auspices of the Fiorina Lasker Program in Civil Liberties and Civil Rights. I wish to thank the students, faculty, and administra tion of Brandeis for their assistance, and to acknowledge the cooperative help received from other colleges and universities. William L. Higgs Waltham, Massachusetts April, 1962 Contents I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. VOTING AND ELECTIONS 1 A. Who Can Vote 1 B. The Conducting of the General Election 5 C. The Conducting of the Primary Election. 6 D. Becoming a Candidate 6 E. Times of Elections and Voting Hours 8 F. Election Costs 8 in. PARTY ORGANIZATION AND POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS 9 A. In General 9 B. The Precinct Convention 9 C. The County Convention. 10 D. The County Democratic Executive Committee 11 E. The Congressional District Caucus. 12 F. The State Convention and the State Democratic Executive Committee 13 G. Mississippi Political Campaigns Ill H. Note on Municipal Elections Hi IV. MISSISSIPPI GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE 15 A. State Government. 15 1. The Executive Branch 15 2* The Legislative Branch 17 3. The Judicial Branch 18 U. The Administrative Branch 20 B. County Government. 21 C. Municipal Government 23 V. THE ROLE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT _U A. Present Law 2k B. The Law in Action 25 1. Executive and Administrative Action. 25 2. The Congress 30 3. The Federal Courts 30 VI. -
Book Review of "Exploring the Earth's Crust: History and Results of Controlled-Source Seismology (GSA Memoir 208)" by Claus Prodehl and Walter D
Book Review of "Exploring the Earth's Crust: History and Results of Controlled-Source Seismology (GSA Memoir 208)" by Claus Prodehl and Walter D. Mooney Prodehl and Mooney have done an impressive service to the community in providing this compendium of controlled-source seismic studies of the earth's crust carried out to 2005. It is a remarkable piece of work. The book will be a valuable resource for students and researches in earth sciences for many years to come. The chapter on the "History of controlled-source seismology" provides an excellent introduction to the data sets and experiments that are discussed in the remainder of the book. It is strange that for such a large book there is no index and, as a result, it is awkward to find material of interest. Consequently this chapter is especially necessary. The chapter on "The first 100 years (1845-1945)" does for controlled-source seismology what Love's (1927) "Historical Introduction" did for the theory of elasticity and Dewey and Byerly (1969) did for seismometry. Given the importance and ubiquity of the term "Mohorovičić Discontinuity" it would be interesting to know who first used this term and how quickly it was generally accepted. This is not, however, addressed in Prodehl and Mooney other than to say "This boundary [reported by Mohorovičić (1910)] ... was shortly thereafter defined as the crust-mantle boundary and was named the Mohorovičić discontinuity...". (By the way, for those anglophones interested in the history of seismology there is an English translation of Mohorovičić 's 1910 paper (Mohorovičić 1992).) It is, of course, common knowledge that the crust is defined as the region of the earth above the Mohorovičić Discontinuity (or Moho) and that this is observed seismically from both earthquakes and controlled sources.