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North Korea´S Juche Ideology and Its Implications on Pyongyang´S

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North Korea´S Juche Ideology and Its Implications on Pyongyang´S FOI-R--1578--SE February 2005 ISSN 1650-1942 User report North Korea’s Juche Ideology and its Implications on Pyongyang’s Relations with Washington 1994-2004 A North Korean Perspective Louise Waldenström NBC Defence SE-901 82 Umeå SWEDISH DEFENCE RESEARCH AGENCY FOI-R--1578--SE NBC Defence February 2005 SE-901 82 Umeå ISSN 1650-1942 User report North Korea’s Juche Ideology and its Implications on Pyongyang’s Relations with Washington 1994-2004 A North Korean Perspective Louise Waldenström 2 Issuing organization Report number, ISRN Report type FOI – Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI-R--1578--SE User Report NBC Defence Research area code SE-901 82 Umeå 3. NBC Defence and other hazardous substances Month year Project No. February 2005 A472 Sub area code 33. NBC Studies Sub area code 2 Author/s (editor/s) Project manager Louise Waldenström Lena Norlander Approved by Åke Sellström Sponsoring agency Scientifically and technically responsible Report title North Korea’s Juche Ideology and its Implications on Pyongyang’s Relations with Washington 1994-2004 A North Korean Perspective Abstract (not more than 200 words) In 2004 the political stalemate between North Korea and the United States continues. Pyongyang’s and Washington’s relations have been filled with hostility and antagonism since the division of the Korean Peninsula in 1945. During the Kim Il-sung era, the Cold War influenced the development of North Korean ideology, referred to as Juche, and formed an ideology based on self-reliance with strong anti-imperialist and U.S. rhetoric, which has determined North Korean foreign policy since 1955. The Kim Jong-il leadership is confronted with a unipolar system that has made North Korean ideology inadequate for the challenges of the new world order. As a consequence, Juche ideology had to be altered to fit the transformed conditions, and therefore, in 1998, Kim Jong-il implemented Kangsung Taeguk as the nation’s guiding strategy. The intention behind Kangsung Taeguk is to make North Korea into a strong and powerful nation ideologically, militarily and economically in order to show foremost the United States that Pyongyang will not be toppled by the sole remaining super power. This report is an attempt to, from a North Korean perspective, analyze how Juche ideology and Kangsung Taeguk have developed and shaped North Korean relations with the United States from 1994 to 2004. Keywords North Korea, Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, U.S. relations, Juche Ideology, Foreign policy, Security policy, Kangsung Taeguk, Deterrence Further bibliographic information Language English ISSN 1650-1942 Pages 73 p. Price acc. to pricelist 3 Utgivare Rapportnummer, ISRN Klassificering Totalförsvarets Forskningsinstitut - FOI FOI-R--1578--SE Användarrapport NBC-skydd Forskningsområde 901 82 Umeå 3. Skydd mot NBC och andra farliga ämnen Månad, år Projektnummer Februari 2005 A472 Delområde 33. NBC-studier Delområde 2 Författare/redaktör Projektledare Louise Waldenström Lena Norlander Godkänd av Åke Sellström Uppdragsgivare/kundbeteckning Tekniskt och/eller vetenskapligt ansvarig Rapportens titel (i översättning) Nordkoreas Juche-ideologi och dess implikationer på Pyongyangs relationer med Washington 1994-2004. Ett nordkoreanskt perspektiv Sammanfattning (högst 200 ord) Det politiska dödläget mellan Nordkorea och USA har fortsatt under 2004. Relationerna mellan Pyongyang och Washington har varit fyllda av fientligheter och motsättningar ända sedan delningen av den koreanska halvön 1945. Under Kim Il-sungs era påverkade det kalla kriget utvecklandet av den nordkoreanska ideologin, kallad Juche. Ideologin är grunden för en tilltro till den egna förmågan med starka antiimperialistiska och antiamerikanska undertoner som sedan 1955 har influerat nordkoreansk utrikespolitik. I Kim Jong-ils världsbild finns bara en stormakt som har gjort Juche-ideologin otillräcklig för de nya internationella utmaningar som den innebär. Juche-ideologin har därför blivit tvungen att anpassas till den nya omvärlden och av den anledningen implementerade Kim Jong-il Kangsung Taeguk som landets nya vägledande strategi. Intentionen bakom Kangsung Taeguk är att ideologiskt, militärt och ekonomiskt göra Nordkorea till en kraftfull stat för att bevisa för främst USA att Pyongyang inte kan krossas av den enda kvarvarande stormakten. Den här rapporten är ett försök att från en nordkoreansk utgångspunkt analysera hur Juche och Kangsung Taeguk har utvecklat och format Nordkoreas relationer med USA mellan 1994 och 2004. Nyckelord Nordkorea, Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, relationer med USA, Juche-ideologi, utrikespolitik, säkerhetspolitik, Kangsung Taeguk, avskräckning Övriga bibliografiska uppgifter Språk Engelska ISSN 1650-1942 Antal sidor: 73 s. Distribution enligt missiv Pris: Enligt prislista 4 FOI-R--1578--SE Table of Contents Map of North Korea .........................................................................................................7 Introduction.......................................................................................................................9 1 Juche under Kim Il-sung ...................................................................................11 1.1 The Main Components of Juche ..........................................................................11 1.1.1 Charip: Self-Sustaining Economy .......................................................................12 1.1.2 Chaju: Political Independence .............................................................................13 1.1.3 Chawi: Self-Defense in Military Affairs..............................................................14 1.2 Juche and Foreign Policy .....................................................................................14 2 Juche under Kim Jong-il....................................................................................17 2.1 Kim Jong-il’s Official and Unofficial Saga .........................................................17 2.2 The Formal Succession of Kim Jong-il................................................................18 2.2.1 The Kimilsung Constitution..................................................................................19 3 North Korea’s New Guiding Strategy: Kangsung Taeguk.............................23 3.1 Kangsung Taeguk .................................................................................................23 3.2 North Korean National Objectives and Tactics under Kangsung Taeguk ..........26 4 North Korea – United States Relations 1994-2001: The Clinton Administration’s Rapprochement ....................................................................27 4.1 North Korea - U.S. Relations in the Kim Il-sung Era..........................................27 4.1.1 Clinton Enters the North Korean Question ..........................................................28 4.1.2 Carter Visits Kim Il-sung .....................................................................................29 4.1.3 The 1994 Agreed Framework...............................................................................30 4.2 Aspects of North Korean - U.S. Relations Regarding Ballistic Missiles............31 4.2.1 Kangsung Taeguk Introduced by Taepodong Missile .........................................32 4.2.2 The Perry Report...................................................................................................33 4.2.3 Berlin Talks...........................................................................................................34 4.3 Implications of Vice Marshal Cho’s and Madeline Albrights Visits on North Korea – U.S. relations...........................................................................................37 5 North Korea – United States Relations 2001-2003: The Bush Administration’s Hostility .................................................................................41 5.1 Hostile Policy Emerges.........................................................................................41 5.1.1 Implications of 9/11 2001.....................................................................................42 5.2 Kangsung Taeguk Intensified after “Axis of Evil” ..............................................43 5.2.1 James Kelly to North Korea .................................................................................44 5.3 North Korea Withdraws from NPT......................................................................45 5.3.1 Implications of the War in Iraq on North Korea-U.S. Relations.........................46 5.3.2 Six-Party Talks 2003 ............................................................................................47 5.3.3 2004 developments ...............................................................................................48 5 FOI-R--1578--SE Conclusion and discussion .............................................................................................49 Two U.S. Administrations – Two Different North Korean Policies ...............................50 Appendix 1: Glossary and Abbreviations ...................................................................55 Appendix 2: Consistent Elements in North Korea's Anti-U.S. Propaganda ..........57 Appendix 3: Joint Statement of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the United States of America..................................................................59 Appendix 4: The Agreed Framework 1994 ................................................................61 Appendix 5: Food Aid for Missile Halt and Talks .....................................................65
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