Russia 0 600 Miles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

0 1000 km Russia 0 600 miles 60ºN 80ºN Bering Strait U S A 70ºN 80ºN 70ºN 60ºN 0º St Lawrence 180º Chukchi Sea Island Wrangel A R C T I C 20ºE O C E A N Island Chukotka A R C T I C 160ºE Peninsula NORWAY 40ºE 140ºE 60ºE East Siberian 120ºE Sea N O R T H Svalbard 80ºE 100ºE Kamchatka S E A Norwegian O C E A N Sea Franz Josef Land of fire and ice Land Severnaya Novosibirskie K NORWAY St Petersburg Islands o B E R I N G Zemlya l Oslo Home to the incomparable y S E A Hermitage m Laptev Kolyma s SWEDEN k Sea Indigirka Barents Sea y Novaya Solovetsky Islands Zemlya M Stockholm o Beautiful monastery, cruel u Taymyr Tiksi N FINLAND Gulag history Kara Sea Peninsula T n A t S Baltic I a Shelekhov Tallinn Helsinki A i Dikson n Sea LATVIA S Gulf Kizhi E s Kamchatka Yamal Khatanga S R‹ga ESTONIA Lena Kaliningrad Kizhi Amazing wooden church Peninsula Peninsula on an island Gydansky U LITHUANIA CENTRAL V R R Pskov Peninsula e Magadan Klyuchevskaya St Petersburg r A (4668m) SIBERIAN k F Vilnius Vorkuta Dudinka h Veliky Novgorod Gulf PLATEAU o Petropavlovsk- BELARUS Veliky Norilsk y s Sea of Novgorod Ancient churches, a n i n Kamchatsky Vologda Ob C I R C L E s k t a Okhotsk magnificent kremlin A R C T I C Igarka y M o u n Minsk Smolensk Salekhard Okhotsk Tver Putorana Yakutsk Yaroslavl Syktyvkar Plateau MOSCOW Ob Volga R U S S I A Siberian Suzdal Ural Mountains Kyiv Tula Lowland Nizhnyaya Tunguska 50ºN Oryol Suzdal A Olekminsk UKRAINE Vladimir The quintessential Yenisey I Khanty-Mansiysk S R Lensk Nizhny idyllic village Ob I B E Lake Baikal Novgorod Nizhnevartovsk Kazan Perm Hike around Siberia's Tatar StraitSakhalin Moscow Nizhny Trans-Siberian Railway sapphire jewel Island Kungur Tagil Be surrounded by history Irtysh The ultimate big Syzran Amur Vanino on Red Square Tobolsk train trip Tynda Komsomolsk- Samara Yeniseysk Yekaterinburg Tyumen Stanovoy Mountains na-Amure Sovetskaya BLACK Volga Gavan SEA Rostov- Ufa Udokan Amur Yuzhno- on-Don Volgograd Ural Tomsk Bratsk Mountains Khabarovsk Sakhalinsk Novorossiysk Lena Mineralnye Blagoveshchensk Omsk Severobaikalsk Caucasus Vody Orsk Novosibirsk Krasnoyarsk Irtysh Lake Chita Ussuri Sochi Astrakhan Yenisey Baikal Argun K A Z A K H S T A N Barnaul Manchurian Mountains Volgograd Irkutsk Mountains Home to gigantic Ulan-Ude Plain Mt Elbrus Astana (5642m) CASPIAN Mother Russia statue Yablonovy SEA Ussuriysk GEORGIA Kyzyl Tbilisi Tobolsk Altai CHINA Nakhodka Black Sea Coast Mountains Darkhan ARMENIA Aral Ancient Siberian capital, MONGOLIA Vladivostok 40ºN Yerevan Hit the beachesSea magnificent kremlin and ski slopes Ulaanbaatar Vladivostok AZERBAIJAN Sea of Syr Darya Admire beautiful Baku Tuva Japan Turanian Lake Excitingly unique ethnic Golden Horn Bay NORTH Plateau KOREA Caucasus Mountains Balkhash CHINA republic Snow-covered peaks, wildflower- UZBEKISTAN carpeted meadows Gobi Pyongyang Tashkent Altai Mountains Beijing Russia's nature paradise Desert Seoul JAPAN Ashgabat Bishkek supreme Yellow SOUTH Tehran I R A N Great Sea KOREA TURKMENISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Basin.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Northern Sea Route Cargo Flows and Infrastructure- Present State And
Northern Sea Route Cargo Flows and Infrastructure – Present State and Future Potential By Claes Lykke Ragner FNI Report 13/2000 FRIDTJOF NANSENS INSTITUTT THE FRIDTJOF NANSEN INSTITUTE Tittel/Title Sider/Pages Northern Sea Route Cargo Flows and Infrastructure – Present 124 State and Future Potential Publikasjonstype/Publication Type Nummer/Number FNI Report 13/2000 Forfatter(e)/Author(s) ISBN Claes Lykke Ragner 82-7613-400-9 Program/Programme ISSN 0801-2431 Prosjekt/Project Sammendrag/Abstract The report assesses the Northern Sea Route’s commercial potential and economic importance, both as a transit route between Europe and Asia, and as an export route for oil, gas and other natural resources in the Russian Arctic. First, it conducts a survey of past and present Northern Sea Route (NSR) cargo flows. Then follow discussions of the route’s commercial potential as a transit route, as well as of its economic importance and relevance for each of the Russian Arctic regions. These discussions are summarized by estimates of what types and volumes of NSR cargoes that can realistically be expected in the period 2000-2015. This is then followed by a survey of the status quo of the NSR infrastructure (above all the ice-breakers, ice-class cargo vessels and ports), with estimates of its future capacity. Based on the estimated future NSR cargo potential, future NSR infrastructure requirements are calculated and compared with the estimated capacity in order to identify the main, future infrastructure bottlenecks for NSR operations. The information presented in the report is mainly compiled from data and research results that were published through the International Northern Sea Route Programme (INSROP) 1993-99, but considerable updates have been made using recent information, statistics and analyses from various sources.
[Show full text]
Abbreviations
ABBREVIATIONS ACP African Caribbean Pacific K kindergarten Adm. Admiral kg kilogramme(s) Adv. Advocate kl kilolitre(s) a.i. ad interim km kilometre(s) kW kilowatt b. born kWh kilowatt hours bbls. barrels bd board lat. latitude bn. billion (one thousand million) lb pound(s) (weight) Brig. Brigadier Lieut. Lieutenant bu. bushel long. longitude Cdr Commander m. million CFA Communauté Financière Africaine Maj. Major CFP Comptoirs Français du Pacifique MW megawatt CGT compensated gross tonnes MWh megawatt hours c.i.f. cost, insurance, freight C.-in-C. Commander-in-Chief NA not available CIS Commonwealth of Independent States n.e.c. not elsewhere classified cm centimetre(s) NRT net registered tonnes Col. Colonel NTSC National Television System Committee cu. cubic (525 lines 60 fields) CUP Cambridge University Press cwt hundredweight OUP Oxford University Press oz ounce(s) D. Democratic Party DWT dead weight tonnes PAL Phased Alternate Line (625 lines 50 fields 4·43 MHz sub-carrier) ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States PAL M Phased Alternate Line (525 lines 60 PAL EEA European Economic Area 3·58 MHz sub-carrier) EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone PAL N Phased Alternate Line (625 lines 50 PAL EMS European Monetary System 3·58 MHz sub-carrier) EMU European Monetary Union PAYE Pay-As-You-Earn ERM Exchange Rate Mechanism PPP Purchasing Power Parity est. estimate f.o.b. free on board R. Republican Party FDI foreign direct investment retd retired ft foot/feet Rt Hon. Right Honourable FTE full-time equivalent SADC Southern African Development Community G8 Group Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, SDR Special Drawing Rights USA, Russia SECAM H Sequential Couleur avec Mémoire (625 lines GDP gross domestic product 50 fieldsHorizontal) Gen.
[Show full text]
Obtaining World Heritage Status and the Impacts of Listing Aa, Bart J.M
University of Groningen Preserving the heritage of humanity? Obtaining world heritage status and the impacts of listing Aa, Bart J.M. van der IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2005 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Aa, B. J. M. V. D. (2005). Preserving the heritage of humanity? Obtaining world heritage status and the impacts of listing. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 23-09-2021 Appendix 4 World heritage site nominations Listed site in May 2004 (year of rejection, year of listing, possible year of extension of the site) Rejected site and not listed until May 2004 (first year of rejection) Afghanistan Península Valdés (1999) Jam,
[Show full text]
Satellite Ice Extent, Sea Surface Temperature, and Atmospheric 2 Methane Trends in the Barents and Kara Seas
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-237 Manuscript under review for journal The Cryosphere Discussion started: 22 November 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Satellite ice extent, sea surface temperature, and atmospheric 2 methane trends in the Barents and Kara Seas 1 2 3 2 4 3 Ira Leifer , F. Robert Chen , Thomas McClimans , Frank Muller Karger , Leonid Yurganov 1 4 Bubbleology Research International, Inc., Solvang, CA, USA 2 5 University of Southern Florida, USA 3 6 SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway 4 7 University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA 8 Correspondence to: Ira Leifer ([email protected]) 9 10 Abstract. Over a decade (2003-2015) of satellite data of sea-ice extent, sea surface temperature (SST), and methane 11 (CH4) concentrations in lower troposphere over 10 focus areas within the Barents and Kara Seas (BKS) were 12 analyzed for anomalies and trends relative to the Barents Sea. Large positive CH4 anomalies were discovered around 13 Franz Josef Land (FJL) and offshore west Novaya Zemlya in early fall. Far smaller CH4 enhancement was found 14 around Svalbard, downstream and north of known seabed seepage. SST increased in all focus areas at rates from 15 0.0018 to 0.15 °C yr-1, CH4 growth spanned 3.06 to 3.49 ppb yr-1. 16 The strongest SST increase was observed each year in the southeast Barents Sea in June due to strengthening of 17 the warm Murman Current (MC), and in the south Kara Sea in September. The southeast Barents Sea, the south 18 Kara Sea and coastal areas around FJL exhibited the strongest CH4 growth over the observation period.
[Show full text]
2002 Annual Report of Alrosa Table of Contents
2002 ANNUAL REPORT OF ALROSA TABLE OF CONTENTS: Members of Supervisory Council Members of the Board Members of Auditing Committee Structure of ALROSA Group President’s Statement Activities of Supervisory Council Report by the Board on the Company’s Activities in the Main Fields of Operations Mining Operations Marketing Policy. Sales of Rough Diamonds. Polished Diamond Manufacture and Sales Geological Exploration Capital Construction Supplies and Logistics Research and Development Diversification of the Company’s Activities. Subsidiaries and Affiliated Companies Personnel Management External Relations Environmental Safety Accounting and Financial Results Accounting Policy Audit Statement Consolidated Financial Statement of ALROSA Co. Ltd. Basic Performance Indicators of ALROSA Co. Ltd. Information for Shareholders Historic Highlights of ALROSA Addresses of ALROSA Offices 2 Supervisory Council Co-Chairmen of Supervisory Council: Alexey Leonidovich KUDRIN Deputy Chairman of RF Government, Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation, Chairman of ALROSA Supervisory Council Vyacheslav Anataloyevich SHTYROV President of Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), First Deputy Chairman of ALROSA Supervisory Council Andrei Dmitrievich KIRILLIN Chairman of ALROSA Supervisory Council Members of Supervisory Council: Gennady Fedorovich ALEXEYEV Minister of Property Relations of Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Alexandr Vasilyevich ANOSHKIN Assistant of Head of RF President’s Administration Ernst Borisovich BEREZKIN Minister of Finance of Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
[Show full text]
Estimations of Undisturbed Ground Temperatures Using Numerical and Analytical Modeling
ESTIMATIONS OF UNDISTURBED GROUND TEMPERATURES USING NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL MODELING By LU XING Bachelor of Arts/Science in Mechanical Engineering Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan, China 2008 Master of Arts/Science in Mechanical Engineering Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, US 2010 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2014 ESTIMATIONS OF UNDISTURBED GROUND TEMPERATURES USING NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL MODELING Dissertation Approved: Dr. Jeffrey D. Spitler Dissertation Adviser Dr. Daniel E. Fisher Dr. Afshin J. Ghajar Dr. Richard A. Beier ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Jeffrey D. Spitler, who patiently guided me through the hard times and encouraged me to continue in every stage of this study until it was completed. I greatly appreciate all his efforts in making me a more qualified PhD, an independent researcher, a stronger and better person. Also, I would like to devote my sincere thanks to my parents, Hongda Xing and Chune Mei, who have been with me all the time. Their endless support, unconditional love and patience are the biggest reason for all the successes in my life. To all my good friends, colleagues in the US and in China, who talked to me and were with me during the difficult times. I would like to give many thanks to my committee members, Dr. Daniel E. Fisher, Dr. Afshin J. Ghajar and Dr. Richard A. Beier for their suggestions which helped me to improve my research and dissertation.
[Show full text]
Circulation in the Southwestern Part of the Kara Sea in September 2007 A
ISSN 00014370, Oceanology, 2010, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 643–656. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2010. Original Russian Text © A.G. Zatsepin, E.G. Morozov, V.T. Paka, A.N. Demidov, A.A. Kondrashov, A.O. Korzh, V.V. Kremenetskiy, S.G. Poyarkov, D.M. Soloviev, 2010, published in Okeanologiya, 2010, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 683–697. MARINE PHYSICS Circulation in the Southwestern Part of the Kara Sea in September 2007 A. G. Zatsepina, E. G. Morozova, V. T. Pakab, A. N. Demidova, A. A. Kondrashovb, A. O. Korzhb, V. V. Kremenetskiya, S. G. Poyarkova, and D. M. Solovievc a Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Email: [email protected] b Atlantic Branch of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia c Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine Received September 16, 2009; in final form, January 2, 2010 Abstract—During cruise 54 of the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh to the southwestern Kara Sea (September 6 to October 7, 2007), a large amount of hydrophysical data with unique spatial resolution was obtained on the basis of measurements using different instruments. The analysis of the data gave us the possibility to study the dynamics and hydrological structure of the southwestern Kara Sea basin. The main elements of the gen eral circulation are the following: the Yamal Current, the Eastern Novaya Zemlya Current, and the St. Anna Trough Current. All these currents are topographically controlled; they flow over the bottom slopes along the isobaths. The Yamal Current begins at the Kara Gates Strait and turns to the east as part of the cyclonic cir culation.
[Show full text]
A Newly Discovered Glacial Trough on the East Siberian Continental Margin
Clim. Past Discuss., doi:10.5194/cp-2017-56, 2017 Manuscript under review for journal Clim. Past Discussion started: 20 April 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC-BY 3.0 License. De Long Trough: A newly discovered glacial trough on the East Siberian Continental Margin Matt O’Regan1,2, Jan Backman1,2, Natalia Barrientos1,2, Thomas M. Cronin3, Laura Gemery3, Nina 2,4 5 2,6 7 1,2,8 9,10 5 Kirchner , Larry A. Mayer , Johan Nilsson , Riko Noormets , Christof Pearce , Igor Semilietov , Christian Stranne1,2,5, Martin Jakobsson1,2. 1 Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden 2 Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 10 3 US Geological Survey MS926A, Reston, Virginia, 20192, USA 4 Department of Physical Geography (NG), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 5 Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, University of New Hampshire, New Hampshire 03824, USA 6 Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden 7 University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), P O Box 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Svalbard 15 8 Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark 9 Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia 10 Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia Correspondence to: Matt O’Regan ([email protected]) 20 Abstract. Ice sheets extending over parts of the East Siberian continental shelf have been proposed during the last glacial period, and during the larger Pleistocene glaciations. The sparse data available over this sector of the Arctic Ocean has left the timing, extent and even existence of these ice sheets largely unresolved.
[Show full text]
Chapter 7. Cities of the Russian North in the Context of Climate Change
? chapter seven Cities of the Russian North in the Context of Climate Change Oleg Anisimov and Vasily Kokorev Introduction In addressing Arctic urban sustainability, one has to deal with the com- plex interplay of multiple factors, such as governance and economic development, demography and migration, environmental changes and land use, changes in the ecosystems and their services, and climate change.1 While climate change can be seen as a factor that exacerbates existing vulnerabilities to other stressors, changes in temperatures, precipitation, snow accumulation, river and lake ice, and hydrological conditions also have direct implications for Northern cities. Climate change leads to a reduction in the demand for heating energy, on one hand, and heightens concerns about the fate of the infrastruc- ture built upon thawing permafrost, on the other. Changes in snowfall are particularly important and have direct implications for the urban economy, because, together with heating costs, expenses for snow removal from streets, airport runways, roofs, and ventilation spaces underneath buildings standing on pile foundations built upon perma- frost constitute the bulk of a city’s maintenance budget during the long cold period of the year. Many cities are located in river valleys and are prone to ﬂ oods that lead to enormous economic losses, inju- ries, and in some cases human deaths. The severity of the northern climate has a direct impact on the regional migration of labor. Climate could thus potentially be viewed as an inexhaustible public resource that creates opportunities for sustainable urban development (Simp- 142 | Oleg Anisimov and Vasily Kokorev son 2009). Long-term trends show that climate as a resource is, in fact, becoming more readily available in the Russian North, notwith- standing the general perception that globally climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the twenty-ﬁ rst century.
[Show full text]
Climate Change and Human Mobility in Indigenous Communities of the Russian North
Climate Change and Human Mobility in Indigenous Communities of the Russian North January 30, 2013 Susan A. Crate George Mason University Cover image: Winifried K. Dallmann, Norwegian Polar Institute. http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about/maps. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ ii 1. Introduction and Purpose ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Focus of paper and author’s approach................................................................................... 2 1.2 Human mobility in the Russian North: Physical and Cultural Forces .................................. 3 1.2.1 Mobility as the Historical Rule in the Circumpolar North ............................................. 3 1.2.2. Changing the Rules: Mobility and Migration in the Russian and Soviet North ............ 4 1.2.3 Peoples of the Russian North .......................................................................................... 7 1.2.4 The contemporary state: changes affecting livelihoods ................................................. 8 2. Overview of the physical science: actual and potential effects of climate change in the Russian North ..............................................................................................................................................
[Show full text]
Radioactivity in the Arctic Seas
IAEA-TECDOC-1075 XA9949696 Radioactivity in the Arctic Seas Report for the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP) ffl INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCA / Y / 1JrrziZr^AA 30-16 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Radiometrics Section International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratory B.P. 800 MC 98012 Monaco Cedex RADIOACTIVITY IN THE ARCTIC SEAS IAEA, VIENNA, 1999 IAEA-TECDOC-1075 ISSN 1011-4289 ©IAEA, 1999 Printe IAEe th AustriAn y i d b a April 1999 FOREWORD From 199 o 1993t e Internationa6th l Atomic Energy Agency's Marine Environment Laboratory (IAEA-MEL s engage IAEA'e wa ) th n di s International Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP whicn i ) h emphasi bees ha sn place criticaa n do l revie f environmentawo l conditions in the Arctic Seas. IAEA-MEe Th L programme, organize framewore th n dIASAi e th f ko P included: (i) an oceanographic and an ecological description of the Arctic Seas; provisioe th (ii )centra a f no l database facilitIASAe th r yfo P programm collectione th r efo , synthesi interpretatiod san datf nmarino n ao e radioactivit Arctie th n yi c Seas; (iii) participation in official expeditions to the Kara Sea organized by the joint Russian- Norwegian Experts Group (1992, 1993 and 1994), the Russian Academy of Sciences (1994), and the Naval Research Laboratory and Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (1995); (iv) assistance wit d n laboratorsiti han u y based radiometric measurement f curreno s t radionuclide concentrations in the Kara Sea; (v) organization of analytical quality assurance intercalibration exercises among the participating laboratories; (vi) computer modellin e potentiath f o g l dispersa f radionuclideo l s released froe mth dumped f assessmeno wast d associatee ean th f o t d radiological consequencee th f o s disposals on local, regional and global scales; (vii) in situ and laboratory based assessment of distribution coefficients (Kd) and concentration factor sArctie (CFth r c)fo environment.
[Show full text]
Revolution, War and Imperial Conflict in Blagoveshchensk-Heihe Yuexin Rachel Lin
“We Are on the Brink of Disaster”: Revolution, War and Imperial Conflict in Blagoveshchensk-Heihe Yuexin Rachel Lin When Russian imperial power extended to the Amur in the mid-19th Century, Blagoveshchensk- Heihe became one of the foremost sites of imperial competition. The proximity of the Chinese and Russian cities, within sight of each other across the Amur River, engendered both connection and conflict, while the strategic waterway attracted Japanese trade. Some of the starkest manifesta- tions of Sino-Russian conflict had erupted there, including the 1858 Treaty of Aigun and the 1900 massacre of Chinese during the Boxer Rebellion. Control over Chinese migration became a peren- nial problem - which led to the deeply-resented river-crossing permit regime - and Japanese inter- est in commerce and shipping challenged both Russian and Chinese interests. Historical memories of such conflict persisted even as the Qing and tsarist regimes collapsed. They were brought to the fore by the arrival of the 1917 Russian Revolution, when the collapse of Russian state power offered the opportunity to recover past losses. This paper examines the vio- lence of the revolutionary and Civil War period in Blagoveshchensk-Heihe from the perspective of the Chinese community in both cities. It focuses on key economic and political actors — diaspora leaders and border officials — who formed self-defence organisations, appealed for greater military and diplomatic presence in Russian territory, and warned of Japanese opportunism on the Amur. In so doing, they appealed to emotive “moments” in Sino-Russian historical memory, particularly the Aigun Treaty and the Blagoveshchensk massacre. Therefore, this paper argues that the revolu- tionary upheavals in Russia fed into long-term discourses of Sino-Russian conflict, and that shared historical memories enabled disparate groups to take part in revisionist activism.
[Show full text]