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Radioactivity in the Arctic Seas

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Radioactivity in the Arctic Seas IAEA-TECDOC-1075 XA9949696 Radioactivity in the Arctic Seas Report for the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP) ffl INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCA / Y / 1JrrziZr^AA 30-16 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Radiometrics Section International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratory B.P. 800 MC 98012 Monaco Cedex RADIOACTIVITY IN THE ARCTIC SEAS IAEA, VIENNA, 1999 IAEA-TECDOC-1075 ISSN 1011-4289 ©IAEA, 1999 Printe IAEe th AustriAn y i d b a April 1999 FOREWORD From 199 o 1993t e Internationa6th l Atomic Energy Agency's Marine Environment Laboratory (IAEA-MEL s engage IAEA'e wa ) th n di s International Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP whicn i ) h emphasi bees ha sn place criticaa n do l revie f environmentawo l conditions in the Arctic Seas. IAEA-MEe Th L programme, organize framewore th n dIASAi e th f ko P included: (i) an oceanographic and an ecological description of the Arctic Seas; provisioe th (ii )centra a f no l database facilitIASAe th r yfo P programm collectione th r efo , synthesi interpretatiod san datf nmarino n ao e radioactivit Arctie th n yi c Seas; (iii) participation in official expeditions to the Kara Sea organized by the joint Russian- Norwegian Experts Group (1992, 1993 and 1994), the Russian Academy of Sciences (1994), and the Naval Research Laboratory and Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (1995); (iv) assistance wit d n laboratorsiti han u y based radiometric measurement f curreno s t radionuclide concentrations in the Kara Sea; (v) organization of analytical quality assurance intercalibration exercises among the participating laboratories; (vi) computer modellin e potentiath f o g l dispersa f radionuclideo l s released froe mth dumped f assessmeno wast d associatee ean th f o t d radiological consequencee th f o s disposals on local, regional and global scales; (vii) in situ and laboratory based assessment of distribution coefficients (Kd) and concentration factor sArctie (CFth r c)fo environment. This report summarize wore sth k done under parts (vii)(i)d resulte ,an (ii)Th ) . (v s, obtained under parts (iii), (iv) and (vi) have already been published in the scientific literature and the modelling components (vi) will also be included in a report of the Modelling and Assessment Working Group currently in preparation. The source term component of the IASA s beeha P n e Sourctreatee reporth th f n o i etd Term Working Group, Predicted Radionuclide Release from Marine Reactors Dumped in the Kara Sea (IAEA-TECDOC-938 (1997)) presene Th . t report shoul reae d b conjunctio n di n wit maie hth n reporIASAe th f o tP project, Radiological Condition Westere th f so n Kar (Radiologicaa aSe l Assessment Reports Series, IAEA, Vienna (1998)) so that the full radiological context is appreciated. This wor co-ordinates kwa IAEA'e th n di s Marine Environment Laborator Monacn yi o and the responsible officer was P.P. Povinec. The success of the project was due to the full collaboration of the institutions participating in the IASAP programme. The IAEA would like to expres gratituds sit Governmente th o et Germanyf so , Norway Russiae th , n Federatiod nan the United States of America for their generous support. The IAEA also extends its thanks to several institutions, namely the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (Horten, Norway), the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (Osteras, Norway), SPA Typhoon (Obninsk, Russian Federation), the Murmansk Marine Biology Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Murmansk, Russian Federation), the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation), MAFF (Lowestoft, United Kingdom) and others for their hel n providini p g radionuclide datd othean a r information necessare th r fo y completion of this report. The IAEA does not normally maintain stocks of reports in this series. However, copie f thesso e report microfichn so electronin i r eo obtainece b for n mca d from INIS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse5 0 10 P.Ox Bo . A-1400 Vienna, Austria E-mail: CHOUSE ©IAEA.ORG URL: http://www.iaea.org/programmes/inis/inis.htm Orders should be accompanied by prepayment of Austrian Schillings 100,- in the form of a cheque or in the form of IAEA microfiche service coupons which may be ordered separately from the INIS Clearinghouse. EDITORIAL NOTE In preparing this publication for press, staff of the IAEA have made up the pages from the original manuscripts). The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. Throughout the text names of Member States are retained as they were when the text was compiled. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions delimitation ofthe or of their boundaries. The mention namesof specificof companies productsor (whetherindicatednot or as registered) does imply intentionnot any infringeto proprietary rights, should construednor be it as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. CONTENTS SUMMARY................................................................................................................................ 1 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................3 2. DESCRIPTIO REGIOE TH F NNO ......................................................................................4 2.1. Oceanography.............................................................................................................^ 2.1.1. Arctic Ocean...................................................................................................4 2.1.2. Barents Sea.....................................................................................................8 2.1.3. Kara Sea..........................................................................................................9 2.1.4. Kar dumpsitea aSe s ......................................................................................19 2.2. Ecology ......................................................................................................................23 2.2.1. Biological productio Arctie th n i c ..............................................................23 2.2.2. Marine food-web Arctic....................................................................2e th n si 5 2.2.3. Fisfisheried hBarentan e th Karn d si san a Seas ...........................................28 3. RADIOACTIVITY IN THE KARA SEA...........................................................................29 3.1. Marine Radioactivity database...................................................................................29 3.2. Pre-1992 radionuclide concentrations........................................................................30 3.2.1. Water............................................................................................................30 3.2.2. Sediment.......................................................................................................33 3.3. Present radionuclide concentration Kare th an s i Sea.................................................3 3 3.3.1. Dumpsites.....................................................................................................33 opee 3.3.2Th n Kar. a Sea........................................................................................45 Yenised an 3.3.3b O y .estuaries..............................................................................4 6 3.3.4. Biota..............................................................................................................46 3.3.5. Intercomparison exercises ............................................................................51 3.3.6. Conclusion radionuclidn so e inventorie Kar e ............................5a th aSe n s i 1 4. DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS AND CONCENTRATION FACTORS .....................52 4.1. Distribution coefficients ............................................................................................52 4.1.1. Result laboratorf so y experiments................................................................53 4.1.2. Results of field experiments .........................................................................56 4.1.3. Conclusion distribution so n coefficients ......................................................57 4.2. Concentration factors.................................................................................................57 4.2.1. 137 60d CCsan o transfer factor Arctir sfo c clams...........................................58 4.2.2. Concentration factors for Arctic benthic organisms.....................................58 4.2.3. Concentration factors for a Kara Sea bivalve...............................................61 4.2.4. Conclusion concentration so n factors...........................................................62 5. CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................................................64 REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................65 CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW ..............................................................71 SUMMARY From 199 199o 3t Internationae 6th l Atomic Energy Agency carrieInternationan
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