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Isotope and Geochemical Investigations on Tawau Hot Springs in Sabah, Malaysia

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Isotope and Geochemical Investigations on Tawau Hot Springs in Sabah, Malaysia Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010 Isotope and Geochemical Investigations on Tawau Hot Springs in Sabah, Malaysia Fredolin Javino1, Saim Suratman1, Zhonghe Pang2, Manzoor Ahmed Choudhry3, Joeffery Caranto4, Manuel Ogena4, Ibrahim Amnan1 1-Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia, 2- China Academy of Sciences, China, 3- Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Pakistan, 4- Philippines National Oil Company, Philippines [email protected] Keywords: Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia, isotope, investigations into the geothermal energy resources have geochemistry, geothermal been carried out mainly by the Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia (previously known as Geological ABSTRACT Survey Department Malaysia) since the late 80s. The preliminary findings are summarized below : Stable, radioactive isotopes and chemical concentrations have been used to investigate the origin, circulation time a) Geothermal indications in the Tawau- and subsurface history of geothermal waters of the Semporna region include many hot springs, mud Tawau region, particularly the Apas Kiri area. The pools and old steaming grounds. Geothermal Tawau region has the highest concentration of young secondary minerals such as chloride, pyrite and volcanics rocks of Late Tertiary (Pliocene) to Quaternary actinolite are widely distributed in the area. age, which therefore offers the best possibility of a heat b) The geology of the area with active geothermal source sufficient for a substantial geothermal resource. indications consists of Late Tertiary (Pliocene) to Thermal manifestations are found in seven areas, namely Quaternary dacitic to basaltic lava and tuff. The Tawau (T1), Upper Tawau (T2), Apas Kiri (A1, A2 , A4 volcanic activity is caused by the extension of the and A5), Balung (B1 and B2), Sungai Jepun (J1 and J2), Sulu Archipelago Arc-Trench System into the Mostyn and Tingkayu. An old steaming ground and hot Semporna Peninsula, which was most active during mud pools are also found in the Apas Kiri area. the Pleistocene (Fig.1). Discharge of springs was up to 2.0 l/s with the surface temperature from 41.1 to 77.6oC. A maximum of eleven ) x E SCALE N 0 100 200 km E C x x sites were selected for collection of first set of water TO x IS x x x E L P x E x x samples and analysed for various isotopes (18-O, 2-H, 3- T x A L D T E S U L U S E A A H of water, 13-C and 14-C of dissolved inorganic carbon; IV T C P A x x O S N SIB (I 34-S and 18-O of dissolved sulphates) and water L E H B C U N R IE E D R T R T x x chemistry. Isotopic and geochemical data show that the E N U x x C H L 34 S U G E D IN origin of thermal waters is meteoric water. The δ S (in I A S R B C x A R x x - C x x x E R R SO4) value shows that the sulphate of all the sampled hot T - A x U T O R x C T E x R U A springs originated from a modern oceanic water (δ34-S of O x C I N 18 2 A Trace of subduction zone; dotted C S A B A H L where buried by sediments about +20%o VCDT). Tritium contents and δ O-δ H O x V diagram indicate that there is no mixing with shallow Strike - slip fault 18 x Active volcano x X Inactive Pliocene-Quaternary volcano young groundwater. The Apas Kiri shows δ O x x xx x x x x x x significant shift of up to 2%o VSMOW ; one of the x x processes involved for the significant enrichment in isotopic and chloride contents in Apas Kiri hot springs is steam separation/evaporation. As for the water chemistry, Figure 1: Geologic setting of the Tawau-Semporna generally the Apas Kiri hot springs appear to have area (modified after Hamilton, 1979 and consistency in the levels of chloride, silica and cations, as Seismotectonic Map of Malaysia, 1986) well as spring temperatures that the water geothermometers reflect its good potential. The tritium c) The most active area of the geothermal content of all the hot springs is about zero showing showings is the Apas Kiri, Tawau area, where the o circulation time more than 60 years, which suggests, highest water temperature of 77.6 C had been these thermal waters were recharged before 1952 (nuclear recorded. Subsurface temperatures in the Apas Kiri weapon test). Reservoir temperatures estimated by δ18O area were estimated using Na/K geothermometers to o o (SO4-H2O) model are very encouraging; Apas Kiri shows be between 189 C and 236 C and this temperature 152-196oC, Sungai Jepun 124-156oC and Tawau 112oC. range shows that there is high potential for harnessing By using chemical geothermometers Na-K-Mg, the geothermal energy in this area (Figures 2 and 3). temperature obtained is ranging about 190-236oC, in which the Apas Kiri is the highest. 2. LOCATION The Apas Kiri is located 3 km to the north of Andrassy 1. INTRODUCTION Peak, which is located within the Tawau-Semporna The geothermal resources in the Tawau-Semporna region, Sabah, Malaysia (Figures 2 and 4). region, Sabah, Malaysia, is considered to be of high potential for geothermal energy resources. The initial 1 Javino et al. 118o 00'E 118o 30'E (Figures 4 and 5) and the recorded temperature ranges o o yu a from 41.1 C to 77.6 C, with recorded flow rate of 0.3 – k g o in o 4 T 4 . 45' S 45' N N Tingkayu 1.0 l/s. G. M ostyn Kunak Study Area 487 o o 117 58'E 117 59'E Scale : S. K a lu m p a n g 0 1 km r P. B ait i e o v o 4 ta i 4 u R r Semporna e n 30' n a n 30' M a G. W ullersd orf J1 and J2 u N . i K G. Lucia p N S ta e u J er 751 SJR M 11 26 S. S G. Po ck 541 . o G. M aria B o UTR a P. B um B um 976 ART lu 4 4 u n 281 a g w A 5 Tawau Hill Park a T 23' 23' . ARS A 1-4 526 N N TRT S. SCALE G. Andrassy A p a 10 20 km T 1 s 0 4 o 4 o 15' 15' N N Taw au Tawau Hot Spring AR River water sample A 5 Apas 5 Mud Pool T 1 Apas 5 P. Sebatik J 1 and J2 Tawau Hill Park A 1-4 Apas Kiri Hot Springs Jepun River Hot Spring (Isotope rain gauge) 118o 00'E 118o 30'E o o 4 4 24' Figure 2. Location of Apas Kiri Area and other Hot 24' N N Springs in the Tawau region, Sabah, Malaysia. Apas 4 i Active r Apas 2 i spouts A4B A4A APAS 4 Apas 1 ( old steaming ground - several conical K spouts and mud pools, temperature of s o a hot water 77.6 (A4A ) and 74.8 C(A4B), p and pH 7.44 an 7.46 respectively ) . A . g S o o Travertine Terrace 117 58'E 117 59'E T APAS 1 T VV ( 3 m cliff face coated A PA S 2 arg, chl,V with brown & green cal,act T A2D (60.5 /6.34)-not sampled algae) T A2C (54.2 /7.75) A2B(60.7 /7.69) A1B(/7.83)68.8 T T LEGEND : A2A (41.1 /7.66) A1A (/7.56)67.8 A2A Hot spring site V Figure 5. Linear structures of the Apas Kiri area Varg T Travertine V Dacite based on aerial photographs chl - Chlorite py - Pyritised 2 arg -Argillised SCALE These manifestations occur over a 3 km area in the Apas act - Actinolite V 0 100 m V V cal - Calcite py, arg Kiri. On the other hand, the total possible resource area within the A5 mud pools, interpreted based on previous geophysical investigations, is at least 700,000 m2. Figure 3. Sketch of hot springs in the Apas Kiri area 3.2 Sungai Jepun (refer Fig. 2) Two hot springs found (J1 and J2) on the right bank of o 117 50’ Sungai Jepun, on the northeasterly foothills of Gunung G. Mostyn Pock (Pock Peak). The hot springs appear to discharge from contact between solid rock and ash deposit. Larger spring issues 3-4 m above river level, while second springs emerges 2 m above stream level, 30 m upstream. G. Lucia Slight smell of H2S and the rock nearby are hydrothermally altered and travertine is present. Green G. Maria J1 a nd J2algae grow in the hot spring discharge and in the main ’ ’ 5 5 2 2 stream.o The recorded flow rate of the main spring (J1) is o 4 4 G. Pock Ta wa u Hill Pa rk N N A5 1.5 – 2.0 l/s and the second spring (J2) is 0.5 – 1.0 l/s. Ap a s Kiri A1-4 4. PREVIOUS WORK ON GEOCHEMICAL T1 INVESTIGATIONS 4.1 Chemistry of Thermal Waters 0 Sc a le 20 km Analysis results (Table 1) showed that the thermal water 117o 50’ from the Apas Kiri have the characteristics of neutral pH sodium chloride water ; they have high concentrations of Figure 4. A radarsat image of the Tawau region, 4.2 Chemical Geothermometry Sabah, Malaysia The subsurface temperature of the area has been estimated using different chemical parameters as shown 3.
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