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Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals of Southern Appalachian Wetlands

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Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals of Southern Appalachian Wetlands RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANTS AND ANIMALS OF SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN WETLANDS by Nora A. Murdock U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Field Office 330 Ridgefield Court Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.A. 28806 Abstract. At least one-third of the threatened and endangered species of the United States live in wetlands. Southern Appalachian bogs and fens, in particular, support a wealth of rare and unique life forms, many of which are found in no other habitat type. In North Carolina alone, nonalluvial mountain wetlands provide habitat for nearly 90 species of plants and animals that are considered rare, threatened, or endangered by the North Carolina Plant Conservation Program, the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. These species include the bog turtle, mountain sweet pitcher plant, green pitcher plant, swamp pink, bunched arrowhead, and Gray's lily, all of which are either on the federal list of endangered and threatened species or under consideration for that list. Mountain wetland habitats for these species are being destroyed and degraded at an accelerating rate for highway construction and expansion and residential and recreational development, as well as for industrial and agricultural uses. KEY WORDS: mountain bogs, wetlands, endangered and threatened species. 1. Introduction In only two centuries, over one-half of the wetlands that originally existed in the United States, outside of Alaska and Hawaii, have been destroyed (Dahl, 1990). Despite protective legislation and recent efforts directed at slowing wetland destruction, wetlands losses in this country are continuing at nearly one-half million acres annually (Hefner, this volume; Dahl and Johnson, 1991). Mountain wetlands, particularly nonalluvial wetlands, are one of the most important habitats for rare species in the Southeast. Until recently, however, they have received little attention from regulatory agencies, in part because those that remain are usually small (under 10 acres) and often difficult to map using standard wetland inventory techniques (Hefner, this volume; Weakley and Schafale, this volume). Much of the information presented here is from North Carolina, where the majority of these habitats remain, but the general trends can be applied to the remainder of the southern Appalachian area as well (southern Virginia, eastern Tennessee, western North Carolina, northern South Carolina, and northern Georgia). Tables I and II readily illustrate the importance of mountain wetlands, particularly bogs and fens, to rare plants and animals in this region. Almost one-fifth of the Water, Air and Soil Pollution 77: 385--405, 1994. [189] 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 386 N.A. MURDOCK TABLE I RARE ANIMALS OF SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN WETLANDS iiJ i i i i i iiiiiiiiiiiii!ii!iiii i i i iii iiiiiii!i i !i i iiii i i i iiiiiiii i ; i i i i i i ii ii iiiii iiiiiiiiiii!iii iii i iiiii iii i i iiiiiiiiii iiiii i i i i i iii I"::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~".............. "'" '~"~" ''" ' " '" " ........ Wet !~i~ii~;~!~i~iii~ii~iii~iii~iii~ii~ii~!i;i!~i!~!i~!i!!!!!i!~!~i~!~i~!~ii~iiiii~Bogs Swamps meadows Pools Marshes Bottomlands star-nosed mole (Condylura cfistata X X X parva) bog turtle (Clemmys X X muhlenbergii) mole salamander (Ambystoma X talpoideum) four-toed salamander (Hemidactylium X X X scutatum) Baltimore butterfly X X (Euphydryas phaeton) Southern bog lemming X X (Synaptomys cooperi) [190] ENDANGERED PLANTS AND ANIMALS 387 TABLE II RARE PLANTS OF SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN WETLANDS i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~!~i~!~!~i~i~i~i~i~!~i~i~!~i~S~!~i~:.:.:.:::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::.::::>:.:.:::::.:.?,~:i:i:i:i:i:~:!:i:i:i:i:!: ~~[~~[~~[~[~[~[~ ::::::::::::::•::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiii i ! ! !i ! i i iiiiiiii ii iiiii High ~i~i~i~i~!~!!i~i!!!!ii!iiiiii!!iii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii elevation Swamp Wet iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~i~i~i!i~i~i!i!i!i~i~i~i~i!i~i~!~iii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!i~iiiiiiii!Bogs Fens seeps Seeps forests meadows I :: bog rose (Arethusa bulbosa) X wm bog jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum ssp. stewardsonfi) blunt-lobed grape fern X (Botrychium oneidense) marsh marigold (Caltha X palustris) X ii marsh bellflower (Campanula X aparinoides) hay sedge (Carex argyrantha) X Barratt's sedge (Carex X X barrattii) brown bog sedge (Carex X X buxbaumii) cone-shaped sedge (Carex X conoidea) small crested sedge (Carex X cristatella) few-seeded sedge (Carex X X oligosperma) necklace sedge (Carex X X X proiecta) Schweinitz's sedge (Carex X schweinitzii) sedge (Carex trichocarpa) X X [1911 388 N.A. MURDOCK TABLE II (continued) iiiiiiiiiii',iiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiii!!, High elevation Swamp Wet 12:!:i:i:!:!:i:i:i~, :~:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i: ~:~:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::: Bogs Fens seeps Seeps forests meadows three-seeded sedge (Carex trisperma) Cuthbert's turttehead (Chelone cuthbertii) twig-rush (.Cladium X X X mariscoides) X robin runaway (Dalibarda X repens) bog oatgrass (Danthonia epilis) X X purpleleaf willowherb X X (Epilobium ciliatum) II narrow pipewort (Eriocaulon lineare) |1 Texas hatpins (Eriocaulon texense) |1 queen-of-the-prairie X (Filipendula rubra) ii fringed gentian (Gentianopsis X cfinita) ii yellow avens CGeum aleppicum) ii rough avens (Geum laciniatum var. tricho-carpum) littleleaf sneezeweed (Helenium brevifolium) ii swamp pink (Helonias bullata) ii holy grass (Hierochloe odorata) Appalachian fir-clubmoss X (Huperzia appalachiana) I! ,i [192] ENDANGERED PLANTS AND ANIMALS 389 TABLE II (continued) /I ~ w:i:i;i.:.:.:.:.: :::: ; : : : : : : :: : :: : : : : : : : : : :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::: : :....,.......~,....,,............................... : : :: :::: : ::: ::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::: : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : ~l ~~i~ i~i~i~,~ii,~i~~~~i~i~ ~!~!~ ~ ~~ ~i~i~i~,~ ~i~,~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~! ~i~! ........................................................................ ~ .......................................................................... elevation Swamp Wet I :i Bogs Fens seeps Seeps forests meadows '1 long-stalked holly ~ collina) X rough rash (Juncus X caesariensis) |) rough blazing star (Liatris aspera) ii Heller's blazing star (Liatris X helleri) ii yellow Canada lily (Lilium X canadense ssp. canadense) X red Canada lily (Lilium X canadense ssp, editomm) X .i Gray's lily (Lilium grayi) X X X American fly-honeysuckle X (Lonicera canadensis) ii. bog clubmoss (Lycopodiella X X inundata) large-flowered Barbara's buttons (Marshallia X grandiflora) buckbean (Menyanthes X trifoliata) bristly muhly (Muhlenbergia glomerata) X sweet gale (Myrica X bog asphodel (Narthecium X americanum) perennial sundrops (Oenothera X perennis) [1931 390 N.A. MURDOCK TABLE II (continued) ' iii!jii jiiQiiiiiii@ii j!,i!i!,jiiii iii iiiii i i i i!iiiiiiii i i ', uiiiiiiiiiD i iliiiiiiiii U i igh elevation Swamp Wet I i: Bogs Fens seeps Seeps forests meadows '1 large-leaved grass-of-Parnassus X X i, (Pamassia grandifolia) ii swamp lousewort (Pedicularis X ;, lanceolata) H northern rein orchid (Platanthera flava var. X herbiola) large purple-fringed orchid X X X (Platanthera grandiflora) ii white fringeless orchid (Platanthera integrilabia) purple fringeless orchid X (Platanthera peramoena) bog bluegrass P~ paludigena) X northern white beaksedge X (Rhynchospora alba) bunched arrowhead (Sagittaria X X fasciculata) ii Canada burnet (Sanguisorba X X eanadensis) u mountain sweet pitcher plant (Sarracenia rubra ssp. X ionesii) green pitcher plant (Sarracenia X oreophila) swamp saxifrage (Saxifraga X X . pensylvanica) || balsam ragwort (Senecio X pauperculus) [194] ENDANGERED PLANTS AND ANIMALS 391 TABLE II (continued) I ..... .,.. -...........,......-.............................,..................................................,., :.:.:.:.:.:-:.:.:..:..:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:..:..:.:.:.:..:...:.:., .:.'.','., .'.- .......................................................... .........., 1..........yl i ] ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: •:!:i•!•!•!•i•i•!:!•[•!•!•i•!•!•i•i•i•i•i•i:i•i•i•[•i•i:i•i•i:i•i:i•!•i•i•i:i:i•!•i•i•i•i•i:i•[•i•!•i•i•;•i•i•i•i•i•i••• •:!:i•!•!•!•i•i•!:!•[•!•!•i•!•!•i•i•i•i•i•i:i•i•i•[•i•i:i•i•i:i•i:i•!•i•i•i:i:i•!•i•i•i•i•i:i•[•i•!•i•i•;•i•i•i•i•i•i••• i!ii~ii~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiii :~:~:~:~:~:~i:~i:~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::i:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::elevation Swamp Wet :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::]:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Bogs
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