Date of Revelation – AD 62
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The Persecution of Christians in the First Century
JETS 61.3 (2018): 525–47 THE PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS IN THE FIRST CENTURY ECKHARD J. SCHNABEL* Abstract: The Book of Acts, Paul’s letters, 1 Peter, Hebrews, and Revelation attest to nu- merous incidents of persecution, which are attested for most provinces of the Roman empire, triggered by a wide variety of causes and connected with a wide variety of charges against the fol- lowers of Jesus. This essay surveys the twenty-seven specific incidents of and general references to persecution of Christians in the NT, with a focus on geographical, chronological, and legal matters. Key words: persecution, mission, hostility, opposition, Jerusalem, Rome, Peter, Paul, Acts, Hebrews, Revelation This essay seeks to survey the evidence in the NT for instances of the perse- cution of Jesus’ earliest followers in their historical and chronological contexts without attempting to provide a comprehensive analysis of each incident. The Greek term diōgmos that several NT authors use, usually translated as “persecu- tion,”1 is defined as “a program or process designed to harass and oppress some- one.”2 The term “persecution” is used here to describe the aggressive harassment and deliberate ill-treatment of the followers of Jesus, ranging from verbal abuse, denunciation before local magistrates, initiating court proceedings to beatings, flog- ging, banishment from a city, execution, and lynch killings. I. PERSECUTION IN JUDEA, SYRIA, AND NABATEA (AD 30–38/40) 1. Persecution in Jerusalem, Judea (I). Priests in Jerusalem, the captain of the tem- ple, and Sadducees arrested the apostles Peter and John who spoke to a crowd of * Eckhard J. -
10 Bc 5 Bc 1 Ad 5 10 15 20
AD 14 AD 18 4 BC AD 4 Augustus Caiaphas Death of King Emperor Augustus Caesar, the fi rst appointed as Herod the formally adopts his emperor of a Jewish High Great of Judea stepson Tiberius as Rome, dies Priest his successor 10 BC 5 BC 1 AD 5 10 15 20 AD 6 7 BC Jesus a� ends Jesus born in Passover in Bethlehem Jerusalem of Judea as a boy (Luke 2:1-20) (Luke 2:40-52) TIMELINE | PAGE 1 AD 26 Pon� us Pilate begins governorship of Judea 25 30 AD 32 AD 31 Jesus miraculously AD 29 Jesus appoints feeds 5000 John the Bap� st’s and sends his (Ma� hew 14:13-33; ministry begins; Jesus apostles on their AD 30 Mark 6:31-52; is bap� zed and begins fi rst mission Jesus a� ends Luke 9:10-17; John 6) his ministry (Ma� hew 9:35- Passover in (Ma� hew 3:1-17; 11:1; Mark 6:6-13; Jerusalem and Mark 1:2-11; Luke 9:1-10) Luke 3:1-23) cleanses the temple (John 2:13-25) AD 32 AD 30 Jesus a� ends Jesus establishes the Feast of his ministry in Tabernacles in Galilee Jerusalem (Ma� hew 4:12-17; (John 7-9) Mark 1:14-15; Luke 4:14-15) TIMELINE | PAGE 2 AD 43 AD 36 AD 37 AD 40 AD 41 Roman Pon� us Pilate Death of Emperor Caligula Emperor Caligula conquest of governorship of Emperor orders a statue of assassinated and Britain begins Judea ends Tiberius himself be erected in Claudius crowned under Emperor the temple; Jewish the new Emperor Claudius peasants stop this from happening 35 40 AD 37 Paul visits Peter and James in Jerusalem (Acts 9:23-30; Gala� ans 1:18-24) AD 38-43 Missions to the Gen� les begin; church in An� och established AD 33 (Acts 10-11) Jesus crucifi ed -
The Gospel According to Luke
LUKE THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO LUKE This title has been associated with the third Gospel as long as it has been known. Its author was believed to be Luke, the first-century Christian physician who was a traveling companion of Paul. KEY TEXT: 19:10 “For the Son of Man has come to seek and to save the lost.” KEY TERM: “SAVIOR” The saving activity of Jesus, both in His ministry and in His death, is the focus of this book. Because His mission was to save others, He did not save Himself (23:35). ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Jesus not only lived and ministered as the perfect human, but He also died and rose to new life as the Savior for sinners. The old Roman road from Jerusalem to Jericho was the setting for Jesus’ parable of the Good Samaritan (10:25–37). Those who heard Jesus knew well the hazards of traveling this route. 332 LUKE AUTHOR AND DATE OF WRITING Luke, Perhaps Around AD 60–61 The book is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this Gospel as well as Acts. See Author and Date of Writing for ACTS for reasons supporting Luke’s authorship of Acts. The dedications to Theophilus, the similar Greek style and vocabulary, and special shared emphases of the books (such as prayer and joy) all point to common authorship. Luke was a secondary figure in the book of Acts, known not by name but by his use of the pronouns “we” and “us” when he was present during the actions he was describing. -
Apostolic History of the Early Church
Scholars Crossing History of Global Missions Center for Global Ministries 2009 Apostolic History of the Early Church Don Fanning Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgm_hist Recommended Citation Fanning, Don, "Apostolic History of the Early Church" (2009). History of Global Missions. 1. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgm_hist/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Global Ministries at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in History of Global Missions by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. History and Survey of Missions ICST 355 Dr. Don Fanning There is no more dramatic history than how the Church, against all odds, could exist, much less expand worldwide, over the past 2000 years. This study seeks to honor and discover the significant contributions of the men and women, not unlike ourselves, yet in different circumstances, who made an impact in their generation. It can be said of them like David, who “served his own generation by the will of God…” (Acts 13:36). Apostolic History AD 33- 100 Page | 2 1 Apostolic History of the Early Church A.D. 33-100 Every science and philosophy attempts to learn from the past. Much of the study of the past becomes difficult, primarily because no living witness was there. Often the tendency is to read into the past our present circumstances in order to make them relevant. A classic illustration of this is Leonardo da Vinci’s 1498 painting of the Last Supper, in which the twelve Apostles and Jesus are seated on chairs behind a table served with plates and silverware. -
California Legislative Pictorial Roster
® California Constitutional/Statewide Officers Governor Lieutenant Governor Attorney General Secretary of State Gavin Newsom (D) Eleni Kounalakis (D) Rob Bonta (D) Shirley Weber (D) State Capitol State Capitol, Room 1114 1300 I Street 1500 11th Street, 6th Floor Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 445-2841 (916) 445-8994 (916) 445-9555 (916) 653-6814 Treasurer Controller Insurance Commissioner Superintendent of Public Instruction Fiona Ma (D) Betty T. Yee (D) Ricardo Lara (D) Tony K. Thurmond 915 Capitol Mall, Room 110 300 Capitol Mall, Suite 1850 300 Capitol Mall, Suite 1700 1430 N Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 653-2995 (916) 445-2636 (916) 492-3500 (916) 319-0800 Board of Equalization — District 1 Board of Equalization — District 2 Board of Equalization — District 3 Board of Equalization — District 4 Ted Gaines (R) Malia Cohen (D) Tony Vazquez (D) Mike Schaefer (D) 500 Capitol Mall, Suite 1750 1201 K Street, Suite 710 450 N Street, MIC: 72 400 Capitol Mall, Suite 2580 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 445-2181 (916) 445-4081 (916) 445-4154 (916) 323-9794 ® LEGISLATIVE PICTORIAL ROSTER — 2021-2022 California State Senators Ben Allen (D), SD 26 — Part of Bob J. Archuleta (D), SD 32 Toni Atkins (D), SD 39 — Part Pat Bates (R), SD 36 — Part of Josh Becker (D), SD 13 — Part Los Angeles. (916) 651-4026. —Part of Los Angeles. of San Diego. (916) 651-4039. Orange and San Diego. -
Al-Khwarizmi, Abu'l-Hamid Ibn Turk and the Place of Central Asia in The
Al-Khwarizmi, Abu’l-Hamid Ibn Turk and the Place of Central Asia in the History of Science and Culture IMPORTANT NOTICE: Author: Prof. Dr. Aydin Sayili Chief Editor: Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Gomati All rights, including copyright, in the content of this document are owned or controlled for these purposes by FSTC Limited. In Production: Amar Nazir accessing these web pages, you agree that you may only download the content for your own personal non-commercial use. You are not permitted to copy, broadcast, download, store (in any medium), transmit, show or play in public, adapt or Release Date: December 2006 change in any way the content of this document for any other purpose whatsoever without the prior written permission of FSTC Publication ID: 623 Limited. Material may not be copied, reproduced, republished, Copyright: © FSTC Limited, 2006 downloaded, posted, broadcast or transmitted in any way except for your own personal non-commercial home use. Any other use requires the prior written permission of FSTC Limited. You agree not to adapt, alter or create a derivative work from any of the material contained in this document or use it for any other purpose other than for your personal non-commercial use. FSTC Limited has taken all reasonable care to ensure that pages published in this document and on the MuslimHeritage.com Web Site were accurate at the time of publication or last modification. Web sites are by nature experimental or constantly changing. Hence information published may be for test purposes only, may be out of date, or may be the personal opinion of the author. -
Life and Death in the Shadow of Vesuvius
Life and death in the shadow of Vesuvius The following Educator’s Guide for A Day in Pompeii was designed to promote personalized learning and reinforce classroom curriculum. The worksheets and classroom activities are appropriate for various grade levels and apply to proficiency standards in social studies, language arts, reading, math, science and the arts. Students are encouraged to use their investigation skills to describe, explain, analyze, summarize, record and evaluate the information presented in the exhibit. The information gathered can then be used as background research for the various Classroom Connections that relate to grade level academic content standards. In order to best suit you and your classroom needs, this Educator’s Guide has been broken up into the following areas: A. Pre-visit Information Background Information i. Vocabulary ii. Volcanism 1. Types of Volcanoes 2. Advantages of Volcanoes iii. Mt. Vesuvius iv. Pompeii Classroom Connections B. Museum Visit Information Exhibit Walk-through Exhibit Student Worksheet C. Post-visit Information Classroom Connections i. Language Arts/Social Studies ii. Science iii. Fine Arts Further Readings Ohio and National Standards PRE-VISIT INFORMATION Vocabulary Archaeologist – A scientist who studies artifacts of the near and distant past in order to develop a picture of how people lived in earlier cultures and societies. These artifacts include physical remains, such as graves, tools and pottery. Artifact – A hand-made object or the remains of an object that is characteristic of an earlier time or culture, such as an object found at an archaeological excavation. Caldera – A cauldron-like depression in the ground created by the collapse of land after a volcanic eruption. -
Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt I ROBERT K
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF EGYPT VOLUME I Islamic Egypt, 640- I 5 I 7 EDITED BY CARL F. PETRY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE CONTENTS The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 2Ru, United Kingdom http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY roorr-42rr, USA http://www.cup.org ro Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3 r66, Australia © Cambridge University Press r998 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published r998 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge List of illustrations to chapter I 3 ix List of contributors x Typeset in Sabon 9.5/r2 pt [CE] Preface xm A cataloguerecord for this book is available from the British Library Note on transliteration xv Maps xvi ISBN o 5 2r 4 7r 3 7 o hardback r Egypt under Roman rule: the legacy of Ancient Egypt I ROBERT K. RITNER 2 Egypt on the eve of the Muslim conquest 34 WALTER E. KAEGI 3 Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641-868 62 HUGH KENNEDY 4 Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Tuliin to Kafiir, 868-969 86 THIERRY BIANQUIS 5 The Isma'ili Da'wa and the Fatimid caliphate I20 PAUL E. WALKER 6 The Fatimid state, 969-rr7r IJ I PAULA A. -
The Empire Strikes: the Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C
The Empire Strikes: The Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C. – A.D. 68 A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences by David Schwei M.A., University of Cincinnati, December 2012 B.A., Emory University, May 2009 Committee Chairs: Peter van Minnen, Ph.D Barbara Burrell, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Coins permeated the Roman Empire, and they offer a unique perspective into the ability of the Roman state to implement its decisions in Italy and the provinces. This dissertation examines how this ability changed and grew over time, between 60 B.C. and A.D. 68, as seen through coin production. Earlier scholars assumed that the mint at Rome always produced coinage for the entire empire, or they have focused on a sudden change under Augustus. Recent advances in catalogs, documentation of coin hoards, and metallurgical analyses allow a fuller picture to be painted. This dissertation integrates the previously overlooked coinages of Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt with the denarius of the Latin West. In order to measure the development of the Roman state’s infrastructural power, this dissertation combines the anthropological ideal types of hegemonic and territorial empires with the numismatic method of detecting coordinated activity at multiple mints. The Roman state exercised its power over various regions to different extents, and it used its power differently over time. During the Republic, the Roman state had low infrastructural minting capacity. -
Nero the Man Behind the Myth About This Guide
Exhibition map and main texts Nero the man behind the myth About this guide This guide gives you an overview of the exhibition’s layout and main texts. An online large print guide containing the entire text is also available. Passion and discord Power and succession Fire From republic The new to empire Apollo Spectacle and splendour War and diplomacy Crisis and death A young ruler exit entrance Your visit will take about one hour. 2 Nero the man behind the myth Nero is one of the most infamous Roman emperors. Does he deserve his reputation for cruelty and excess? 3 Introduction A young ruler Nero was the ffth Roman emperor. He came to power aged sixteen and reigned for almost fourteen years, from AD 54 to 68. Nero had to steer a vast empire through a period of great change. Faced with conficting demands and expectations, he adopted policies that appealed to the people, but alienated many members of the elite. Ultimately, his reign came to a premature and tragic close, but this outcome was not predetermined. Nero’s memory was contested. In the end, the judgements of elite authors like Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio prevailed. In light of new research, now is the time to re-evaluate their stories. 4 From republic to empire From republic to empire Nero was the fnal ruler of Rome’s frst dynasty, the Julio-Claudians, which comprised members of two interrelated families, the Iulii and the Claudii. Some eighty years earlier, Nero’s ancestor Augustus had emerged victorious from decades of civil war. -
John L. Barton 1943 - 1988
Vo/2, No.7 Numismatic Art of Antiquity JUL Y 1988 $1.25 Product of evolution Necessity played key role in Roman coin changes by John Barton Simultaneously, aes grave -- cast Although not geographically re bronze coins, circular and weighing as mote from the colonial Greek cities of much as 400 grams -- were made for southern Italy and Sicily. Rome was a Roman use in Campania. These are town of very primitive monetary virtually unique to central Italy; they standards as late as the early Third are true coins, inasmuch as they bear Century B.C .• when those cities and marks of value and were exchanged at towns had for generations been face value rather than by individual striking technically sophisticated, and weight. They seem to have circulated often aesthetically beautiful, coinages. in Rome proper, in contrast to the Before about 300 B.C. the only fonns silver being struck for Rome in of metallic currency used in Rome southern Italy, which was used within were cast bronze tools and imple those provinces, and for foreign trade. ments -- barter objects, rather than The Second Punic War virtually currency as such -- and the aes rude, bankrupted Rome, and toward the end unworked ingots of bronze exchanged of that war the Roman treasury was Rome, AE Quadrans by weight. Then a kind of transitional forced to debase the quadrigatus (the 289-245 BC proro-coinage, the aes signatum, made standard didrachm of those years, a brief appearance in the early Third which bore on its reverse an image of Century; this consisted of oblong cast Please turn to page XVI bronze ingots with designs in relief on each side. -
47-6-8 Beech (Was Service Note 1 of AD- Repaired
B-l BEECH 47-6-8 Beech (Was Service Note 1 of AD- repaired. Contact FAA, Kansas City, Mo., 757-2 and Service Note 1 of AD-2-582-2.) for repair methods. Applies to AT-11 and C18S Aircraft. (Beech Service Bulletin C18-6 covers this Compliance required immediately and after same subject.) each hours of operation thereafter. 100 47-30-6 Beech (Was Mandatory Note 2 of Remove the battery covers from the right- AD-2-582-2.) Applies Only to AT-11 Air• and left-hand wing stubs. Inspect the starter planes Equipped With M-3 Generators solenoid and main buss lead wires. In the Which Do Not Have Three-Pole-Single- right wing these wires are numbered 4 and 5. Throw Relays Installed for Generator Con• In the left wing they are numbered 2 and 3. trol. If these wires show signs of chafing on the cold To be accomplished prior to certification or, air duct junction box or any other part of the if certificated, on next periodic inspection but structure they should be supported by an insu• not later than October 1,1947. lated clip to give ample clearance. (Beech Service Bulletin No. C18-5 covers this same subject.) 47-6-9 Beech (Was Mandatory Note 1 of AD-2-582-2 and Mandatory Note 4 of AD- 757-2.) Applies to All AT-11 and C18S Airplanes Equipped With 33-Inch Tires. Compliance required at next periodic inspec• tion. To prevent collapse of the landing gear due to cracking of the shock cylinder retracting leg attachment lugs or failure of the retracting legs the following items should be complied with: (1) Check the rear leg and lug lengths to Left Battery Right Battery ascertain whether they have been previously FlGUKE 1 modified.