The Minority Report: a Different Assessment For
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Date of Revelation – AD 62
Date of Revelation – AD 62 Ed Stevens – Blue Point Conference – March 2017 INTRODUCTION: There are a significant number of traditions and opinions from the patristic writers, which have been used on both sides of this debate about the date of the book of Revelation. But very little of that uninspired patristic testimony carries any weight, simply because most of it can not be confirmed at the mouth of two or more reliable first century eyewitnesses. Most of it is merely external hearsay evidence and opinion, and some of it even tends to contradict scripture. Over 130 authors, most of whom are futurists, have advocated a pre-AD 70 date for the book of Revelation. And almost all of them place it during the reign of Nero (AD 54-68). But such a long list of writers is not a strong argument for the early date. Truth is never determined by majority vote or a popularity contest. It does not matter how many names we can stack up on either side of this debate. What does matter, however, are the reasons that these writers give to support the early date, and especially the evidence inside the book of Revelation which points most clearly and forcefully to a pre-70 date. The only kind of evidence that can decide this issue is biblical evidence, and especially that evidence which comes from inside the book of Revelation itself. So we will be focusing a lot of our attention on the internal evidence for a pre-70 date of the book of Revelation. As we all know, the interpretation of most Biblical books is not significantly affected by differences of opinion about its date of composition. -
Josephus As Political Philosopher: His Concept of Kingship
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 Josephus As Political Philosopher: His Concept Of Kingship Jacob Douglas Feeley University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Jewish Studies Commons Recommended Citation Feeley, Jacob Douglas, "Josephus As Political Philosopher: His Concept Of Kingship" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2276. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2276 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2276 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Josephus As Political Philosopher: His Concept Of Kingship Abstract Scholars who have discussed Josephus’ political philosophy have largely focused on his concepts of aristokratia or theokratia. In general, they have ignored his concept of kingship. Those that have commented on it tend to dismiss Josephus as anti-monarchical and ascribe this to the biblical anti- monarchical tradition. To date, Josephus’ concept of kingship has not been treated as a significant component of his political philosophy. Through a close reading of Josephus’ longest text, the Jewish Antiquities, a historical work that provides extensive accounts of kings and kingship, I show that Josephus had a fully developed theory of monarchical government that drew on biblical and Greco- Roman models of kingship. Josephus held that ideal kingship was the responsible use of the personal power of one individual to advance the interests of the governed and maintain his and his subjects’ loyalty to Yahweh. The king relied primarily on a standard array of classical virtues to preserve social order in the kingdom, protect it from external threats, maintain his subjects’ quality of life, and provide them with a model for proper moral conduct. -
The Holy See
The Holy See BENEDICT XVI GENERAL AUDIENCE Paul VI Audience Hall Wednesday, 2 July 2008 Saint Paul (1) Religious and Cultural Environment Dear Brothers and Sisters, Today I would like to begin a new cycle of Catecheses focusing on the great Apostle St Paul. As you know, this year is dedicated to him, from the liturgical Feast of Sts Peter and Paul on 29 June 2008 to the same Feast day in 2009. The Apostle Paul, an outstanding and almost inimitable yet stimulating figure, stands before us as an example of total dedication to the Lord and to his Church, as well as of great openness to humanity and its cultures. It is right, therefore, that we reserve a special place for him in not only our veneration but also in our effort to understand what he has to say to us as well, Christians of today. In this first meeting let us pause to consider the environment in which St Paul lived and worked. A theme such as this would seem to bring us far from our time, given that we must identify with the world of 2,000 years ago. Yet this is only apparently and, in any case, only partly true for we can see that various aspects of today's social and cultural context are not very different from what they were then. A primary and fundamental fact to bear in mind is the relationship between the milieu in which Paul was born and raised and the global context to which he later belonged. He came from a very precise and circumscribed culture, indisputably a minority, which is that of the People of Israel and its tradition. -
God-Fearers: a Solution to the Ancient Problem of the Identity of the Sabians
God-Fearers: A Solution to the Ancient Problem of the Identity of the Sabians (Times New Roman version) Contents: Premise (pp.1-3) – 1) The Etymological Model (pp.3-6) – 2) The Origins of the Name (pp.6-7) – 3) The Hebrew Root SHUBH (pp.8-9) – 4) Conversion (pp.9-10) – 5) Pagan Monotheism (p.11) – 6) The “Pious” Roman Emperors (pp.11-13) – 7)The Cult of the Most-High God. Titles and Onomastics (pp.13-15) – 8) Eusèbeia and Gnòsis (pp.15-16) – 9) Vincentius’ Tomb (16-18) – 10) Tertium Genus (pp.18-22) – 11) Sabians = “Adherents of the Prevailing Religion” (pp.22-23) – 12) Hypsistarii, Sebòmenoi/Phoboùmenoi tòn Theòn, Metuentes, Theosebèis, Massaliani, Sabbàtistai, Caelicolae, Hunafà’ (pp.23-26) – 13) The Sabians according to Earlier Islamic Sources (pp.26-29) – 14) The First Latin Translation of the Kuràn: Sabians = Christians? (pp.29-32) – 15) Harrànians’ Cult of the Most-High God (pp.32-36) – 16) A Strictly Etymological Proposal (pp.36- 38) – Conclusions (pp.38-41) – List of Abbreviations (pp.43-45) – Notes nrs.1-342 (pp.47-92). Premise The aim of the present work is to shed some light on a long-standing mistery, the identity of the Sabians. Five years ago, indeed, we published a short study just on the same subject 1 where we presented a theory that nobody else had ever advanced: the substantial equivalence of the Sabians with the loose religious group of the God- Fearers 2 (or, even better, God-Worshippers, i.e. devotees of the Most-High God 3), whose importance and wide 4 diffusion geographically and chronologically is now accepted 5. -
1 ETHNICITY and JEWISH IDENTITY in JOSEPHUS by DAVID
ETHNICITY AND JEWISH IDENTITY IN JOSEPHUS By DAVID McCLISTER A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2008 1 © 2008 David McClister 2 To the memory of my father, Dorval L. McClister, who instilled in me a love of learning; to the memory of Dr. Phil Roberts, my esteemed colleague; and to my wife, Lisa, without whose support this dissertation, or much else that I do, would not have been possible. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I gladly recognize my supervisory committee chair (Dr. Konstantinos Kapparis, Associate Professor in the Classics Department at the University of Florida). I also wish to thank the other supervisory commiteee members (Dr. Jennifer Rea, Dr. Gareth Schmeling, and Dr. Gwynn Kessler as a reader from the Religious Studies Department). It is an honor to have their contributions and to work under their guidance. I also wish to thank the library staff at the University of Florida and at Florida College (especially Ashley Barlar) who did their work so well and retrieved the research materials necessary for this project. I also wish to thank my family for their patient indulgence as I have robbed them of time to give attention to the work necessary to pursue my academic interests. BWGRKL [Greek] Postscript® Type 1 and TrueTypeT font Copyright © 1994-2006 BibleWorks, LLC. All rights reserved. These Biblical Greek and Hebrew fonts are used with permission and are from BibleWorks, software for Biblical -
King David's Double Recognition at Hebron According to Josephus
RCatT XXXI/2 (2006) 269-281 © Facultat de Teologia de Catalunya KING DAVID’S DOUBLE RECOGNITION AT HEBRON ACCORDING TO JOSEPHUS Christopher BEGG 1. Introduction 2 Sam 5,1-3 and 1 Chr 11,1-3 tell a largely similar story of David’s recogni- tion as king by a group of Israelites at Hebron. Whereas this is the only such happening in Samuel, the Chronicler goes on, after an extended interlude (11,4– 12,22) dealing with other matters,1 to relate a similar such happening in 12,23- 40. Josephus too, in his Antiquitates judaicae (hereafter Ant. 7.53-60)2 narrates a two-stage pan-Israelite acclamation of David’s kingship at Hebron. In contrast to the Chronicler, however, the historian recounts the two moments of the king’s recognition back-to-back, just as his presentation of both moments evidences numerous differences vis-à-vis the biblical account(s). In this essay then I wish to focus on the Josephan version of David’s encounters with the Israelites who come to him at Hebron. More specifically, my study will address several wider questions: (1) In recounting the initial Hebron happening did Josephus draw on both (slightly different) accounts in 2 Sam 5,1-3 and 1 Chr 11,1-3 or rather did he limit himself to one of these to the exclusion of the other? (2) Can anything be ascertained about the text-form(s) of 2 Sam 5,1-3 and/or 1 Chr 11,1-3; 12,23- 40 used by Josephus? And (3) What sort of rewriting techniques has Josephus 1. -
Josephus, Fifth Evangelist, and Jesus on the Temple
Page 1 of 11 Original Research Josephus, fifth evangelist, and Jesus on the Temple Author: This contribution aims at deconstructing a Christian master narrative that interprets Josephus 1,2 Jan Willem van Henten as crucial support for the New Testament message that the Temple had to become a ruin, in Affiliations: line with the will of God. It argues for an alternative interpretation, namely that both Jesus of 1Graduate School of Nazareth and Josephus considered the Temple to be still relevant, albeit in different ways. For Humanities, University of Jesus the Temple was the self-evident cultic centre of Judaism and a special place to experience Amsterdam, The Netherlands his relationship with God. None of Jesus’ statements about the Temple in their original 2Department of Old and context necessarily implies that Jesus assumed that the institution of the Temple would stop New Testament Studies, functioning in the near future or at the end of time. Josephus’s perspective on the Temple Stellenbosch University, changes in his works. The elaborate description of Jerusalem and the Temple in War 5 reads South Africa as a written monument of the past, but several passages in Josephus’s Antiquities and Against Note: Apion imply that the Temple was still important after 70 CE. Josephus may have reckoned Jan Willem van Henten is a with the possibility that the Temple was going to be rebuilt if the Romans allowed for it. research associate of Jeremy Punt in the Department of This contribution is dedicated to Pieter G.R. de Villiers, a modest but sophisticated scholar Old and New Testament and a good friend. -
The Persecution of Christians in the First Century
JETS 61.3 (2018): 525–47 THE PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS IN THE FIRST CENTURY ECKHARD J. SCHNABEL* Abstract: The Book of Acts, Paul’s letters, 1 Peter, Hebrews, and Revelation attest to nu- merous incidents of persecution, which are attested for most provinces of the Roman empire, triggered by a wide variety of causes and connected with a wide variety of charges against the fol- lowers of Jesus. This essay surveys the twenty-seven specific incidents of and general references to persecution of Christians in the NT, with a focus on geographical, chronological, and legal matters. Key words: persecution, mission, hostility, opposition, Jerusalem, Rome, Peter, Paul, Acts, Hebrews, Revelation This essay seeks to survey the evidence in the NT for instances of the perse- cution of Jesus’ earliest followers in their historical and chronological contexts without attempting to provide a comprehensive analysis of each incident. The Greek term diōgmos that several NT authors use, usually translated as “persecu- tion,”1 is defined as “a program or process designed to harass and oppress some- one.”2 The term “persecution” is used here to describe the aggressive harassment and deliberate ill-treatment of the followers of Jesus, ranging from verbal abuse, denunciation before local magistrates, initiating court proceedings to beatings, flog- ging, banishment from a city, execution, and lynch killings. I. PERSECUTION IN JUDEA, SYRIA, AND NABATEA (AD 30–38/40) 1. Persecution in Jerusalem, Judea (I). Priests in Jerusalem, the captain of the tem- ple, and Sadducees arrested the apostles Peter and John who spoke to a crowd of * Eckhard J. -
10 Bc 5 Bc 1 Ad 5 10 15 20
AD 14 AD 18 4 BC AD 4 Augustus Caiaphas Death of King Emperor Augustus Caesar, the fi rst appointed as Herod the formally adopts his emperor of a Jewish High Great of Judea stepson Tiberius as Rome, dies Priest his successor 10 BC 5 BC 1 AD 5 10 15 20 AD 6 7 BC Jesus a� ends Jesus born in Passover in Bethlehem Jerusalem of Judea as a boy (Luke 2:1-20) (Luke 2:40-52) TIMELINE | PAGE 1 AD 26 Pon� us Pilate begins governorship of Judea 25 30 AD 32 AD 31 Jesus miraculously AD 29 Jesus appoints feeds 5000 John the Bap� st’s and sends his (Ma� hew 14:13-33; ministry begins; Jesus apostles on their AD 30 Mark 6:31-52; is bap� zed and begins fi rst mission Jesus a� ends Luke 9:10-17; John 6) his ministry (Ma� hew 9:35- Passover in (Ma� hew 3:1-17; 11:1; Mark 6:6-13; Jerusalem and Mark 1:2-11; Luke 9:1-10) Luke 3:1-23) cleanses the temple (John 2:13-25) AD 32 AD 30 Jesus a� ends Jesus establishes the Feast of his ministry in Tabernacles in Galilee Jerusalem (Ma� hew 4:12-17; (John 7-9) Mark 1:14-15; Luke 4:14-15) TIMELINE | PAGE 2 AD 43 AD 36 AD 37 AD 40 AD 41 Roman Pon� us Pilate Death of Emperor Caligula Emperor Caligula conquest of governorship of Emperor orders a statue of assassinated and Britain begins Judea ends Tiberius himself be erected in Claudius crowned under Emperor the temple; Jewish the new Emperor Claudius peasants stop this from happening 35 40 AD 37 Paul visits Peter and James in Jerusalem (Acts 9:23-30; Gala� ans 1:18-24) AD 38-43 Missions to the Gen� les begin; church in An� och established AD 33 (Acts 10-11) Jesus crucifi ed -
The Gospel According to Luke
LUKE THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO LUKE This title has been associated with the third Gospel as long as it has been known. Its author was believed to be Luke, the first-century Christian physician who was a traveling companion of Paul. KEY TEXT: 19:10 “For the Son of Man has come to seek and to save the lost.” KEY TERM: “SAVIOR” The saving activity of Jesus, both in His ministry and in His death, is the focus of this book. Because His mission was to save others, He did not save Himself (23:35). ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Jesus not only lived and ministered as the perfect human, but He also died and rose to new life as the Savior for sinners. The old Roman road from Jerusalem to Jericho was the setting for Jesus’ parable of the Good Samaritan (10:25–37). Those who heard Jesus knew well the hazards of traveling this route. 332 LUKE AUTHOR AND DATE OF WRITING Luke, Perhaps Around AD 60–61 The book is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this Gospel as well as Acts. See Author and Date of Writing for ACTS for reasons supporting Luke’s authorship of Acts. The dedications to Theophilus, the similar Greek style and vocabulary, and special shared emphases of the books (such as prayer and joy) all point to common authorship. Luke was a secondary figure in the book of Acts, known not by name but by his use of the pronouns “we” and “us” when he was present during the actions he was describing. -
ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons CUREJ - College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal College of Arts and Sciences 5-2011 ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72 Emerson T. Brooking University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/curej Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Comparative Politics Commons, Military History Commons, and the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Brooking, Emerson T., "ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72" 01 May 2011. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania, https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/145. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/145 For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72 Abstract This study evaluates the military history and practice of the Roman Empire in the context of contemporary counterinsurgency theory. It purports that the majority of Rome’s security challenges fulfill the criteria of insurgency, and that Rome’s responses demonstrate counterinsurgency proficiency. These assertions are proven by means of an extensive investigation of the grand strategic, military, and cultural aspects of the Roman state. Fourteen instances of likely insurgency are identified and examined, permitting the application of broad theoretical precepts -
Svensk Exegetisk 81 Årsbok
SVENSK EXEGETISK 81 ÅRSBOK På uppdrag av Svenska exegetiska sällskapet utgiven av Göran Eidevall Uppsala 2016 Svenska exegetiska sällskapet c/o Teologiska institutionen Box 511, S-751 20 UPPSALA, Sverige www.exegetiskasallskapet.se Utgivare: Göran Eidevall ([email protected]) Redaktionssekreterare: Tobias Hägerland –2016 ([email protected]) David Willgren 2017– ([email protected]) Recensionsansvarig: Rosmari Lillas-Schuil ([email protected]) Redaktionskommitté: Göran Eidevall ([email protected]) Rikard Roitto ([email protected]) Blaåenka Scheuer ([email protected]) Cecilia Wassén ([email protected]) Prenumerationspriser: Sverige: SEK 200 (studenter SEK 100) Övriga världen: SEK 300 Frakt tillkommer med SEK 50. För medlemmar i SES är frakten kostnadsfri. SEÅ beställs hos Svenska exegetiska sällskapet via hemsidan eller postadress ovan, eller hos Bokrondellen (www.bokrondellen.se). Anvisningar för medverkande åter- finns på hemsidan eller erhålls från redaktionssekreteraren. Manusstopp är 1 mars. Tidskriften är indexerad i Libris databas (www.kb.se/libris/). SEÅ may be ordered from Svenska exegetiska sällskapet either through the homepage or at the postal address above. Instructions for contributors are found on the homep- age or may be requested from the editorial secretary (david.willgren@ altutbildning.se). This periodical is indexed in the ATLA Religion Database®, published by the Ameri- can Theological Library Association, 300 S. Wacker Dr., Suite 2100, Chicago, IL 60606; E-mail: [email protected]; WWW: https://www.atla.com/. Omslagsbild: Odysseus och sirenerna (attisk vas, ca 480–470 f.Kr., British Museum) Bildbearbetning: Marcus Lecaros © SEÅ och respektive författare ISSN 1100-2298 Uppsala 2016 Tryck: Bulls Graphics, Halmstad Innehåll Exegetiska dagen 2015/Exegetical Day 2015 Bruce Louden Agamemnon and the Hebrew Bible ......................