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Říše: Stramenopila Phylum: Oomycota Ph: Hypochytriomycota Ph: Labyrithulomycota Phyllumphyllum :: Oomycotaoomycota

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Říše: Stramenopila Phylum: Oomycota Ph: Hypochytriomycota Ph: Labyrithulomycota Phyllumphyllum :: Oomycotaoomycota Říše: Stramenopila Phylum: Oomycota Ph: Hypochytriomycota Ph: Labyrithulomycota PhyllumPhyllum :: OomycotaOomycota 1. Prinsgheim (1858), Petterson a Sogin, 1992 – Phyllum Oomycota , říše Stramenopila 2. Stramenopila zahrnují chrysophyta, hn ědé řasy a n ěkterá protista a houbové organismy ( Labyrinthulomycota, Hypochytridiomycota a Oomycota ) 3. samostatná vývojová skupina 4. původ a podobnost s heterokontními řasami s chlorofylem a a c 5. morfologická podobnost s vývojovou v ětví Eumycota a absorptivní zp ůsob výživy, tubulární stélka 6. ne fylogenetická p říslušnost k houbám http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eukaryotes&contgroup=Life Stramenopila Mitchell L Sogin and David J. Patterson Charakteristiky odd ělení Oomycota 1/ nepohlavní rozmnožování - biflagelátní zoospóry 2/ struktura zoospór 3/ mnohojaderná, diploidní stélka, meioza probíhá v gametangiích (coenocytická hyfa) 4/ gametangia: oogonia a anteridia → oospóra oogametangiogamie 5/ bun ěč ná st ěna : β-glukany, hydroxyproline, celulóza (chitin) 6/ mitochondrie: tubulární kristy 7/ Golgiho aparát: mnohonásobn ě zploštělé cisternum 8/ specifická vakuola (dense- body vakuole a fingerprint vakuola) - mycolaminaran a mycolaminaran fosfát (formace ooplastu) (Specifické bun ěč né organely v r ůzných fázích vývoje: Fingerprint vakula, dense body vakuola, elektron-dense vakuola) 10/ meioza i mitóza je intracelulární a centrická Stélka: •Holokarpická (celá stélka se prom ění v rozmnožovací orgán) •eukarpická (pouze část se prom ění v rozmnožovací orgán) •coenocytická (v ětvená, vláknité formy) bez p řítomnosti sept Coenocytické mycelium Organizace r ůstového vrcholu Pohlavní rozmnožování: •heterogametické: anteridia a oogonia (homothalická nebo heterothalická) •oogonium vyprodukuje jednu nebo více oosfér •oogoniální cytoplazma- periplazma •dosp ělá oosféra - vakuola- ooplast (fylogenetický a taxonomický význam) •oogonia produkují hormon anteridiol který indukuje tvorbu anteridií mezi oogoniem a anteridiem vzniká fertiliza ční trubice kterou dochází k přesunu jader z anteridia oogonium Oospóra - tříst ěnná, p řeživná spóra 1. exospor - ze zbylé periplazmy 2. episporová vrstva (st ěna zygóty) 3. endospor - zásobní látky Pythium oligandrum (oospóra ) Oospóry v ko řeni bršlice Nepohlavní rozmnožování heterokontní zoospóry ve sporangiích sporangia suchozemských druh ů: sférický, citrónkovitý tvar bazální septum odd ěluje sporangia od samotné hyfy Sporangia vodních druh ů: podlouhlá a cylindrická, od nosné hyfy jsou odd ělena septou Zoospory: Primární (hruškovitý tvar pyriformní), horší pohyb a primitivn ější struktura, bi číky v anteriorní pozici Sekundární : ledvinovitý tvar, bi číky laterárn ě, bi číky v drážce jeden bi čík delší pé řitý a jeden kratší Sekundární zoospóra Plísn ě bramborové Phytopthora infestans •Taxe •encystace •adheze cysty •klí čení •tropismy klí čku Biochemické charakteristiky : 1/ syntéza lysinu : Eumycota- cyklus kys. alfa amino adipové Oomycota - cyklus kys. Diaminopimelové 2/ Metabolismus sterol ů: Oomycota 1/ syntéza sterol ů de novo z mevalonát ů (fukosterol) 2/ nebo nejsou schopni syntetizovat (fytopatogenní) Eumycota -ergosterol 3/ Zásobní metabolity : Oomycota - Mycolaminariny ( řasy: leucosin a laminarin) Eumycota - glykogen 4/ ostatní: Oomycoty: peculiarní lipidy Eumycota: acyklické polyoly (cukerné alkoholy) Systém: Phyllum: Oomycota Třída: Oomycetes Řád: Leptomitales Rhipidiales Sclerosporales Pythiales Peronosporales Saprolegniales Přehled hlavních taxonomických skupin odd: Oomycota řád Stélka a reprodukce ekologie Rhipidiales Eukarpická stélka s rhizoidy, Vodní saprofyté, fakultativn ě a zoospóry a oospóry obligátn ě anaerobní Leptomitales Stla čená hyfa produkuje Vodní saprofyté nebo parazité na sporangia, zoospóry a oospóry zví řatech Saprolegniales Mycelium tvo ří tlusté hyfy, Saprotrófové a nektrotrófní zoospóry a oospóry patogeni na zví řatech, rostlinách a jiných organismech Pythiales Mycelium je tvo řeno úzkými Saprotrófové nebo paraziti na hyfami, zoospóry a oospóry rostlinách, houbách a zví řatech Peronosporales Intercelulární mycelium v Biotrofní parazité rostlin (pravé mezibun ěč ných prostorách plísn ě) rostlinných pletiv a haustoria, diferenciované sporangiofóry, zoospóry nebo sporangiospóry a oospóry Sclerosporaceae diferenciované sporangiofóry, Biotrofní patogen na trávách v zoospóry nebo sporangiospóry a tropech a subtropech oospóry Saprolegniales Čele ď: Saprolegniacea ( Achlya, Saprolegnia, Thraustotheca etc.) Čele ď: Leptolegniaceae ( Aphanomyces, Leptolegnia, Plectospira etc.) Vodní plísn ě, které se vyskytují v zamok řených p ůdách, sladkých vodách, saprofyté nebo parazité na rybách a korýších i na rostlinách Obecn ě mycelium je rychle rostoucí a je tvo řeno z tuhých a pevných hyf Zástupci produkují primární a sekundární zoospóry – diplanetismus Pohlavní rozmnožování – oogamie s velkými sférickými oosférami V in vitro kulturách na um ělých médiích tvo ří také chlamydospóry Saprolegnia parasitica Saprolegnia polymorfa •V p ůdě a ve vod ě, parazituje ryby a jejich vají čka •Nepohlavní rozmnožování – v podlouhlých hyalinních sporangiích se tvo ří (primární - ledvinkovité a sekundární - hruškovité) zoospóry, které se papilou uvol ňují do prost ředí. Charakteristické je , že po vyprázdn ění sporangia se z bazálního septa obnovuje r ůst r ůst hyfy – vnit řní proliferací septa. Primární zoospóry se pohybují pomocí bi čík ů, ale chemotakticky – jsou atraktovány hostitelskými bu ňkami, jak primární tak sekundární zoospóry se po ur čité dob ě encystují. •Pohlavní rozmnožování: - homothalické druhy, tvo ří gametangia oogonia a antheridia. Antheridia mohou vyr ůstat ze stejné hyfy jako jako oogonium – monoklinní nebo z jiné hyfální v ětve – diklinní . •Oplodn ěná oosféra (oogonium obsahuje jednu nebo více oosfér) prodělává zm ěny – zesiluje st ěnu, jsou na ní znatelné olejovité globule, ooplast obsahuje částice s Brownovým pohybem. Pozice ooplastu v oospo ře je druhov ě determina čním znakem. Centrická oospóra má ooplast obklopený 1-2 periklinálními vrstvami lipidových kapének Subcentrická oospóra – má n ěkolik vrstev v lipidových kapének pouze na jedné stran ě a na protilehle je pouze jedna vrstva nebo žádná Subekcentrická – kapénky jsou pouze na jedné stran ě, ale fúzují do v ětších globózních útvar ů Ekcentrická - na jedné stran ě ooplastu je pouze jedna velká lipidová kapka Aphanomyces Nepohlavní rozmnožování je druhov ě variabilní, produkují primární i sekundární zoospóry A.euteiches – parazituje na ko řenech hrachu A.cochlioides – nekrotické leze na bulvách cukrové řepy, p řenos rostlinných vir ů A.astaci – vředovité onemocn ění ryb a rak ů (keratofilní enzymy) Životní cyklus Aphamomyces astaci (ra čí mor) 1. Na povrchu skeletu vyr ůstají sporangia, která produkují primární zoospóry (2) ty se mohou encystovat a nebo napadat opakovan ě ryby (3,5) nebo raky. Aphanomyces astaci je monomorfický druh a produkuje pouze primární zoospóry. Zoospóry klí čí až po encystaci. Lagenidium giganteum Lagenidiales •Potenciální biologická ochrana komár ů •Může ve form ě cyst p řežívat saprofytické podmínky ve vodním prost ředí •Parazitované larvy mají typicky bílé zbarvení a na jejich povrchu se tvo ří oospóry •Infekci larev zp ůsobují zoospóry, které jsou atraktovány larválními vým ěšky •Pronikají dovnit ř larvy a v závislosti na teplot ě larvy zahynou hladem b ěhem 1-4 dní •Každá zoospora se opouzd ří a d ělí – produkuje další zoospóry, které zp ůsobují další infekci a ší ří se vodou nebo se chovají jako aplanogamety, fúzují a na povrchu larvy tvo ří p řeživné oospóry Ř. Pythiales Ř. Pythiales - fakultativní a obligátní a obligátní parazité parazité rostlin rostlin - onemocn onemocněníě koníř enovéhoko řenového systému systému rostlin rostlin SYMPTOMY: 1. Padání klí čních rostlin SYMPTOMY: 1. Padání klí čních rostlin 2. Nekrotizace tkání 2. Nekrotizace tkání 3. Hniloby ko řen ů 3. Hniloby ko řen ů 4. Žloutnutí a nekrotizace listových tkání 4. Žloutnutí a nekrotizace listových tkání Pythium debaryanum Padání klí čních rostlin, fytopatogenní druhy ultimum Pythium oligandrum mykoparazit Pythium insidiosum Keratinolytická aktivita Tropické vody – gastrointestinální infekce a tzv. pythiosa (v ředovité onemocn ění k ůže) Phytopthora cactorum fytopatogenní parazitica infestans oospóra Pythiaceae – generalizovaný životní cyklus •Nepohlavní rozmnožování: sporangia se zoospórami (primární a sekundární) •Sporangia vyr ůstají na diferenciované hyf ě •Pohlavní rozmnožování – oogamie (oogonium a antheridium), každé oogonium obsahuje jednu oosféru •Oospóra klí čí ve form ě sporangia (zoospóry) • většina druh ů jsou homothalické až na Phytopthora infestans •Formace oospóry bývá ovlivn ěna nespecifickými stimuly jako jsou nap říklad metabolity ostatních p ůdních hub ( Trichoderma spp.) •Mají tzv. relativní sexualitu tj. v b ěhem jednoho párování se izolát chová jako sam čí a během jiného párování jako sami čí Pythiales: Phytopthora infestans Uvol ňování zoospór (2n) Encystace na povrchu hostitelské rostliny a infekce nepohlavní Sporulace na spodu listu (pr ůduchy) Nekrotizace a žluté halo kolem nekrotizovaných pletiv Klí čení oospory ve sporangium pohlavní Phytopthora infestans – životní cyklus Peronosporales •Obligátní biotrófní patogeni vyšších rostlin Čele ď: Peronosporaceae Čele ď: Albuginaceae •Determinace je založena na v ětvení sporangiofóru a tvaru a a velikosti sporangií •Mycelium je intercelulární, coenocytické a do bun ěk hostitele zapouští haustoria •Nepohlavní rozmnožování: Sporangiofóry a sporangia se zoospórami nebo sporangiosporami na spodu listu
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