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S. Saad, S. Bushra, A.A. Khan S. Saad, S. Bushra, A.A. Khan A Text book of Unified Syllabus of Practical Botany (B. Sc. 1st year) India | UAE | Nigeria | Uzbekistan | Montenegro A Text book of Unified Syllabus of Practical Botany (B. Sc. 1st year) By: S. Saad, S. Bushra, A. A. Khan First Impression: 2019 A Text book of Unified Syllabus of Practical Botany (B. Sc. 1st year) ISBN : 978-81-944069-9-0 Rs. 650/- ( $18 ) No part of the book may be printed, copied, stored, retrieved, duplicated and reproduced in any form without the written permission of the author/publisher. DISCLAIMER Information contained in this book has been published by Empyreal Publishing House and has been obtained by the authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. The authors are solely responsible for the contents of the articles compiled in this book. Responsibility of authenticity of the work or the concepts / views presented by the authors through this book shall lie with the authors and the publisher has no role or claim or any responsibility in this regards. Errors, if any, are purely unintentional and readers are requested to communicate such error to the authors to avoid discrepancies in future. Published by: Empyreal Publishing House Dedicated to my be loved parents and brother Syed Saad Akil A. Khan to my Ammi (Late Mrs. Mudassir Fatima) who nurtured me as a small plant and shaped me as a strong tree, and always remained with me as a strong pillar during the long duration of my study. Their countless blessings have no horizon for me. Sayyada Bushra IV About The Authors Dr. Syed Saad Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Botany, Satya Pal Singh Degree College, Shahjahanpur (Affiliated to M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly) Email: [email protected] Ms. Sayyada Bushra Research Scholar, Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh Email: [email protected] Dr. Akil Ahmad Khan Assistant Professor, Plant Virology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gandhi Faiz-e-Aam P.G. College, Shahjahanpur (Affiliated to M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly) Email: [email protected] V Preface The present book “A Text book of unified syllabus of Practical botany of B.Sc. 1st year” is written strictly in accordance with the UGC model curriculum and revised syllabi of various Indian Universities. It written as an aid to the students in their laboratory work, science then the emphasis on practical work kept on increasing. It caters to the need of undergraduate first year students. An attempt has been made to provide all the informations necessary to understand and appreciate the problems which students have been facing. This book is also designed to meet the examination needs of our readers. Hence all important aspects of practicals have been discussed and suitable illustration provided. The aspects that have perceived special attentation are Introduction, Fungi, Microbiology, Algae, Bryophyta, Lichens, Pterodophyta, Gymnosperms and palaeobotany. The special features of the present book are self explanatory labelled diagrams, easy to understand language, incorporation of recent developments in the subject. It is hoped that it will also benefit the postgraduate students and teachers as well. Though every possible efforts have been made to make the book flawless, chance are still there for further improvement. So, colleagues and students are requested to bear with me and to mail their valuable suggestions to give this book a new look next time. VI Acknowledgements The authors of this book also wish to acknowledge the valuable suggestion they have received from their learned colleagues especially Dr. Azahar Sajjad and Dr. M. Sayeed Akhtar. Authors are extremely thankful to Professor Nafees Ahmad Khan, Chairman, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for their moral support and encouragement. Above all, we are thankful to the Almighty. VII Proposed Syllabus for B.Sc. Botany Paper I - Diversity of Viruses, Bacteria and Fungi Paper II - Diversity of Algae, Lichens and Bryophytes Paper III - Diversity of Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms VIII Paper I: Diversity of Viruses, Bacteria and Fungi Unit - I History, nature and classification of Viruses, Bacteria and Fungi. History of virology and bacteriology; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure (bacteria, mycoplasma and yeast); structure, classification and nature of viruses; structure (gram positive and gram negative) and classification (based on cell structure) of bacteria; classification, thallus organization and reproduction in fungi; economic importance of fungi. Unit - II Viruses: Symptoms of virus infection in plants; transmission of plant viruses; genome organisation, replication of plant virus (tobacco mosaic virus); techniques in plant viruses - purification, serology and electron microscopy; structure and multiplication of bacteriophages; structure and multiplication of viroids. Unit - III Bacteria: Nutritional types of bacteria (based on carbon and energy sources), metabolism in different nutritional types (basics only) and nitrogen cycle; bacterial genome and plasmids; bacterial cell division, variability in bacteria - mutation, principles of genetic recombination; techniques in sterilisation, bacterialculture and staining; economic importance. Unit - IV Fungi: The characteristics and life cycles of the following: Mastigomycotina: Albugo, Pythium, Ascomycotina: Saccharomyces, Aspergillus; Ascobolus; Basidiomycotina: Ustilago, Puccinia, Polyporus, Agaricus; Deuteromycotina: Fusarium IX Paper II - Diversity of Algae, Lichens, and Bryophytes Unit - I General characters. Range of thallus organization, classification, ultrastructure of eukaryotic algal cell and cyanobacterial cell, economic importance of algae. Lichens, classification, thallus organization, reproduction, physiology and role in environmental pollution. Unit - II The characteristics and life cycles of the following: Cyanophyta: Microcystis, Oscillatoria Chlorophyta: Volvox, Hydrodictyon, Oedogonium, Coleochaete, Chara; Bacillariophyta: Navicula; Xanthopyta: Vaucheria; Phaeophyta; Ectocarpus; Rhodophyta: Polysiphonia Unit - III Bryophytes, general characters, classification, reproduction and affinities. Gametophytic and soporophytic organization of: Bryopsida: Pogonatum; Anthocerotopsida: Anthoceros Unit - IV Gametophytic and sporophytic organization of Hepaticopsida: Riccia, Marchantia. X Paper III – Diversity of Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and elementary Palaeobotany Unit - I Pteridophytes: General features, classification, stellar system and its evolution. Comparative study of morphology, anatomy, development, vegetative and reproductive systems of following: Lycopsida - Lycopodium, Selaginella; Psilopsida - Rhynia Unit - II General and comparative account of gametophytic and sprophytic system in Filicopsida - Pteridium, Nephrolepis, Marsilea. Heterospory and seed habit Unit - III Gymnosperms: General characters, classification. Comparative study of morphology, anatomy, development of vegetative and reproductive parts in Cycadales: Cycas Unit - IV Study of morphology, anatomy, development and reproductive parts in: Coniferales – Pinus; Gnetales – Ephedra. Affinities and relationship of Gymnosperms, evolutionary significance. Elementary Palaeobotany: general account, types of fossils, methods of fossilization and geological timescale. XI Table of Contents About the Authors V Preface VI Acknowledgements VII Table of Contents XII Chapter 1. Introduction 1 – 10 Preamble, Laboratory etiquette, work plan, Necessary instruments, Microscope, laboratory provisions, Fixing agents and preservatives, Laboratory techniques, Record of work, Herbarium Chapter 2. Fungi 10 – 35 Preamble, Classification, Albugo, Aspergillus, Peziza, Ascobolus, Ustilago, Puccinia, Agaricus, Polyporus, Alternaria. Chapter 3. Microbiology 35 – 41 To Culture bacteria to isolate micro- organisms from mixed culture and grow a pure culture, to stain and study bacteria, to measure bacteria cells, Microscope examination of curd. Chapter 4. Algae 41 – 66 Preamble, Classification, Volvox, Chlorella, Hydrodictyon, Coleochaete, Oedogonium, Chara, Vaucheria, Diatoms, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, Oscillatoria, Nostoc. Chapter 5. Bryophyta 66 – 87 Preamble, Classification, Riccia, Marchatia, Anthoceros, Pogonatum. Chapter 6. Lichens 87 – 91 Ascolichens, Crustose lichens, Fruticose lichens, Basidiolichens. Chapter 7. Peteridophyta 91 – 120 Preamble, Classification, Distinguishing charaters of taxa, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Nephrolepis, Pteridium and Marsilea. Chapter 8. Gymnosperms 120 – 149 Preamble, Classification, Distinguishing Characters of taxa, Cycas, Pinus and Ephedra. XII A Text book of Unified Syllabus of Practical Botany 1. INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY Preamble Science is a systematised study based on facts and observations. It involves curiosity, inquisitiveness and unbiased analysis. Most of the scientific work is done in a laboratory. It provides an opportunity to a person with scientific frame of mind to see and study various aspects of an object under observation. Hence, a biology student too is obliged to attend laboratory work-out with utmost sincerity, honesty and inquisitiveness. Laboratory Etiquette The study of living things in laboratory requires that facilities provided are properly used. One is expected to complete the assigned work within a specified time. This requires proper utilization and planning of time. One should; therefore, keep busy with own work and wherever necessary
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