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Laboratory Course-I School of Sciences Department of Botany BSCBO- 104 B. Sc. I YEAR Laboratory Course-I DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY LABORATORY COURSE-I BSCBO-104 BSCBO-104 LABORATORY COURSE-I SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025 Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1 LABORATORY COURSE-I BSCBO-104 Board of Studies Late Prof. S. C. Tewari Prof. Uma Palni Department of Botany Department of Botany HNB Garhwal University, Retired, DSB Campus, Srinagar Kumoun University, Nainital Dr. R.S. Rawal Dr. H.C. Joshi Scientist, GB Pant National Institute of Department of Environmental Science Himalayan Environment & Sustainable School of Sciences Development, Almora Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Programme Coordinator Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani, Nainital Unit Written By: Unit No. 1. Dr. Pratibha Baluni 1, 7, 8 & 12 Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Govt. PG College Agustyamuni (Rudraprayag) Uttarakhand 2. Dr. Rajan Kumar Gupta 2, 4, 5, & 6 Associate Professor, Department Of Botany PDBH Govt. P.G College, Kotdwar Uttarakhand 3. Dr. Sneha lata Bhandari 03 BFIT, Technical Campus Sudhowala, Dehradun Uttarakhand UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 2 LABORATORY COURSE-I BSCBO-104 4. Dr. Urmila Rana 9, 10 & 11 Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Pauri Campus, Garhwal University, Pauri, Uttatakhand Course Editor Dr. Renu Negi Associate Professor Head, Department of Botany PDBH Govt. PG College, Kotdwar Uttatakhand Title : Laboratory Course-I ISBN No. : 978-93-857-40-60-2 Copyright : Uttarakhand Open University Edition : 2019 Published By: Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital-263139 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 3 LABORATORY COURSE-I BSCBO-104 CONTENTS BLOCK- I: Microbiology, Mycology and Plant Pathology Page No. Unit-1-Study of Fungi 6-44 Unit-2-Study of Morphology and Structure of different types of Lichens 45-58 Unit-3-Symptoms, Morphology of pathogen and host-parasite relationship of plant diseases 59-85 Unit-4-Different methods of Cultivation and Isolation of Microbes 86-102 BLOCK-II- Diversity of Algae and Bryophytes Page No. Unit-5-Study of the Algae types -Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Oedogonium, by preparing temporary slides 104-121 Unit-6-Study of the Algae types- Vaucheria, Ectocarpus, Sargassum, Polysiphonia,Batracospermum by preparing temporary slides. 122-141 Unit-7-Study of external features, internal structure and reproductive structures of Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros, with the help of permanent and /or temporary preparations. 142-167 Unit-8- Study of external features internal structure and reproductive structures of Notothylus, Funaria and Polytrichum with the help of permanent and /or temporary preparations. 168-191 BLOCK-III- Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany Page No. Unit-9-Study of the external features and internal structures of rhizome, leaves, roots, sporangia and strobili of Pterodophytes- Rhynia, Selaginella, Equisetum 193-228 Unit-10- Study of the external features and internal structures of rhizome, leaves, roots, sporangia and strobili of Pterodophytes – Adiantum, Marsilea and Azolla 229-255 Unit-11-Study of the morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive parts of Gymnosperms -Cycas, Pinus and Ephedra 256-302 Unit-12-Study of fossil specimens: Impressions, Casts and Petrifications 303-314 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 4 LABORATORY COURSE-I BSCBO-104 BLOCK-1- MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 5 LABORATORY COURSE-I BSCBO-104 UNIT-1 A STUDY OF FUNGI –ALBUGO, PHYTOPHTHORA, PUCCINIA, AGARICUS, ALTERNARIA, SACCHAROMYCES, ERYSIPHE, MUCOR 1.1- Objectives 1.2-Introduction 1.3-Study of Fungi 1.3.1- Albugo 1.3.2-Phytophthora 1.3.3-Puccinia 1.3.4-Agaricus 1.3.5-Alternaria 1.3.6-Saccharomyces 1.3.7-Erysiphe 1.3.8-Mucor 1.4- Summary 1.5- Glossary 1.6- Self assessment question 1.7-References 1.8-Suggested Readings 1.9-Terminal Questions UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 6 LABORATORY COURSE-I BSCBO-104 1.1 OBJECTIVES After reading this unit student will be able to study the Fungal genus namely Albugo, Phytophthora, Puccinia, Agaricus, Alternaria, Saccharomyces, Erysiphe, Mucor for the following objectives: Symptoms of disease. Study of external features of plant body and cell structure. Study of vegetative structures. Study of reproductive structures. Identification and systematic position. 1.2 INTRODUCTION Fungi are achlorophyllous, heterotrophic eukaryotic organism. The fungi consist of a large and diverse group of plant kingdom. These include yeasts, molds, mildews, smuts, rusts, mushrooms, morels, puffballs etc. Mycology (Gk. Mykes = fungus; logos = study) stands for study of science of fungi. These are included in a large group thallophyta. There are about 50,000 to 100,000 known species of fungi all over the world. The fungi lack photosynthetic pigments and therefore they cannot synthesize their own food. Their mode of nutrition is saprophytic, parasitic or symbiotic. The plant body is simple and consist of network of branched filaments called the hyphae. The tangled mass of the hyphae is known as mycelium. If the vegetative mycelium is absent the fungus is called holocarpic (e.g. Synchytrium), but if vegetative mycelium is present, it is called eucarpic. Some fungi are unicellular e.g. Saccharomyces. Cell wall of fungi consists of chitin or fungal cellulose along with other substances. The chief food reserves are glycogen and oils. The reproduction takes place by means of vegetative, asexual and sexual methods. Asexual reproduction occurs through several types of spores viz., conidiospores, zoospores, basidiospores, chlamydospores etc. Sexual reproduction occurs in all grouped fungi except fungi imperfectii. Fungi cause various diseases in plants as well as in animals including man. They also play an important role in nutrition of green plants by helping in decomposition of organic matter. Fungi also serve as food, and used in preparation of medicines and antibiotics. Several classifications of fungi have been proposed from time to time. The classification system proposed by G.C. Ainsworth (1973) has been followed in the following text. 1.3-STUDY OF FUNGI 1.3.1- Albugo (=Cystopus) Kingdom: Mycota Division: Eumycota UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 7 LABORATORY COURSE-I BSCBO-104 Sub division: Mastigomycotina Class: Oomycetes Order: Peronosporales Family: Albuginaceae Genus: Albugo Habitat and occurrence: Many species of Albugo occur as obligate parasites on many plants of brassicae, causing the common disease called ―white rust of crucifers‖ Common name of disease: white rust of crucifers Symptoms 1. Small, circular, white pustules are present on the leaf (on lower surface) and stem. Roots remain unaffected. These pustules are conidial stage of the fungus. 2. The epidermis is ruptured by the pressure of sporangia and mass of conidia on coming out provide the appearance of white powdery mass. 3. In some cases, the leaves and other parts of flower become fleshy thickened, malformed, discoloured and this phenomenon is known as hypertrophy. Fig.1.1: White rust disease Somatic structure of fungus Cut thin transverse section of the infected host, stain them in cotton blue, mount in lactophenol and study under microscope. UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 8 LABORATORY COURSE-I BSCBO-104 1. Mycelium consists of well-developed branched, coenocytic and intercellular hyphae. 2. Protoplasm of hyphae consists of oil globules, glycogen and many nuclei. 3. The intercellular hyphae develop knob-like haustorium which penetrates into the host cells for the absorption of food. Fig.1.2: Cystopus: T.S. Infected Leaf Reproductive Structures: Asexual: Conidia Fig.1.3: Cystopus: Conidiophore with conidia 1. Conidia develop on conidiophores or conidio sporangiophore. 2. Mycelium below the epidermis gives off many erect short unbranched and club shaped hyphae called conidiophores. 3. These conidiophores lie parallel to one another and perpendicular to host surface to form a palisade –like layer. 4. Four to six spherical multinucleate conidia are arranged in basipetal succession on the conidiophores i.e. youngest at the base and oldest at the top. 5. In between two conidia is present a disc of gelatinous material called as mucilaginous disc or disjuncture. 6. The conidia disseminate on the rupture of host epidermis in later stages. These germinate either directly forming a germ tube or form biflagellate zoospores. Sexual: Oogamous type UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 9 LABORATORY COURSE-I BSCBO-104 Fig.1.4: Cystopus: Development of Sex organs 1. The sexual reproduction is ooogamous type. 2. The two sex organs i.e. antheridium and oogonium developin stem near each other but on different male and female hyphae. 3. Oogonium is globular and multinucleate and contains a large amount of food material. It bears septum at the base. 4. Antheridium is elongated, club shaped and multinucleate structure having septum at the base. It develops in close close contact with oogonium at the side. 5. The wall between antheridium and oogonium dissolves at the place of their contact and a tube known as fertilization tube is formed in antheridium. 6. Prior to fertilization, the granular cytoplasm of the oogonium forms a bubble like structure known as coenocentrum. 7.
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