CONTENTS GENERAL ASPECTS OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF MEDICINE Medicine in the era of the Old Testament: from the history of hygiene and Biblical practice of healing E.N. Shulga . .5 Clinical neurosurgery philosophy L.B. Likhterman . .14 HISTORY OF MEDICAL DISCIPLINES Vitaly Dmitrievich Belyakov – an outstanding scientist and epidemiologist A.B. Belov, P.I. Ogarkov, M.I. Ishkildin, A.Y. Mindlina, N.I. Briko, E.S. Zenkevich . .27 The factors of emergence of neurosurgery as a clinical specialty B.L. Lichterman . .37 FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN MEDICINE On the history of the ‘‘forgotten’’ institutions of therapy V.I. Borodulin, S.P. Glyantsev, S.V. Dronova, K.A. Pashkov, A.V. Topolyansky . .52 Moscow exile (1921–1923) in the life and activities of prominent surgeon S.P. Fyodorov M.N. Kozovenko . .63 A Doctor from Russia in Belgian Congo: Pyotr Dyleff V.K. Ronin . .76 M.Y. Mudrov on issues ‘‘of piety and moral qualities of the physician’’ I.V. Siluyanova . .88 The Moscow Physics and Medical Society's activities in the second half of the 19th century T.I. Surovtseva . .93 On the early years of Taurida University in Simferopol (1917−1921) T.I. Ulyankina . .102 SPECIFIC QUESTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE A study of St. Petersburg medical toponyms A.Z. Likhtshangof . .112 A few comments about temporality and anticipation in the neurosciences, psychology and psychiatry C. Debru . .119 SOURCE Philosophical points of rational knowledge in the theoretical and practical system of Galen (on the basis of the example of ‘‘Adhortatio ad artes addiscendas’’) D.A. Balalykin, A.P. Shcheglov, N.P. Shok . .128 On the early years of Taurida University in Simferopol (1917−1921) T.I. Ulyankina S.I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Sciences and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; A. Solzhenicyn House of Russian Abroad, Moscow In the history of Taurida University (Simferopol, Republic of Crimea) a distinct «early» period of its activity stands out. This period is associated with the names of famous St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kiev professors and teachers of higher education who had fl ed to Crimea at the beginning of Russia’s Civil War. Along with representatives of the local intelligentsia, these scientists participated in the activities of a number of important scientifi c and cultural institutions in Crimea. With the change of regime, many of them had to be evacuated from the peninsula, along with the remaining members of the Russian Volunteer Army. This most important period is covered extremely poorly and inconsistently in the literature currently available. In the writing of this article, materials were used from the following sources: the Archives of the Alexander Solzhenitsyn House of Russia Abroad, Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as materials from the family archives of the Dmitrievs, Metalnikovs and Olferevs, which have not previously been published. Keywords: Russian scientifi c emigration, Civil War in Russia, Russian Voluntary army The history of the Tavrida University scientist V. K. Agafonov, lawyer N. N. Alekseev, a (Simferopol, Republic of Crimea)1 is notable geologist Academician N. I. Andrusov, historian for its "early" period. It is associated with the G. V. Vernadsky, agronomist S. S. Crimea, names of well-known professors and university biologists S. I. Metalnikov, biologists V. G. Ko- teachers from St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kiev renchevsky, lawyer P. Novgorodtsev philologist who all fl ed to the Crimea at the beginning of V. A. Rozov, philosopher Shestov, philosopher the Civil War. Along with representatives of the and theologian S. N. Bulgakov, astronomer local intelligentsia, these scientists belonged to O. L. Struve, lawyer, historian F. W. Taranovsky a number of important scientifi c and cultural and others. institutions in the Crimea, including the Tavrida This article is the fi rst to refl ect the role of University in Simferopol. With the change Professor Sergei Ivanovich Metalnikova – proto- of the regime, many of them, along with the zoologist, immunologist and microbiologist. remnants of the Russian Volunteer Army, had He and other prominent scientists at Tavrida to be evacuated from the peninsula. Some went University in Simferopol were founders of to Europe on their own; the rest were exposed psychoneuroimmunology. In Russia, SI to repression and forcibly expelled. Now we can Metalnikov was professor at the Higher Courses say with confi dence that "the Crimean period" for Women of St. Petersburg. In exile, he became was decisive to the fate of many well-known professor at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. None of immigrant scientists from around the world. the biographies of S. I. Metalnikova during “the G. V. Vernadsky recalled that in the 1917-1920, Crimean period" of his work has been previously "the Crimea was the pinnacle of intellectual and recognized. The author used previously religious life" [1]. The list of emigrant scientists at unpublished documents from the archives of the Tavrida University included: geologist and soil RAS (ARAN. 543 F. Nikolai Morozov. Op. 4) the Solzhenitsyn Russian Home Archives abroad © T.I. Ulyankina (ADRZ. F. 69 Family Foundation Kovalevsky. 1 Currently Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University, Op. 2) and materials from the family archives Republic of Crimea, Simferopol, etc.. Acad. Vernadsky, of Dmitriev, Metalnikov, Olferevyh (Moscow). Building 4). The works of Crimean historians were also HISTORY OF MEDICINE 2014, №2 (2) used [2], particularly the works of Professor (1906), and honorary member of the Acadamy of S. B. Filimonov from Taurida National V.I. Sciences of the USSR (1932) [7]. Vernadsky University [3, 4]. Metalnikov’s sister, Vera (married - Keller) also had an estate, "Partenit",at the foot of the S. I. Metalnikov Medvedev Mountains (Ayu-Dag, Dekoreyskaya Sergei Metalnikov (April 23.1870, Krotkov, parish, Yalta district, p / o Alupka) belonging Simbirsk province. – September 17 (27), 1946, to her husband, Collegiate2 assessor Vladimir Paris) was born into an aristocratic family. His K. Keller. Keller also owned a villa, "Dardemis", father was a permanent magistrate in Ardatov. with a lovely view of the sea. In 1918, the family His mother was Ekaterina Ivanova (Fateeva of General Wrangel was photographed there [8]. in her youth). After the death of her husband, With the departure of the Kellers from Russian, she was left with fi ve children (Dimitri, Faith, the estate passed into the possession of the twins Michael and Sergei and Nikolai) and mother – E. I. Metalnikov. was forced to move to Kazan because the older The wife of Metalnikov, Olga (1876-1952), children needed to go to school. There, she met was the daughter of the famous Yalta doctor military scientist, major-general of artillery, Boris Vladimir Nikolaevich Dmitriev (1839-1904), who Wiener. Their friendship resulted in marriage. had a large estate near Yalta. Before emigration, Boris Winner wrote N. P. Olferiev, a cousin of Olga donated large plots of land, near Yalta on the Metalnikov, "I received a dowry of four stepsons, Isar, [9] to Tavrida University. a stepdaughter, and the management of 300 In 1895, Metalnikov graduated from the hectares of nursery land as the life estate of my Natural Sciences Department of Physics wife". [5] Winner was rich. He owned a four- and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg story house in St. Petersburg, one on the corner State University and was granted a two-year of Panteleimon street (named Pestel street since sabbatical to prepare for a professorship. His fi rst 1923), one at Solyaya lane (home 4/16), and a scientifi c work was done under the supervision large estate "Artek" on the slopes of Mount Ayu- of S. A. Kovalevsky (1840-1901) [10] in St. Dag in Crimea (Suuk-Su, Taurian province) Petersburg and under I. I. Mechnikov in Paris. including the winery on its lands. In 1894, when Kovalevsky established the special Thanks to Winner, who was transferred to zoological laboratory IAN (OZL IAN) in St. St. Petersburg, the Metalnikova family moved to Petersburg, he invited Metalnikov as laboratory the capital and the children obtained a fi rst-class assistant. Metalnikov was a member of Biological education. Upon "Powder Plant B. I. Winner" near Laboratory P. F. Lesgafta from 1900 to 1917, and its Shlisselburg. There, he manufactured "Sokol" director from 1910 to 1917. He was also a professor brand gunpowder, dynamite and other products. of the Higher Women (Bestuzhevsky, class 1911), He also founded the "Joint-stock company for the the Chief Secretary of the "Biological Society" manufacture and sale of gunpowder, dynamite (1912), and one of the editors of the journal and other explosives" [5]. After the death of "Nature". After the autumn of 1917, Metalnikov Boris Ivanovich, his widow, Catherine Ivanovna, left Petrograd and went to the Crimean. Upon inherited it all; her eldest son, D. I. Metalnikov, his recommendation, the Biological Laboratory took charge of the "Joint-stock company". P. F. Lesgafta was headed by N. A. Morozov. The wonderful hospitality of the Metalnikov- Sergei and Olga were married January 1896 in Winner family in St. Petersburg and the Crimea Yalta [11]. Their family included three children – is preserved in the memories of N. O. Lossky, Anna (1898-1964), Catherine (1900 and?) and a former classmate of Sergei Ivanovich at St. Sergei (1906-1981). Petersburg University [6]. Also to be found in the The correspondence between Morozov dacha at Arteke was Nikolai A. Morozov (1854- and Metalnikov, stored in the archives of the 1946), the pardoned “Shlisselburg inmate”, Russian Academy of Sciences, contains detailed people’s revolutionary, chemist astronomer, descriptions of the life of the family in the Crimea cultural historian, scientifi c organizer, writer, social activist Doctor of chemistry cum laude 2 Title of certain civilian offi cials in Russia before 1917. T.I.