Muzeum Katyńskie Na Terenie Cytadeli Warszawskiej

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Muzeum Katyńskie Na Terenie Cytadeli Warszawskiej NAUKA SCIENCE Joanna Jadwiga Białkiewicz* Muzeum Katyńskie na terenie Cytadeli Warszawskiej – obiekt historyczny w interpretacji nowoczesnej architektury muzealnej Katyń Museum in the Warsaw Citadel – historic object in the interpretation of modern museum architecture Słowa kluczowe: Muzeum Katyńskie, Cytadela Key words: Katyń Museum, Warsaw Citadel, Warszawska, pracownia „Maksa”, BBGK Architekci, “Maksa” designing offi ce, BBGK Architekci, Jerzy Kalina, architektura kontekstualna Jerzy Kalina, contextual architecture Zlokalizowane na terenie warszawskiej Cytadeli The new Katyń Museum, located in the Warsaw nowe Muzeum Katyńskie to obiekt pod wieloma wzglę- Citadel, is a unique object in many respects and de- dami wyjątkowy i zasługujący na szczególną uwagę. serving a particular attention. As the only realisation Jako jedyna realizacja zaprojektowana przez rodzimych designed by native architects in Poland found itself in architektów na terenie Polski znalazła swe miejsce w fi - the fi nals of the prestigious European Union Prize for nale prestiżowego europejskiego konkursu o nagrodę Contemporary Architecture Mies van der Rohe Award Ludwiga Miesa van der Rohe (European Union Prize for in the year 20171. Listing Katyń Museum among the Contemporary Architecture Mies van der Rohe Award) w roku best European works of contemporary architecture 20171. To zestawienie Muzeum Katyńskiego w ścisłej eu- demands paying particular attention to its architectonic ropejskiej czołówce najlepszych dzieł architektury naj- values in connection with the broadly understood his- nowszej nakazuje zwrócenie szczególnej uwagi właśnie toric context. In the case of this object, like in many na jego walory architektoniczne w powiązaniu z szeroko other contemporary museum buildings, we are dealing rozumianym kontekstem historycznym. W przypadku with a modern architectonic form serving historical tego obiektu, tak jak w wielu innych współczesnych bu- exhibition; however, the uniqueness of the Katyń dynkach muzealnych, mamy do czynienia z nowoczesną Museum lies in the fact that it was not built from its formą architektoniczną służącą ekspozycji historycznej, foundations as a new edifi ce, but is an adaptation if jednak wyjątkowość Muzeum Katyńskiego polega na a historic object inscribed in the monument register. tym, iż nie zostało ono wzniesione od fundamentów In this respect its construction was an undertaking both jako nowa budowla, lecz jest aranżacją obiektu histo- purely architectonic and conservation, and in this as- rycznego, wpisanego do rejestru zabytków. Pod tym pect – as a modern museum interpretation of a historic względem jego budowa była przedsięwzięciem zarów- object – it will be primarily discussed in this study. It is no czysto architektonicznym, jak i konserwatorskim also an object whose project was designed by creators i w tym ujęciu – jako nowoczesna muzealna interpretacja belonging to different generations, combining differ- obiektu historycznego – będzie przede wszystkim roz- ent sensitivities and two – seemingly contradictory * dr inż. arch., Instytut Historii Architektury i Konserwacji * dr inż. arch., Institute of History of Architecture and Monument Con- Zabytków, Wydział Architektury Politechniki Krakowskiej servation, Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology Cytowanie / Citation: Białkiewicz J.J. Katyń Museum in the Warsaw Citadel – historic object in the interpretation of modern museum architecture. Wiadomosci Konserwatorskie – Journal of Heritage Conservation 2017;52:59-73 Otrzymano / Received: 23.06.2017 • Zaakceptowano / Accepted: 16.07.2017 doi:10.17425/WK52KATYN Praca dopuszczona do druku po recenzjach Article accepted for publishing after reviews Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 52/2017 59 patrywane w poniższym opracowaniu. Jest to również – museum concepts: a cool and historically objective obiekt, którego projekt opracowali twórcy należący do didactic view with emotional experiencing of the past różnych pokoleń, łączący różne wrażliwości, a także by personalising it and emphasising the tragedy of an dwie – wydawałoby się, że przeciwstawne koncepcje individual. Moreover, Katyń Museum is characterised muzealne – chłodne i obiektywne historycznie spoj- by an exceptionally successful marriage of diverse rzenie dydaktyczne oraz emocjonalne przeżywanie forms of artistic expression: architecture, sculpture, przeszłości poprzez jej spersonalizowanie i położenie and landscape architecture, coherent and mutually nacisku na tragedię pojedynczego człowieka. Muzeum complementary. Katyńskie cechuje ponadto wyjątkowo udany mariaż The history of the Katyń Museum dates back to the różnych form artystycznego wyrazu: architektury, rzeź- end of the 1980s, when an initially informal association by, a także architektury zieleni, przemawiających spójnie was founded by people whose relatives were murdered i wzajemnie się uzupełniających. in 1940, later known as the Families of Katyń Victims Historia Muzeum Katyńskiego sięga końca lat osiem- Association2. When, after the exhumations performed dziesiątych, kiedy to powstało, nieformalne z początku, in Kharkiv and Mednoye in 1991, items excavated in stowarzyszenie osób, których bliscy zostali zamordowani the so-called death-pits were brought to Poland; in w 1940 roku, znane później jako Stowarzyszenie Ro- 1992 Katyń Museum was founded as a branch of the dzina Katyńska2. Kiedy po ekshumacjach dokonanych Polish Army Museum. Its fi rst seat was in the buildings w Charkowie i Miednoje w 1991 roku do Polski przy- of the Czerniakow Fort in Powsińska Street3. In the wieziono przedmioty odkopane w tzw. dołach śmierci, year 2009 the museum was closed by the construction w roku 1992 powołano do istnienia Muzeum Katyńskie, supervision because of the very poor technical condi- stanowiące oddział Muzeum Wojska Polskiego. Na jego tion of the buildings. Soon the decision was made to pierwszą siedzibę przeznaczono zabudowania Fortu move it and arrange a part of the Warsaw Citadel, where Czerniakowskiego przy ul. Powsińskiej3. W roku 2009 the Polish Army Museum was also to be re-housed, to muzeum zostało zamknięte przez nadzór budowlany serve the needs of the Katyń exhibition4. z uwagi na bardzo zły stan techniczny budynków. Wkrótce też podjęto decyzję o jego przeniesieniu i za- aranżowaniu na potrzeby ekspozycji katyńskiej części HISTORY OF WARSAW CITADEL zabudowań warszawskiej Cytadeli, gdzie miało mieć Warsaw Citadel, which at the moment of its creation również swą nową siedzibę Muzeum Wojska Polskiego4. was called Alexander’s Citadel, was erected by order of Tsar Nicholas I after the failure of the November Uprising in the years 1832–365. Built in the heart of HISTORIA CYTADELI WARSZAWSKIEJ the city, on the site of the 16th-century country estate Cytadela Warszawska, w momencie swego powstania called Fawory6, it was to constitute both a forcible zwana Cytadelą Aleksandrowską, została wzniesiona na and requiring no comment demonstration of the rozkaz cara Mikołaja I po upadku powstania listopado- invaders’ power, as well as a point from which tsarist wego w latach 1832–365. Zbudowana w sercu miasta, na military troops could control and, if necessary, pacify terenach XVI-wiecznego folwarku Fawory6, stanowić whole Warsaw. The plan of the fortress was prepared miała zarazem dobitną i nie wymagającą komentarza by General Ivan Dehn. It was erected on the area of demonstrację władzy zaborczej, jak i punkt, z którego 36 ha, on the plan resembling a pentagram whose wojsko carskie mogło kontrolować i w razie potrzeby longest side adjoined to the high escarpment on the pacyfi kować całą Warszawę. Plan twierdzy opracował Vistula. Buildings of the Citadel comprised three generał Iwan Dehn. Została ona wzniesiona na obsza- bastions and two half-bastions on the edges by the rze 36 ha, na planie zbliżonym do pięcioboku, którego escarpment, with caponiers and semi-caponiers and najdłuższy bok przylegał do wysokiej skarpy wiślanej. polygonal fortifi cation with an additional caponier on Zabudowania Cytadeli składały się z trzech bastionów the side of the Vistula River. The bastion fortifi cations i dwóch półbastionów na skrajach przy skarpie, z ka- were accompanied by a dry moat along the bottom of ponierami i półkaponierami oraz z umocnień o narysie which ran the Carnot wall7. In the year 1835, on the poligonalnym z dodatkową kaponierą (kojcem) od right bank of the Vistula so-called Śliwicki’s Fort was strony Wisły. Umocnieniom bastionowym towarzyszyła added, which served as a bridgehead. The construc- sucha fosa, po dnie której poprowadzono mur Carnota7. tion of the Citadel burdened the city in every possible W roku 1835 na prawym brzegu Wisły dobudowano respect. In order to acquire the land to erect it, over 70 tzw. Fort Śliwickiego, pełniący funkcję przedmościa. houses were demolished and several thousand residents Budowa Cytadeli boleśnie obciążyła miasto pod każdym were relocated. The enormous cost of construction, możliwym względem. W celu pozyskania terenu, na któ- altogether around 11 million roubles, was paid by the rym została wzniesiona, wyburzono ponad 70 domów non-returnable loans from the Warsaw city fund and i wysiedlono kilkanaście tysięcy mieszkańców. Ogrom- the Bank of Poland. A permanent garrison of 5 000 ne koszty budowy, w sumie około 11 milionów rubli, Russian soldiers was stationed in the Citadel8. Initially zostały pokryte ze środków pożyczonych bezzwrotnie the fortifi cations were equipped with more than 200 z kasy miejskiej Warszawy i Banku Polskiego. Na tere-
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