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Milieux de mémoire in Late Modernity GESCHICHTE - ERINNERUNG – POLITIK STUDIES IN HISTORY, MEMORY AND POLITICS Herausgegeben von / Edited by Anna Wolff-Pow ska & Piotr Forecki ę Bd./Vol. 24 GESCHICHTE - ERINNERUNG – POLITIK Zuzanna Bogumił / Małgorzata Głowacka-Grajper STUDIES IN HISTORY, MEMORY AND POLITICS Herausgegeben von / Edited by Anna Wolff-Pow ska & Piotr Forecki ę Bd./Vol. 24 Milieux de mémoire in Late Modernity Local Communities, Religion and Historical Politics Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Cover image: © Dariusz Bogumił This project was supported by the National Science Centre in Poland grant no. DEC-2013/09/D/HS6/02630. English translation and editing by Philip Palmer Reviewed by Marta Kurkowska-Budzan, Jagiellonian University ISSN 2191-3528 ISBN 978-3-631-67300-3 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-653-06509-1 (E-PDF) E-ISBN 978-3-631-70830-9 (EPUB) E-ISBN 978-3-631-70831-6 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/b15596 Open Access: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 unported license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ © Zuzanna Bogumił / Małgorzata Głowacka-Grajper, 2019 Peter Lang –Berlin ∙ Bern ∙ Bruxelles ∙ New York ∙ Oxford ∙ Warszawa ∙ Wien This publication has been peer reviewed. www.peterlang.com Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Acknowledgments Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data This book is the product of a long period of cooperation fueled by our common A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for desire to comprehend the crucial influence religious modes of commemoration at the Library of Congress. exert on meaning attributed to the past, and in particular to twentieth-century history. We have repeatedly encountered such religious modes of commemora- Cover image: © Dariusz Bogumił tion over the course of field trips undertaken in Poland over many years. In fact, crosses, memorial stones engraved with religious symbols, churches, and sanctu- This project was supported by the National Science Centre in Poland aries containing epitaphs, commemorative plaques, sacred figures, or stained-glass grant no. DEC-2013/09/D/HS6/02630. windows form an integral part of the Polish cultural landscape. These memory markers became such a frequent topic of discussion during the regular meetings we organized to reflect on our research that we eventually decided it would be worth investigating the issue of religious commemoration systematically. We achieved English translation and editing by Philip Palmer this by developing a project titled Milieux de mémoire in Eastern Europe – the Reviewed by Marta Kurkowska-Budzan, Jagiellonian University Polish Case Study, which the National Science Center generously agreed to fund1. The project was coordinated by Zuzanna Bogumił and administered by the Maria ISSN 2191-3528 ISBN 978-3-631-67300-3 (Print) Grzegorzewska University in Warsaw. Małgorzata Głowacka-Grajper and Marta E-ISBN 978-3-653-06509-1 (E-PDF) Karkowska were the main investigators in this project. We would like here to offer E-ISBN 978-3-631-70830-9 (EPUB) our very warm gratitude to Marta Karkowska for the many years she devoted to E-ISBN 978-3-631-70831-6 (MOBI) the project, carrying out research in Kałków-Godów, Michniów, and Markowa, DOI 10.3726/b15596 conducting analytical work, taking part in discussions and critically reading each © Peter Lang GmbH chapter of the book, all of which enabled her to offer us very valuable comments Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften that helped us put the finishing touches to the manuscript. Our analysis of arti- Berlin 2019 cles that Marta Karkowska published about Michniów2 and the manuscript she All rights reserved. prepared for another article on Markowa were an important point of departure Peter Lang –Berlin ∙ Bern ∙ Bruxelles ∙ New York ∙ for us when we started writing the chapters of this book devoted to these places. Oxford ∙ Warszawa ∙ Wien All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to 1 Project no 2013/09/D/HS6/02630 (2014-2017). We write about the assumptions behind prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, the project on the project website: www.milieuxdememoire.aps.edu.pl. translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in 2 Marta Karkowska. “Międzypokoleniowe Transmisje pamięci. Na podstawie badań electronic retrieval systems. we wsiach świętokrzyskich.” [Intergenerational Memory Transmissions. Based on This publication has been peer reviewed. Research in Villages in the Holy Cross Region] Studia Socjologiczne, Vol. 222, 2016a, pp. 101–132; Marta Karkowska. “Pamięć społeczności lokalnej w jej publicznej www.peterlang.com i prywatnej odsłonie. Przykład Michniowa.” [The Public and Private Memory of a Local Community] In: Przemiany kulturowe we współczesnej Polsce: ramy, właściwości, epizody, ed. Joanna Kurczewska. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2016b, pp. 376–401. 6 Acknowledgments We would not have been able to complete our research without the institutional support we received from the universities where we work. We would not only like to offer our heartfelt gratitude to the Maria Grzegorzewska University’s Vice- Chancellors, first, Professor Jan Łaszczyk, then, Stefan Kwiatkowski, but also to its Vice-Chancellor for Science, Professor Jarosław Rola, and the Directors of the Institute of Sociology, first, Professor Elżbieta Tarkowka, then, Danuta Duch- Krzystoszek, all of whom supported the project throughout its implementation. We would also like to express our gratitude to Professor Andrzej Waśkiewicz, Director of the Institute of Sociology at the University of Warsaw, and Renata Włoch, Director of Academic Affairs at the same institute, and Professor Andrzej Rychard, Director of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology at the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), for their support and assistance with the practical aspects of our research. In October 2014, an international conference titled Memory and Religion in Central and Eastern Europe was held at the Maria Grzegorzewska University. Those who attended shared their reflections on the influence religion has exerted on the manner in which twentieth-century history is commemorated. At this juncture, we would like to offer our most sincere gratitude to Dominique Moran, Jay Winter, Mariusz Sulkowski, Matilda Mroz, Tatiana Voronina, Piotr Kwiatkowski, Agnieszka Halemba, Marta Łukaszewicz, Tomasz Zarycki, Joanna Derdowska, and Mārtiņš Kaprāns for their thought-provoking contributions to the seminar, inspiring presentations, and valuable comments, all of which enabled us to refine our theoretical framework for the project. From 2014 to 2017, we conducted research throughout Poland, aided by Aleksandra Ciecieląg, Ewa Szczecińska-Musielak, Karolina Obrębska, Aleksandra Jarosz, and first and foremost, Marta Karkowska. Without their devoted assis- tance, we would not have been able to collect the material we needed. We would also like to thank the students who took part in activities exploring links between memory and religion – led by Zuzanna Bogumił at the Maria Grzegorzewska University and Małgorzata Głowacka-Grajper at the Institute of Sociology at the University of Warsaw (UW) from 2014 to 2015 – for assisting in the collection of materials and contributing to valuable discussions. Our conception for the book crystallized over a number of conferences and academic seminars. We would like to express our special gratitude to Professor Robert Traba for the valuable comments he offered during the presentation of our project at a seminar at the PAN Center for Historical Research in Berlin in October 2016. First and foremost, however, we would like to extend our grati- tude to the participants of the Memory of Wartime Trauma in Local Communities seminar held during the University of Warsaw’s Interdisciplinary Social Memory Acknowledgments 7 Laboratory in March 2017. It was at this point that the entire conception for the book was critically evaluated. The comments made at the time by Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, Małgorzata Wosińska, Anna Wylegała, and Karolina Wigura enabled us to refine our conception for the book, so we are extremely grateful for them. We would also like to pass our words of gratitude on to Philip Palmer, who translated the Polish manuscript into English while taking care to ensure that the text would be understandable to the anglophone reader without any specialist knowledge of Polish history and culture. We would like also to acknowledge Marta Kurkowska-Budzan for her careful review of the book and very helpful comments, as well as Zofia Wóycicka, who read some parts of the book and left us very important remarks. Finally, we would like to direct our words of gratitude and empathy towards our husbands, children, and parents, who provided their support and under- standing while we were