D'=s ~ ENCYCLOP!EDIA IRANICA ~

EDITED BY EHSAN YARSHATER ·

Center for Iranian Studies Columbia University New York

Volume 1 FASCICLE 5

ADAT-AFGHANIST AN

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Badak!.in urial (Ovi.s orie,irali.s, iihii-ye sorls) coinhabit especially wild cats and foxes. and favorable weather much of the same range as Siberian ibex in southeastern conditions have fostered the increase. I Badaksii.n. The alpine ibex (Capra ibex ihex. iihu-yr Thirty-two species of bats have been identified in rang) is found in large numbers in the Hindu Kush. Afghanistap (Gaislcr ct al. 1968). Their preferred Pagmin. and Kiih~ Bibi ranges. while the wild goat habitat is in wanner sections of the country, where they ( Capra aegagrw. iiJrii-ye mogoli) is largely found in the may be found in abandoned ruins and caves of the southern Haurajat mountains. The markhor (Capra Sistii.n basin and the steppes. To the cast, common bats falconai, marfor) is one of the most spectacular and ( Myoti.s and Pipi.strellw) have been observed in Lagman least known species among the country's feral goats. and the Kabul river valley. Four sub-species of markhor occur in Niircstin, Bibliography: N. Annandale, "Aquatic Fauna Lagman. the Palr.tia forests. and Kiih~ Safi region of of Scistan," Rec. Indian Mweum 18, 1920, pp. 150- Kii.pisi and northern Badaksin. Local hunting bas been 2.53. K. Paludan, On rhe Birds of Afghanistan, a major factor in reducing their numbers in recent years. Copenhagen, 1959. J. Nicthammcr, "Die Siugcticrc The Bactrian deer (Cenw elaphw bacrrianw. gavazn-e Afgbanistans: lnsectivora, Rodcntia, Lagmorpba," bal,tari), once common in the wetlands of the A.mu Science Quarterly (Kabul), 1965, pp. 18-41. J. Gaislcr Darya. is also endangered because of habitat des­ ct al., "Faunal and Ecological Review of Mauunals truction and hunting pressure. The muslr. deer Occurring in the Environs of Jalalabad: Cbiroptcra," (Moschw moschiferw. iiJrii-yell;otan), wh'h occurred in Zoo/. Li.sty 17/l, 1968, pp. 41-48. B. Kral, "Notes on Nii rcstii.n, has not been reported during recent years the Hcrpctofauna of Certain Provinces of and may be extinct there. The wild boar (Sw scrofa, Afghanistan," Zoo/. Li.sty 18/1, 1969, pp. 55-66. E. l{iig-e wal)ii) has an extensive ecological range and Kullmann, "Die Ticrwclt Ostafgbanistans in ihrcn breeds successfully in swamps and recd beds along gcograpbiscbcn Bczicbungen," Freunde du KD/ner major river drainages in many parts of the country. Zoo 13/1, 1970, pp. 3-2.5. A. E. Leviton and S. C. Of the insectivorous mammals. the long~ hedge­ Anderson, "The Amphibians and Reptiles of hog (Hemiechinw auritw. lsii.rpo!rak-e gii.tderii.z) and Afghanistan," Proceedings of the California Academy Afghan hedgehog (Hemiechinw megalori.s. lsii.rpoirak-<> of Scienus 38, 1970, pp. 163-206. P. Schneider and a.fiani) arc sparsely distributed in the steppes and scmi­ A. S. Jalal, "Erstnachweis einer Wcichscbildltrotc, dcscrts, while Brandt's hedgehog (Paraechinw hy­ Trionyx gangeticw, in Afghanistan," Bonn. zookr. pomela.s) is only recorded from the Jalilibid valley in gi.scM &itriige 21/3-4, pp. 269-73. M. Ehsan, eastern Afghanistan. Besides occurring in the lowlands, '·Hcrpctof'aunal Regions of Afghanistan," Science shrews (Soricidtu. miiJha-ye wal)i,j arc also found in Quarterly (Kabul) 2/ 1·2. pp. 20-42. J. Hassinger, "A mountainous terrain, e.g., the centrally located Silang Survey of the Mammals of Afghanistan," Fieldiana: and Scbar passes. The cape hare (Lef)tl.S capensi.s, Zook,gy 60, 1973. C. Naumann and J. Niclhammer, kargii.s-e lsii.ki) is the most common Lagomorpb species "Zur siugdierfauna des Afgbanischcn Punir und des and bas a wide range extending from the western Wair.ban," Bonn. zoologi.sdte &ilriige 24, 1973, pp. steppes of Hcrat to the Pamir mountains. The Afghan 237-48. G. Nicthammer, "Zur Vogclwelt des pilr.a (Ochotona rufesx:ens. pengmw-e afgani) occurs in Afgbanischen Pamir und des Darwaz," ibid., 24, sub-alpine valleys and is scattered from the Silang pass 1973, pp. 270-84. G. Noggc, "Vogeljagd am to the Orii.zgin mountains, while the range of large­ Hindulr.usb," Natur und Muse11r1I 03, 1973, pp. 276- cared pilr.a (Ochorona macrotis. pengmw-e gwderii.z) is 79. R. G. Pctrocz, "Marco Polo Sheep (OYi.sammon limited to the valleys of Badak,sin. poli) of the Afghan Pamir," mimco. rcpon, United The long-tailed marmot's (Marmota caudata. tabar· Nations Development Program, Kabul, 1973. Idem, gan) range is restricted to alpine valleys above 3.000m. W. F. Rodenburg, and K. Habibi, "The Birds of It occurs in the Pamir, Z.Cba1r.,and Darwaz valleys of Hamunc Puzak," mimco. report, Kabul, 1976. Badak!in and northern Hindu Kush as well as the (K. HABIBI) centrally located mountains around Niwar. Two ar­ boreal species of squirrels, the giant Hying squirrel iv. ElllNOOltAPHY (Petauri.sta petauri.sta, kaftarmii.i-e bozorg) and arrow­ In their cthnolinguistic and physical variety the tailed flying squirrel (Hylopetesjimbriatus, kafranniiJ-e people of Afghanistan arc u diverse as their country is dombiirik), inhabit the Niireslin and Spingar forests. in topography. Buically, however, they may be des- 1 During spring and summer, when not hibernating, the cribcd as of Muslim religion, speakers of lndo- · ground squirrel (Spermophilwfulvus. senjab-e zamini) is European languages, and of the Mediterranean sub­ abundant in the Gazni and Katawaz plains, while the stoclr. of the great Caucasoid human stock (see bibliog. long-clawed squirrel (Spermophilopsis leptodacrylw. under pby~I anthropology). Most groups north of sen~ bozorg) occurs in day and locss biotopes of the Hindu Kush mountains exhibit varying degrees of northern Afghanistan. The rapidly expanding popu­ Mongoloid physical characteristics. Except in rural lations of smaller rodents, i.e., voles and · gerbils areas off the main lines of communications, few peoples (Criatid«) and rats (Muridae), arc posing serious maintain racial homogeneity. Many groups have prac­ problems to agriculture in the steppes. An expanding ticed intermarriage for oeoturics; and composite com­ agricultural economy, reduction in predator numbers, munities exist in broad bands of ethnic gray zones (see AFGHANISTAN IV. ETHNOGRAPHY --,.....

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Figure 17 the map of ethnic groups). When: long contact bu several groups ofBaliic live in the Turkmen SSR. In the aisled between Caucasoid and Mongoloid peoples, same general area as the Baliil: are found the particularly in the north among the Fini- (or Dari-) Brihw-speaken of a Dravidian languaae, who arc speaking Tajik and the Turkic Uzbek, there occur occasionally Australoid in appearance. The Niirestini, combinations of red or blond hair and blue or mixed­ Kiihcstini, GuJur, and other small groups of moun­ color eyes in association with cpicanthic cyefolds and taineer sheep- and goat-herders, dairymen, and farmers high cheekbones. In the south many darker-skinned occupy the rugged mountain z.oncs of eastern Baliic and Brihw also have blue-green, or mixed eyes. Afghanistan and continue into Chitral (). The Blond.ism occurs with comparatively high frequency Wf\i-Pamiri groupe litcwisc extend into the mountains among the more remote Niirestini; and blue and mixed of Pakistan. The Barban of eastern probably eyes occur in combination with blond or red hair. The derive their origin from the Aymiq or Huira, the research on the fringes of Niirestin by the Soviet principal peoples of the central mountains of anthropologist G. Dcbcts indicates a great mixture of Afghanistan. These groups present many local and "Mediterranean-Indian" types; but more blondism ethnolinguistic variations in their forms of Afghan exists in the center of the region. peasant-tribal society. This society may be described Afghanistan is not a sdf-<:ontaincd ethnic unit, nor is generally u patriarcha.l, patrilincal, and patrilocal, but its national culture uniform. Few of its ethnic groups imbued with many strong matri-aspecu. are totally indigenous: The number of P~iin who live In December, 1979, the armed forc:es of the USSR in Pakistan's tribal agencies and North-West Frontier invaded Afghanistan; subsequently the patterns dcs­ Province is almost equal to the number of those who are aibed in this section ba-vebeen altered to some degree. Afghan citizens. The Tajik, Turkman. Uzbek, and The situation remains unclear as of this writing (July, Qirgil. have their own soviet republics in . 1982), and the wu coati~ucs to escalate. Most inhabitants of far western Afghanistan (which is Ethnic groups in Afghanisran. In the following list, the geographically and culturally an extension of the form of religion is, except where noted or as qualified, Iranian plateau) are Persian-speaking Firsiwin. And Hanafitc Sunni. the Baliic in the southwestern comer of Afghanistan P~tiill. Language: P~to dialects. They are of the extend into western Pakistan and southeast Iran; also Mediterranean subgroup of the Caucasoid human .....-.-; . ~-I AfGHANISTANIV,EllfNOGRAPHY 497 stock. About 4,800,000 live in Afghanistan as agricul­ as "Tajik." (For the history of the term, see Tajik.) turists, nomads, and semi-nomads. The Tiiri are Some are Isma 'iii. Bibliog.: M. Andrecv. Po etnograjii Shi 'ites. Bibliog.: L. Dupree, "The Changing Afghanistana. Tashkent, 1927. Idem, Po ernologii Character of South-central Afghanistan Villages," Afghanistana, Tashkent. 1932. P. Sooy, "Nuristan und Human Organization 14, 1956, pp. 26-29. K. Ferdinand, Mungan," Tribus 14, 1965. pp. 101-49. F. Kussmaul. "Nomad Expansion and Commerce in Central "Siedlung und Gehoft bei den Tagiken in den Afghanistan," Folk 4, 1962, pp. 123-59. Idem, Berglindem Afghanistans," Anthropos 60. 1965, pp. "Nomadism in Afghanistan," in Viehwirtschaft und 487-532. Idem, "'Badaxsan und seine Tagiken,'' Tribw Hirtenkultur, ed. L. Foeldes and 8. Gunda, Budapest, 14. 1965, pp. 711-99. L. Dupree, "Aq Kupruk: A Town 1969, pp. 127-60. 0. Caroe, The Pathans, London, in North Afghanistan," 2 parts, American University 1965. H. -J. Wald, Landnutzung und Siedlung der Field Staff (AUFS), Field.staff Reports 10/9-10, Pashtunen im Becken von Khost. Opladen, 1969. C. Hanover, N. H., 1966; repr. in Peoples and Cultures of Jentsch, Das Nomadentum in Afghanistan (Afghanische the Middle East, ed. L. Sweet. II, New York, 1970, Studien9), Meisenheim, 1973. N. Tapper. "The Advent pp. 344-87. J. Uberoi, "Men, Women and Property in of Pashtun maldars in North-western Afghanistan," Northern Afghanistan," India and Contemporary I slam, BS0AS 36, 1973, pp. 55-79. R. Tapper, "Nomadism in ed. S. Lokhandwall,Simla, 1971, pp. 388-416. N. Allan, Modem Afghanistan," Afghanistan in the 1970s, ed.L. "The Modernization of Rural Afghanistan: A Case Dupree and L. Albert, New York, 197.f, pp. 126-43. A. Study," Afghanistan in tM 1970s, pp. 113-25. D. Janata, "Gbairatman-Der gute Pashtune," Afghanistan Balland, "Vieux sedentaire tadjik, les immigrants Journal 2/3, 1975, pp. 83-97. 8. Glatz.er, Nomaden von Pachtoun dans le sillon de Gbazni (Afghanistan orien­ Gharjistan, Wiesbaden, 1977. G. Kuhnert. FalknLrei in tal), .. Bulletin de /'Association des geograpMs franrais Afghanistan, Bonn, 1980. A. Christensen. "The 51, 1974, pp. 171-80. Pashtuns of Kunar," Afghanistan Journal 7/3, 1980, Fiusiwiin. Language: Dari. Of the basic pp. 79-92. W. St.cul, Paschtunwali, Wiesbaden, 1981. G. Mediterranean sub-stock. about 600,000 live near the Pedersen, "Socio-economic change among a group of Afghan-Iranian border or in the districts of Heral, East Afghan Nomads,'' Afghanistan Journal 8, 1981, Qandahar, Gazni, and other southern and western pp. 115-22. Relevant, though particularly con<%med towns. lbe term Finiwin also has the regional forms with the Pa$tiin of Pakistan, are: F. Barth, Indus and Piniwin and Pirsi"bin. In religion they are lmamite Swat Kohisran: An Ethnographic Survey, Oslo, 1956. Shi'ite. In the literature they are often mistalten1y Idem, Political uadership among tM Swat Pathans, referred to u Tajik. Bibliog: P. English, '"The Pre­ London, 1959. For the various Pa$tiin tribes, see also A industrial City of Herat," Citi.es in tM Middle Ea.st. ed. Dictionary of the Pathan Tribes of tM North-West L. Brown, Princeton, 1973. H. Baghban, TM Content Frontier of India, Calcutta (General StaJf, Anny HQ and Concept of Humor in Magadi Theatn, PhD thesis, India), 1910. Afghanista11: Field Nous ofGmual Staff. Indiana University ( University Microfilms n-t 0-977). India, 2nd ed., Calcutta, 1915. R. Ridgway, Pathans, Qizilba.i. Language: Dari. Of the Mediterranean sub­ Calcutta, 1918. C. Davies, TM North-West Frontier, stoclt, they are scattered throughout Afghanistan and /8')()-/()()8, Cambridge, 1932 Afghanistan: British are primarily urban. They are descendants of the Intelligence Survey, London, 1948. A. Ahmed, military and administrative personnel stationed in MilleMiurn and CharismJJ Among Pathans, London, Afghanistan by Nader Shah Afiiir (1148-60/ I 736-4 7). 1976. Idem, Social and Economic Changes in tM Tribal Many bold important bureaucratic and professional Areas, Karachi, 1977. L. Dupree, "On two Views of the appointments, and they form one of the more literate Swat Pusbtun," Current Anthropology 18, 1977, pp. groups in Afghanistan. They practi<% Imamite Shi 'ism 514-17. J. Robertson, Notes on tM Nomad Tribes in but may also, to avoid discrimination, resort to dissimu­ Eastern Afghanistan, Quetta, 1978 (repr. of the 1934 lation (taqiya). Bibliog: H. Hahn, Die Stadt Kabul classic). E. Howell, Mizh: A Monograph on tM ( Afghanistan) und ihr Umland (Bonner Geographiscbe Government's Relalions with tM Masud Tribe, Karachi, Abhandlunsen 34, 35), 1964, 1965. D. Wiebe, "Struktur 1979; foreword by A. Ahmed. A. Ahmed, Pulchtun und Funktion eines Serais in der Altstadt von Kabul.·• £.c()11(),nyand Society, London, 1980. F. Barth, Selected Schrifun tier Geographisc:Mn lnstituts der Universitat Es.says: Fea1ures of Puson and Society in Swat. Kiel 38, 1973, pp. 213-33. L. Dupree, "Further Notes on Collected Essays on Palhans, vol 2, London, 1981. A. Taqiyya: Afghanistan," JAOS 99, 1979, pp. 680-82. Singer, Guardians of the North-Wat Frontiu: The Haziira. Language: Haziragi dialect of Dari. They Pathans, Amsterdam, 1982. SeeBalland Wlder Tajik. are physically .Mongoloid, but admixture is common in Tajik. Language: Dari; Tajiki dialects. Of the basic the ethnic gray zones. The Hazira number about MeditaTanean sub-stock. they show Mongoloid at­ 1,000,000, primarily highland agriculturalists; many tributes increasingly from south to north. About work seasonally in Kabul and other urban <%nters. 3,500,000 live in northern Afghanistan, primarily as Their ancestors may have arrived in Afghanistan from agriculturists. They are concentrated in the northeast, Chinese Turkistan within the period 626-850/ 1229- where they usually refer to themsdves by the vallcy or 1447. In religion they are divided into Imamite Shi'ite. region in which they live. Those living in areas domi­ lsma 'iii, and Hanafite Sunni groups. Bibliog.: E. nated by other ethnic groups refer to themsdves simply Bacon, Obolc (Wenner-Gren Foundation Monograph AFGHANISTANIV,E'JllNOGRAPHY

25), New York, 1951. Idem, "An Inquiry into the Bolsheviks in Central Asia, Turkman groups brought Hi5tory of the Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan," with them into Afghanistan the karakul lamb and rug­ South-stern Journal of Anthropology 7, 1951, pp. 230- weaving industries; others had arrived earlier. Major 47. K. Ferdinand, Preliminary Noces on Hazara Culture. froups include:. Tckkc, Yomiid, Tariq, Lakai in the Copenhagen, 1951. Idem, "Ethnographical Notes on Hcrat region; Tckkc and Ersari in Aqca; Siroq and the Cbahar Aimaq, Hazara and Moghol," Acta Cakra in Andkiiy; Salor in Maymana and in Mariicak; Oril'ntalia 28, 1964. pp. 175-203. H. Dianous, "Hazaras Ersari and Mawri in Dawlatibad. Bibliog.: Jarring, On ct Mongols en Afghanistan," Orimt 5, 1961, pp. 71- the Distribution of Turk Tribes. W. Irons. "The 113. H. Schurmann, 17,e Mongols of Afghanistan. The Torkoman Nomads," Natural History 77, 1968, pp. 44- Hague. 1962. Dupree, "The Green and the Black," 51. Idem, "Variation in Political Stratification among AUFS. Fieldstaff Reports. South Asia Series, 1(1, 1963. the Y omut Turkmcn," Anthropological Quarterly 44, R. Canfield, "Hazara Integration into the Afghan 1971, pp. 143-56 (both on the Iranian Yomiid, but Nation," The Asia Society, Afghanistan Council, relevant). E. Franz. "Zur gcgcnwartigcn Vcrbreitung Occasional Paper 3, New York, 19n. Idem, "Faction und Gruppicrung dcr Turkmcncn in Afghanistan," and Conversion in a Plural Society: Religious Baessler-ArchiY 20. 1972, pp. 191-238. Idem, Alignments in the Hindu Kush," Museum of "Ethnographischc Skizzcn zur Fragc dcr Turkmcncn in Anthropology, University ,or Michigan, Anthro­ Afghanistan." Orimt 4, 1972, pp. 175-84. X. de pological Paper 50, Ann Arbor, 1973. Planhol, "Sur la frontierc turkmenc de l'Afghanistan," Aymaq. Language: Dari dialects. incorporating Rel'UI' giographique de /'Est 13/1-2, 1973, pp. 1-16. A. much Turkic vocabulary. They arc Mongoloid in basic Stucki, "Untcr Turkmcnen," Tages Anzeiger Magazin physical type, but less notably so in appearance than the 44. 1978, pp. 6-13. Hazira. Numbering about 500,000, they arc agricultur­ Qirgiz. Language: Qipcaqdialects. Two groups of alists and transhumants. They refer to themselves by the Mongoloid Qirgiz, comprising several thousand tribal names (sec map) and not by the expression transhumants, tend sheep, goats, and yaks in the Little "Cahir Aymiq;" the first of these two terms is used Pamir and Great Pamir. Bibliog.: Jarring, On tM only when people arc prompted. Bibliog.: G. Distribution of Turk Tribes. R. Dor, Contribution a Mandcnloot and J. Powell, Firozkohi un "Afghanistan l'itwk du Kirghiz du Pamir Afghan (Cahicrs Turcica I), &isjournal, Rottcrdan, 1971. Sec also Ferdinand, Pam, 1975. R. de Graney and R. Kostka, ed .• Gros.m "Ethnograpbical Notes," under Haz.ira. Pamir. Graz, 1975. R. Dor and C. Naumann, Die Mogol. Language: Dari, incorporating much Kirghisen tits afghaniscMn Pamir, Graz, 1978. M. Mongol vocabulary; some southern Mogol speak Shahrani, ~ Kirfhiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan, Pajto. They arc basically Mongoloid, but occasional Seattle, 1979. L. Dupree, "The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Mediterranean admixture occurs. Several thousand are Afghanistan," Asiall Affain 11, 1980, pp. 322-2S. scattered throughout o=ntral and north Afghanistan as Bralriii. Language: Brihiii (Dravidian); most also highland agriculturalists and transhumants. They were speak P&$loor Balul::f.A modified Mediterranean sub­ originally concentrated in Gor proviooe, their disper­ stock with moderate Australoid admixture, the Brihii.is sion occurring at least 125 years ago; they may be in southwest Afghani5tan number about 10,000. They descended from troops that accompanied Genghis arc usually tenant farmers or hired herders for Pa$tiin or Khan. Bibliog.: A. Mariq, "Arwitsch. un village mon­ Baliil: khans. Principal groups iocludc: Aydozi, golc," u minaret du Djam. Paris, 1959, pp. n-78. S. Lawaizi, Yigizi, Zirkandi, Malµnasini. Sec the litera­ Homam, "Afghan Moghols," Afghanistan 33/1-2.1980, ture on the Brihiii in Pakistan: D. Bray, 77,e Life­ pp. 87-99, 33-39. Secalso bibliog. under Haz.ira. History of a Bram,i, London, 1913. N. Swidlcr, "The Uzbek. Language: Cagatiy (central Turkic) dialects. Political Context of Brahui Sedent.arization," Basically Mongoloid, these people show much Ethnolov 12, 1973, pp. 299-314. Mediterranean admixture in the ethnic gray zones. Niirutiini. Language: Niirestinidialects. lbcy are of About 1,000,000 live in northern Afghanistan, chicfty the Mediterranean sub-stock with about one-third sedentary farmers or transhumants. They refer to recessive blondism. About 70,000 arc settled in eastern themselves by old tribal namcs-Harali, Kamalti, Afghanistan. Formerly termed "Kafin," they wa-c Mangit, Ming. SBQara, Taymiis. Bibliog.: G. Jarring. converted forcibly to Islam in the late 19th century by On tM Distribution of Twk Trikr in Afghanistan: An Amir 'Abd-al-Ra.l;unin..(About 2-3,000 Cllitrali Kafirs Attmrpt a, a Preliminary Classification (Lundi Uni­ still practice the old religion, according to the un­ w:niteU Acsskritt, N. F., avd. I. bd. 35, no. 4, 1939). P. published research of P. Parkes.) The Niircstinis de­ Ccntlivers, "Les Uzbcks du Qattaghan," Afghanistca signate themselves by local geographical names, e.g., Jmunai 2. 1976, pp. 28-36. Sec also Dupree, "Aq Jlaigali, Waygali, Piriini, Aiklin, Wami'i. They prac­ Kupruk.," under Tajik. tice both agricuhure (using elaborate terracing on the Turlcman. Language: Oguz dialects. In physical type mountain slopes) and herding of sheep, goats, and they arc acquilinc Mongoloid; about 400,000 live as cattle. Particularly noticeable in their culture is the semi-sedentary and semi-nomadic farmer-herdsmen in proliferation of wood artifacts. Bibliog.: G. S. north Afghanistan (concentrated in the northwest). Robertson, Kajirs of the Hindu /uuJr, London, 1896, After the failure of the 1920. basmai1 resistance to the new ed .• 1900; rcpr .. Karachi, with foreword by L. AFGHANISTAN IV. ElllNOGRAPHY 499

Dupree, 1975. A. Scheibe, ed .. Deuuche im Hindulcusch. pp. 139-52. E. Gaffcrbcrg, Perezhirlci religionznxy pred­ Berlin, 1937. P. Sooy, "Nuristan und Mungan,"' Tribus sravvenij u Beludzhej. Moscow, 1975. Sec also Embree 14, 1965, pp. 101-49. S. Jones, An Annorared under Other. ; Bibliography of Nurisran { Kafirisran) and rhe Ka/ash Gujur. Language: of the lndo-Aryan group;1 most Kafirs ofChirra/. 2 parts, Copenhagen, 1966-69. Idem, also speak P~to. Of Mediterranean type, they arc The Polirical Organizarion of rhe Kom Kafirs. Copen­ cattle-herders and farmers on the eastern fringe of hagen, 1967. A. R. Palwal, "History of Former Niircstin. Sec Dupree and Strand under Niircstini and Kafiristan," Afghanisran 21/3, 1968, pp. 48-66; 21/4, Rao under lat. pp. 61-88; 22/1, 1969, pp. 6-27; 22/2, pp. 20-43. L. )at (or GujT, called Gujur in the north). Language: Dupree, "Nuristan: The Land of Light Seen Darkly," lndo-Aryan; most also speak Dari or Paito. Of AUFS Fields raff Reporrs, South Asia Series, 15/6, 1971. Mediterranean type, they form gypsy-like bands of K. Jcttmar, ed., Culrures of the Hindu Kush. Heidelberg, tradesmen, tinkers, musicians, and fortune-tellers. 1974. Idem, Die Religionen des Hindu Kusch, Stuttgart, Many claim Arab dcsocnt, e.g., the Shaikh 1975; English tr., Warminster, 1980. R. Strand, "The MolJammadi, who arc traders only. Other groups Changing Economy of the Korn Nuristani," include the Ca.agar, Musafi, and Ca.Iii.Bibliog.: A. Rao, Afghanistan Journal 2, 1975, pp. 123-34. M. Mclabar, "Note preliminairc sur lcs Jat d'Afgbanistan," Snu:iia "A Native Account of the Folk ijistory of the lranica 8, 1979, pp. 141-49. Idem, "Qui soot lcs Jat Kalasbum," Afghanistan "30/3, 1977; 30/4, 1978. L. d'Afghanistan?," Afghanistan Journal 8, 1981, pp. 55- Edclbcrg and S. Jones, Nuristan. Graz, 1979. 8. 64. Kingsley, "The Cap that Survived Alexander," JAOS Arob. Language: Primarily Dari or P~to; some 85, 1981, pp. 39-46. speak an Arabized Persian, and a few speak Arabic. Kohestani. Language: Dardic (lndo-Aryan) dialects. Various small, semi-sedentary villages and semi­ The term Kobcstani is applied to the distinct linguistic nomadic bands claim Arab (Sa})"d) descent; their groups, numbering about 60,000 individuals, on the physical types arc Mediterranean, Mongoloid, and southern fringe of Niircstin-c.g., speakers of Pasai, mixed. Bibliog.: R. Farhadi, "Die Sprachen von Gawar-biti, Siwaji, Dajani, and Kuwir. They arc of Afghanistan," Zentra/asiatische Studien 3, 1969, Mediterranean physical type. Bibliog.: R. L. Keisei-, pp. 409-16. T. Barfield, 7'111!Central Asian Arabs of "Social Structure in the Southeastern Hindu Kush: Afghanistan. Auatin, 1981. Some Implications for Pasbai Ethno-bistory," HirrmLLanguage: Hindi, Panjabi, or Lahndi; they Anthropos 69, 1974, pp. 445-56. Idem. "Genealogical also speak either Dari or P~to. About 20,000 people, Beliefs and Social Structure among the Sum of basically of north Indian physical type and Hindu in Afghanistan," Afghanistan Council, Asia Society, religion, arc found mainJy in urban centers; they are Occasional Pa~r 5, 1975. P. Sooy, /Jagrot. EiM dar­ merchants and ~ Bibliog.: L. Dupree, dbche Taischaft im Karakorum, Graz, 1975. K. Wutt, "The Indian Mercbants in Kabul," AUFS Fwldstaff Pashai, Graz, 1981. Rlpom, South Alia Series 6/3, 1962. Galea(or Mountain Tajik). Language: in addition to Siklr. Language: 1ee under Hindu. About 10,000 arc Dari, various Pamir (Eastern Iranian) languages: scattered throughout the cities and towns of Eskiimi. Munji, Ormup. Parici, Rosini, Sangleci, Afghanistan as merchants and moneylenders. Like the Sugai,Wiki, Yago obi.They arc of the Mediterranean Hindus, they arc mostly Afghan citizens and practice sub-stock with Mongoloid admixture; several thousand their religion without undue interference. Their basic live as farmers, mainly in Badak:sin and the Wik:in. In physical type is Mediterranean, with extreme hirsute­ religion some arc Hanafitc Sunni, others Isma 'iii. ness. Sec Dupree under Hindu. Bibliog.: K. Gratz!, ed., HindJJJcusch,Graz. 1974. Sec Jew. Language: Hebrew; all speak Dari or P~to or also Sbabrani under Qirgiz, Kussmaul under Tajik, and both. Several hundred live in Kabul, Qandahir, and bibliog. under v. Languages. Heral u merchants and moncylcndcn. Many went to Ba/iii:. Language: Baliici Of the Mediterranean sub­ Israel, but most subsequently either returned or emi­ stock with bracbyoepbalic tendencies, about 200,000 ..­ grated to the United Statea. Their physical type is live in Afghanistan. They arc now semi-sedentary and M cditerraneaJL semi-nomadic, having traditionally been nomads and Bibliography: Most writinp on Afghan peoples c:aravaneen (and slavers until the late 19th century). and c:ultma have been footnota to M. Elphinstonc, Some live in the northwest; others travel from S-utin to ,411 Aceou11t of the Ki,rgdom of Caubul and its Hcrat in summer and return in winter. Most Afghan ~ntknda ill Ptrsia, Taruuy and India:. Baluc arc Roksini; main sub-groups include: C,,,,,,rvurg a Yn of the Afgliaun Nation and ~ Sanjarini, Nahiiri, Yamarzay, Sumarzay, Gumia-zay, Hi.story of the Doorawtff Monarchy, London, 1815. Sarbandi, Mlangol, Hariit, Silirzay. In the Sistin See lilt of bibliographics in Bibliographw der swamps lives a specialized bunter-fisherman group, the A/1/umutan-Literatw /945-1967, 2 vols .• Hamburg. $ayyid. Bibliog.: Sec under Baliic. R. Pehrson and F. 1968-69. On films and unpublished research, see L. Barth, 7'111!Social Organization of the Marri Baluch, Dupn,c, "Anthropology in Afghanistan," AUFS Chicago, 1966. 8. Spooner, "Politics, Kinship and F~ldrtaff Reports, South Asia Series 20/5, 1976. The Ecology in Southeast Persia," Ethnotov, 1, 1969, most complete, continuing bibliography is Biblioteca 6 AFGHANISTANIV, £THNOGRAPHY

Afghanica, ·LiestaJ_.Switzerland . The following per- Kieffer, " A propos de la circoncision a Caboul et iodicals publish · many ethnographic articles : dans le Logar ," frJtschr1f1 for Wilhelm Eilers, Wies- Afghanistan (Kabul), Fo/Jc.lore(Kabul), Afghanistan baden , 1967. pp. 191-201. H: Amoss, "Dari -Zul : Journal (Graz), P~to (Kabul), Jourf'IQJ of Central .'Village in transition '. " Amuican Historical Asia (lslamabad) ,. Cmtral Asio (Peshawar), Afghan Anthropolog y: Essar s in Honor of uslie Spier, Studies (British Academy) . Carbondale, 1967. P. Centlivres , Un bazar d'Asie General works . J. Biddulph, Tribes of the Hindu Centrale. Formr et Organisat ion du bazar tk Koosli, Calcutta , 1880. H . Raverty, Notu on Tiuhkwghiur ( Afghanistan}, Wiesbaden. 1972. E. Afghanistan and Part of Baluchistan. Gtographical. Grotzbacb, K.ulturgeographische Wallfkl in Nordos1- Ethnological and Historical, London, 1888. H . Afghanistan seit dem 19. JahrhundLrt (Afgbaniscbe Bellew, An Inquiry into the Ethnography of Studien 4), Meiscnbeim. 1972. C.-J . Charpentier, Afghanistan . London, 1891 (more reliable than Bazaar~-Tashqurghan . Ethnographical Studies ill an Raverty) . Another basic source is the six volume Afghan Traditiof'IQJ Bazaar . Uppsala, 1972. N . H. Imperial Gau/leer of Afghanis/all by the British Dupree, Kabul : City in Transition (Afghanistan General Staff, Calcutta, 1908-14. Sevaal volumes Council , Asia Society, Special Paper 2), New York , have been upda1ed and edited by L. Adamec 197.5. L. Sakata, The Concepts of Music and W>der the title Historical a,d Political Gaza11eer Musicians ill Three Pt'l"$ian-Spealcing Areas of of Afghanistan : I. BadaJc.hshan and Norrheasrt!171 Afghanistan, PhD thesis . Un ivenity of Michigan , Afghanistan , Graz.. 1973 II . Farah and Sourhwesrern 1976 (UM 76-17-609). M. Slobin , Music ill rhe Afghanistan . Graz. 1973. Ill. Herar and Norrhwestern CuJturr of Northern Afghanistan, Tucson , 1976. B. Afghanistan, Graz., 1975. IV . Mazar-i-Sharif and Sarif, Zw Siruarion des Fr~n in Afghanisran , North-Central Afghanistan , Gru. 1979. V. Kandahar Frankfurt, 1977. L. Dupree, "USAID and Social and ~uth-Central Afghanistan, Graz., 1980. J. Scientists Discuss Afghanistan's Development Pros- Humlum , La gtogrophie tk /'Afghanistan, pects," AUFS Fields1Dff Reports, South Asia Series Copenhagen, 19.59. M . Klimburg. Afghanistan. 20/2. 19n. E. Knabe. Frawnemanizipation ill Vienna, 1969. A. Aslanov et al ., "Ethnography of Afghanistan, Meilmhcim , 19n. M. Miran, Afghanistan : A Russian Study," Afghanistan : ~- "'Sociali.nguistic Factors in Afghanistan," New Approaches. ed. G . Gra.ssmuck et al., Ann AfKltanatan Jownal 4, 19n, pp. 122-27. A. and B. Arbor, pp. 1-11. W. Kraus, ed., Afgha,wta11 , Szabo, Preliminary No,u on tlw Indigenous Tiibingen and Basel, 1972. J. Blanc, L'Afthanistan et Architecturr of Afpanisun, Harvard, 1978. P. as popula1io,u, Paris , 1976. A. Embree, ed., Hume, Womor a1td tlw /Nrelopmmt Pr~ ilf Pakistan 's Western Bar*ruutd.s , New Delhi , 1977 . A/Kls-isra,, (AlD/NE-C-1487). Wahington, 1978. N. H. Dupn,c, An Hi.slOricalGwule u, Af1ha,w1a11, J. ADllknon and R. Strand. ed., "Ethnic Piocesse:s 2nd ed., IC.abul,19n (contaming good ethnographic and larergroup Rela~ ill Coatanporary material) . R. and M . Poulton, Ri ]mq: U" ,iJJar,e Afghanistan," Afgbanistaa Couacil, Alia Society, lliji/c dans k 110rdtk /'Afghanistan, Paria., 1979. Lu Occono,ra/ Paper 1.5, New Yott, 1978. R. Kraus, temp, motkmn, "7W men.swlle : Afthanistan , Paris, Si«ilunppolttik '-' Erf~tellt an S~d~t" no. 408--09, 1980. L Dupree, AfgltanisUDI. 3rd revised i,t _,,. Prowrun Hi/mend-.! Bagltlan. Afghanistan ed., Princeton, 1980. C. Ralhjem. ed., New (Afgbaouche Studien l2l. MeiJcnbc:im., 1975. J. Fonchungen ill Afghanisltzll, Opladen, 1981. Haoifi. 1he Central Asian and its Role in Cultural Physical anthropology . G. Maranjian, ''The lJil.. Tramformatioa, ~ Afghamsun Council, Mia t.ribution of ABO Blood Types in Afglwnistan, " Society , Ot:c:anonaP.- 6, 1974. L Duprc:c, American Journal of Physical Antl,ropoloo 10, 19S8. ""StUkmtut IIDd Migraticm Pattens ill Afzt,anisWl, ~ p. 263-:R. Woodd-Walkcr et al., "'The Blood Gro11p1 ltl.dmt A.firm SllldJa 9, l97S , pp. JIS-400. R. Dor of the T!Dluri and Related Tribes in Afghanistan," aad M . Nicolas.Qwnd II crible itoit d.u lo poi/le, ibid., TT, 1967, pp. 195-204. R Hugbea. " Finl!r l'lria.1971 . A. Gba.ni. Mlslam and State-Building in a DematogJyphic:s from Nuristan, Afabanistan." !tfa,r TriW Society: MghelliPao 1880-1901," Modem 2. 1967, pp. 119-lS. G . Debeu, Pfly1ical Andrro- ..._ StwJJa 12. 1978, pp.. 2fi9-8.4..I. Mc:A.rtbur, S. polo,y of AfgltanislDII, Cambridge. Ma&. 1970. _ .. . S.,.,. met K NawiD. -Ra.ogeland l.iwstoclt Family ; Yillaplllldtown;-.amchaJIIID, A..lamla,.. •·. :~ ~~ P\uctiKDc»~ We111n1~ • J--,J of Arid ~eiobaq . UDd Hodm:il ia W ... An:AiiY/ii' . ·/ ';) .• ·, aµ .. • 2, lffl. pp,. 163-79. T. ftiep'C, Tora­ Jrorllenboidr 17-18. 1967-61. pp. .9-72: Jt.:Homidl, ' · . ·.;.~:·~.-. ,( • Jt-,a6. 1979. M. Cuimer , .J. '"Die l!imadl11111Afghwniw.- sn...i,., mm• · · :: '.) ~·;~-..... • ..&a.Glatw. -~ ol Arid and zialea ...... - x--- utadrt/f Jfir~""" <... "{qr ~ ...... ~ ...;.. s.u.. 1'r,a6illlia and ·· Scittl-l"qcJ,olc,p, II. ~ .pp~ --~~ ·.; , ;~~"£!~ ~Colope.l~ . PJL11-M. B. Ollpaip, ~ __.,, ·a._,.; t. Bi..,._~;,,,,t· ::;: :· ~~~ - ~ jNr da Is :-. le8 bommes et la .l'olm:- (Ada BthDolopcaet .tmpma · 8), ·.:: '.'.·:. \ Jiilalc;.• ,.l.,-. -'-ar d lo -n , 1979. A VcJter, E. y...,.....i.,; .: I! .. JWm.... ,,,,...... - lf'lbl/, _ ·. / ·'.?,,'~ad M.-J. C:-Olla.. Lu Bazan • Kabat,J, Uf'Pa,ra•) ,,,,,,. '-~ ,,,., ' ; Umliftl' . (»onmr ' . ::}ma.m, ..s Halllt and R. Saaizay,11w l;adlliPnol . . . . "~< GlopaphilcbeAbhudlanp:D.J4.:35).1964. _J965.C. · .;.'L"'fAIMWa.:~of .A/~ .Nsta York. 1980. L _.· ·, ·"~· ;·,...i- .~;i ~\~i~~i~ t~;,'.::f.'I~~'ll;-·"'l;t1it~~ t:,;4;;i;;:i~ AFGHANISTAN IV. ETHNOGRAPHY-AFGHANISTAN V. LANGUAGES 501

Boesen, ··women, Honour, and Love:· Afghanistan tic and related ethnological fields. With few exceptions. . Journal 7, 1980, pp. 50-59. R. O'Conncr, ed. . dialcctology and ethnology have proceeded indcpcn- Managing Health Systems in Developing Areas : dcntly; any attempt to provide a synthesis would reveal Afghanistan. Lexington. Mass ., 1980. L. Dup~ . gaps ,at every stage and disparities that could not be "Militant Islam and Traditional Warfare in Islamic resolved without the help of a vast undertaking such as South Asia," AUFS Asia 21. 1980. S. Lajoinic, the forthcoming Atlas linguistiqUL de /'Afghanis/ON Conditions de femmes en Afghanistan. Paris, 1980. (ALA; ed. G. Rcdard, Berne). Only a cursory account A.-S. Zadran, "Kinship, Family, and Kinship can be given, a rough sketch delineating the present Terminology,·· Afghanistan 33/2, 1980, pp. 45-68. I. lingu.i.lticsituation and the tribes that speak the various Delloyc, Des f~s d"Afghanistan, Paris, 1980. languages. N. H. Dup~. "Revolutionary Rhetoric and Afghan Situated at the intersection of three geographically Women," Afghanistan Council, Asia Society, and culturally different worlds-India with its mon- OcaJSionaJ P~r23, 1981. W. Azoy, BuzluJShi: Game soons, Central Asia with its steppes, and the Iranian and Power in Afghanistan, Philadelphia, 1982. plateau-Afghanistan has seen a succession of invaders Other. R. Hackin and A. A. Kohzad, LLgendes et and colonizers of all kinds. Its political history has been cou~s Afghans, Paris, 1953. K. Ferdinand, "TIie a constant battle for indcpendcucc, its cultural history a Horizontal Windmills of Wc=ycrn Afghanistan." struggle to maintain its own personality. States have Fo/Jc 5, 1963, pp. 71-89; sec also ibid .. 8-9, 1966-67, appeared and disappeared, north, south, and straddling pp. 83-88. M. Demont and P. Ccntlivrcs. '"Potcrics ct the Hindu Kush, but it has not been possible to confuse poticn d'Afghanistan," Bulletin annuel du Mwie et them with Central Asia, India or Persia. The Institut d"ErhnographiL de la Ville de Geneve 10, 1967, Achaemenids (6th-4th cent. B.C.). Alexander and the pp. 23-67. B. Dupaignc, '"Apcrcus sur quclqucs tech- Greeks (4th cent.). Asoka and Buddhism (3rd cent.), niqucs afghancs," Objets et months 8, 1968, pp. 41- Kanisblta and the Kushans (1st cent. A.D.), the 84. L. Dupree, "Sports and Games in Afghanistan," Suaniins (2nd-6th cents.), the Iranian Huns (4th-8th AUFS Fieldstaff RLporrs. South Asia Series 14/1, cents.) and the Hcndiilihis of Kabul (1st-3rd/7th-9th 1970. F. R. Matson, "Summary: The Archaeological cents.) demarcate pro-Wamic history. The coming of Present: Near Eastern Potters at Work," ..LJA 88, lawn(lit-3rd/7th-9th cents.) wu the most important 1974, pp. 345-57. N. H. Dupree. "An Interpretation eYaJt in Afghan history. lllamic civilization flourished of the Role of the Hoopoc in Afghan FolkJorc and under the (4th-6th/10th-12th cents.) and Magic," Fo/Jclore 85, 1974, pp. 173-93. A. Jana ta, the Gburids (6th-7th/12th-13th cents.), but the Mongol "Beitrag zur Volkcrkundc Afghanistam," ArclriP far ilmllion in the 7th/ 13th century wu a catastrophe from Volkerlc~ 29, 1975, pp. 7-36. L Dupree. "Saint wbic:hAfghanistan never fully recovered. Nevertheless, Cults in Afghanistan," AUFS F~ldnaff Rq,oru, the Tuourid ren•isuaoe mwde Heral one of the great South Asia Series 20/1, 1976. M. Ccntlivrcs-Dcmont, c:itielofthc lslamicwortd in tbe9th/15thccntury. In the Popular Art ilf Afv,a,wra,,, Gru, 1976. H.. 10th/16th amtury Bibor founded the dynasty of the Einzm•nn, Religiosa Volbbrauchtun in Afghanisu.r, Gre.l Mughala. But the opening of the maritime route Wiesbaden., 1977. M. Mills, "Cupid and Psyche in to the Eut India phJnsa:Ithe countries bordering the Afghanistan," Asi• Society, Occasional PO/HT. no. tnditiooal silk route into economic and cultural stag- , 16. New York, 1978. R. Weekes, ed., Muslim nation. In the 12th/18th century AJµnad Shah Dorrini Peoples: A World Ethnographic Surrey, Westport, libcramd Afghanistan from the in1tuenceof Persia and -----, Conn-, 1978 (including ,ections on Aimaq by A India &Delpve birth to modem Afghanistan / '\:- R r ~ Janata, Baluch by S. Pastner, Brahui by N. Swidler, Afghanistan's ability to amalpmate rather than / <.? }- Haz.ara by R.. Canfield, Kirghiz by V. Mote., aod .-imilace- ii- such that it praenu wn extraordinary / 0 Nurisuili. Pushtun, Tajik and Uzba.k by L Dupree). edmic ud "liquistic rmdllJ.Ethnic di\lefSity results / Q: , ,-·~t .11u 0 M_ Dutreux, ui µinture cks canuons ew A_nhanisu.r, . . , from an wpatcdput. IMJIIWtism-wbicb to thiaday iaa C- j}..l, \\ •"rJ Paris., 1978(Parisl Sorbonne. !eCtionartspJutiqua; -yol llle ror about oae milliclll inhabitants (eight • " 1<:-,._,-,~,.,, ueminal wort; mimeo). L Duprce. ... Fuoctionw oC . ,~of'the popwation)-and the ,eographic struc- \t .· · '. · Folklore in Afghan Society,- A.sials Affairs 66, 1979, , · . tanr-ol the country_ Aroad Afpaniiitan's center of ~- pp. 51-61. Jovrnaief Soutlt. Asian ""1 MiJdl~ Ea:rtD'JI f .:·· . · _..-,. tha Hindi&Klllh, uilocated p-e.at natural areas Sludia, 3/2. 1979 (mtire illae devoted to Arpim.._) · ,.::;...... _ · .. • aeipborins COUDtriDIand lac:ting ethnography)- N. wn ~ ~ ""'."; :~ ~'.r-~~ tlwilim.TM Ami D9ryi in the north, the Mahan Shut . Games -. Cbikl [Jpeiopmait. "="~·:{ f.~~ oaa... mii~ICllllda, tJ1111u:,aatain nmgcs in Ah~ Jow-' 7, 19IIO.pp. 1~31. A J~ ::~ +,:-::~·-~- ,• :al i • _,. - wbir::h -,ldim, So\-* ill Af61tartultlfl, Ona, 1911. - ~-c·;·~;:·.6 ~ rx:1e···,,:.. . .· . -1., he·-llaw tmded. wbik the · ~.~· ;.~~~:~~-~:~:.:·.~:·,~..- .:~,.~.:!~~·:,:;~j:(~~~: 1:~.·t: ;,/·:~.-~ ..~.-~ -~ '87-8-- ~~ .... bem poplt- - , .·!·t , ..•~ .-·:·-..-. ·, t ':;., , :l,"1:'.,:,;>,...~·,jJ ,!~,~~ ,-.!;•·.-'•,~' ~ ...... timel.' ··. ,· . •. . "': •. ·~ ' ~ -~- ...... _··,l~ · "i'""·'·"'· -"'\· -- .. ~ - ~ -· - . _.,:.~) ' ._: ' ~ '~:: .:, :_ ;: ''::.r~..7.' -..~-~';<-~..,. ... _, .•,). ~ •.•.· ~·.i:_z.,;....._ _ ~-'·-:-tT~L.l... 7) ...... •-' . ., , .,,. . ~ -..·' ·-·-{:\:-·· - ..,,_~ :.i•~-----,·- ....,.n:pn::ICD...,.. are ,: ., ' ' -~- -~. . . . ~-i ~=-<::'~~~! ·.7::, ,L .• ;r...... <- I. M. Orwkij, Jronslr.ie It wollkl be impoaible to'."mmrnarim._ • • ~, l '!c;.iit,ld." ~• . 1963; Ir •. J_ IWu, 118 1-Kua ira- ,peciwli:-11-.n:h that lw.blim arried outia~ .:::- \ ".:'~~-.1 ~ by ;rurtilb laapqca of ~-· .

.,.. ~ ... =• .. :· :~.:w~-:t ~tfi2fft~f~i}~)tl~\ ... . . - . -:':~]id ti~f?J·J;,i:\I}l.t~;/ 2{\.::::.'