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Encyclop!Edia Iranica ~ D'=s ~ ENCYCLOP!EDIA IRANICA ~ EDITED BY EHSAN YARSHATER · Center for Iranian Studies Columbia University New York Volume 1 FASCICLE 5 ADAT-AFGHANIST AN ~-- 'I ' ' Routledge & Kegan Paul . ' London, Boston,·Melboarne and Healey , ·. ' I ' ~ ·1.'. \', . I·,. ',' • : I I .·• · .. '.' ,i '.: ..::·:;,,:. I q.'i-3' . .. ··. ,. :, ·.. ,.· .. • ''· ••• 1 J • ' I t • I ~:; • • • • • '. \ • \ \. i . i AFGHANISTAN Ill. FAUNA-AFGHANISTAN IV. ETHNOGRAPHY 49S Badak!.in urial (Ovi.s orie,irali.s, iihii-ye sorls) coinhabit especially wild cats and foxes. and favorable weather much of the same range as Siberian ibex in southeastern conditions have fostered the increase. I Badaksii.n. The alpine ibex (Capra ibex ihex. iihu-yr Thirty-two species of bats have been identified in rang) is found in large numbers in the Hindu Kush. Afghanistap (Gaislcr ct al. 1968). Their preferred Pagmin. and Kiih~ Bibi ranges. while the wild goat habitat is in wanner sections of the country, where they ( Capra aegagrw. iiJrii-ye mogoli) is largely found in the may be found in abandoned ruins and caves of the southern Haurajat mountains. The markhor (Capra Sistii.n basin and the steppes. To the cast, common bats falconai, marfor) is one of the most spectacular and ( Myoti.s and Pipi.strellw) have been observed in Lagman least known species among the country's feral goats. and the Kabul river valley. Four sub-species of markhor occur in Niircstin, Bibliography: N. Annandale, "Aquatic Fauna Lagman. the Palr.tia forests. and Kiih~ Safi region of of Scistan," Rec. Indian Mweum 18, 1920, pp. 150- Kii.pisi and northern Badaksin. Local hunting bas been 2.53. K. Paludan, On rhe Birds of Afghanistan, a major factor in reducing their numbers in recent years. Copenhagen, 1959. J. Nicthammcr, "Die Siugcticrc The Bactrian deer (Cenw elaphw bacrrianw. gavazn-e Afgbanistans: lnsectivora, Rodcntia, Lagmorpba," bal,tari), once common in the wetlands of the A.mu Science Quarterly (Kabul), 1965, pp. 18-41. J. Gaislcr Darya. is also endangered because of habitat des­ ct al., "Faunal and Ecological Review of Mauunals truction and hunting pressure. The muslr. deer Occurring in the Environs of Jalalabad: Cbiroptcra," (Moschw moschiferw. iiJrii-yell;otan), wh'h occurred in Zoo/. Li.sty 17/l, 1968, pp. 41-48. B. Kral, "Notes on Nii rcstii.n, has not been reported during recent years the Hcrpctofauna of Certain Provinces of and may be extinct there. The wild boar (Sw scrofa, Afghanistan," Zoo/. Li.sty 18/1, 1969, pp. 55-66. E. l{iig-e wal)ii) has an extensive ecological range and Kullmann, "Die Ticrwclt Ostafgbanistans in ihrcn breeds successfully in swamps and recd beds along gcograpbiscbcn Bczicbungen," Freunde du KD/ner major river drainages in many parts of the country. Zoo 13/1, 1970, pp. 3-2.5. A. E. Leviton and S. C. Of the insectivorous mammals. the long~ hedge­ Anderson, "The Amphibians and Reptiles of hog (Hemiechinw auritw. lsii.rpo!rak-e gii.tderii.z) and Afghanistan," Proceedings of the California Academy Afghan hedgehog (Hemiechinw megalori.s. lsii.rpoirak-<> of Scienus 38, 1970, pp. 163-206. P. Schneider and a.fiani) arc sparsely distributed in the steppes and scmi­ A. S. Jalal, "Erstnachweis einer Wcichscbildltrotc, dcscrts, while Brandt's hedgehog (Paraechinw hy­ Trionyx gangeticw, in Afghanistan," Bonn. zookr. pomela.s) is only recorded from the Jalilibid valley in gi.scM &itriige 21/3-4, pp. 269-73. M. Ehsan, eastern Afghanistan. Besides occurring in the lowlands, '·Hcrpctof'aunal Regions of Afghanistan," Science shrews (Soricidtu. miiJha-ye wal)i,j arc also found in Quarterly (Kabul) 2/ 1·2. pp. 20-42. J. Hassinger, "A mountainous terrain, e.g., the centrally located Silang Survey of the Mammals of Afghanistan," Fieldiana: and Scbar passes. The cape hare (Lef)tl.S capensi.s, Zook,gy 60, 1973. C. Naumann and J. Niclhammer, kargii.s-e lsii.ki) is the most common Lagomorpb species "Zur siugdierfauna des Afgbanischcn Punir und des and bas a wide range extending from the western Wair.ban," Bonn. zoologi.sdte &ilriige 24, 1973, pp. steppes of Hcrat to the Pamir mountains. The Afghan 237-48. G. Nicthammer, "Zur Vogclwelt des pilr.a (Ochotona rufesx:ens. pengmw-e afgani) occurs in Afgbanischen Pamir und des Darwaz," ibid., 24, sub-alpine valleys and is scattered from the Silang pass 1973, pp. 270-84. G. Noggc, "Vogeljagd am to the Orii.zgin mountains, while the range of large­ Hindulr.usb," Natur und Muse11r1I 03, 1973, pp. 276- cared pilr.a (Ochorona macrotis. pengmw-e gwderii.z) is 79. R. G. Pctrocz, "Marco Polo Sheep (OYi.sammon limited to the valleys of Badak,sin. poli) of the Afghan Pamir," mimco. rcpon, United The long-tailed marmot's (Marmota caudata. tabar· Nations Development Program, Kabul, 1973. Idem, gan) range is restricted to alpine valleys above 3.000m. W. F. Rodenburg, and K. Habibi, "The Birds of It occurs in the Pamir, Z.Cba1r.,and Darwaz valleys of Hamunc Puzak," mimco. report, Kabul, 1976. Badak!in and northern Hindu Kush as well as the (K. HABIBI) centrally located mountains around Niwar. Two ar­ boreal species of squirrels, the giant Hying squirrel iv. ElllNOOltAPHY (Petauri.sta petauri.sta, kaftarmii.i-e bozorg) and arrow­ In their cthnolinguistic and physical variety the tailed flying squirrel (Hylopetesjimbriatus, kafranniiJ-e people of Afghanistan arc u diverse as their country is dombiirik), inhabit the Niireslin and Spingar forests. in topography. Buically, however, they may be des- 1 During spring and summer, when not hibernating, the cribcd as of Muslim religion, speakers of lndo- · ground squirrel (Spermophilwfulvus. senjab-e zamini) is European languages, and of the Mediterranean sub­ abundant in the Gazni and Katawaz plains, while the stoclr. of the great Caucasoid human stock (see bibliog. long-clawed squirrel (Spermophilopsis leptodacrylw. under pby~I anthropology). Most groups north of sen~ bozorg) occurs in day and locss biotopes of the Hindu Kush mountains exhibit varying degrees of northern Afghanistan. The rapidly expanding popu­ Mongoloid physical characteristics. Except in rural lations of smaller rodents, i.e., voles and · gerbils areas off the main lines of communications, few peoples (Criatid«) and rats (Muridae), arc posing serious maintain racial homogeneity. Many groups have prac­ problems to agriculture in the steppes. An expanding ticed intermarriage for oeoturics; and composite com­ agricultural economy, reduction in predator numbers, munities exist in broad bands of ethnic gray zones (see AFGHANISTAN IV. ETHNOGRAPHY --,..... 1111-~~.....,. !GI • CllZI PAfTUN UMff ~~-141111&111 Figure 17 the map of ethnic groups). When: long contact bu several groups ofBaliic live in the Turkmen SSR. In the aisled between Caucasoid and Mongoloid peoples, same general area as the Baliil: are found the particularly in the north among the Fini- (or Dari-) Brihw-speaken of a Dravidian languaae, who arc speaking Tajik and the Turkic Uzbek, there occur occasionally Australoid in appearance. The Niirestini, combinations of red or blond hair and blue or mixed­ Kiihcstini, GuJur, and other small groups of moun­ color eyes in association with cpicanthic cyefolds and taineer sheep- and goat-herders, dairymen, and farmers high cheekbones. In the south many darker-skinned occupy the rugged mountain z.oncs of eastern Baliic and Brihw also have blue-green, or mixed eyes. Afghanistan and continue into Chitral (Pakistan). The Blond.ism occurs with comparatively high frequency Wf\i-Pamiri groupe litcwisc extend into the mountains among the more remote Niirestini; and blue and mixed of Pakistan. The Barban of eastern Iran probably eyes occur in combination with blond or red hair. The derive their origin from the Aymiq or Huira, the research on the fringes of Niirestin by the Soviet principal peoples of the central mountains of anthropologist G. Dcbcts indicates a great mixture of Afghanistan. These groups present many local and "Mediterranean-Indian" types; but more blondism ethnolinguistic variations in their forms of Afghan exists in the center of the region. peasant-tribal society. This society may be described Afghanistan is not a sdf-<:ontaincd ethnic unit, nor is generally u patriarcha.l, patrilincal, and patrilocal, but its national culture uniform. Few of its ethnic groups imbued with many strong matri-aspecu. are totally indigenous: The number of P~iin who live In December, 1979, the armed forc:es of the USSR in Pakistan's tribal agencies and North-West Frontier invaded Afghanistan; subsequently the patterns dcs­ Province is almost equal to the number of those who are aibed in this section ba-vebeen altered to some degree. Afghan citizens. The Tajik, Turkman. Uzbek, and The situation remains unclear as of this writing (July, Qirgil. have their own soviet republics in Central Asia. 1982), and the wu coati~ucs to escalate. Most inhabitants of far western Afghanistan (which is Ethnic groups in Afghanisran. In the following list, the geographically and culturally an extension of the form of religion is, except where noted or as qualified, Iranian plateau) are Persian-speaking Firsiwin. And Hanafitc Sunni. the Baliic in the southwestern comer of Afghanistan P~tiill. Language: P~to dialects. They are of the extend into western Pakistan and southeast Iran; also Mediterranean subgroup of the Caucasoid human .....-.-; . ~-I AfGHANISTANIV,EllfNOGRAPHY 497 stock. About 4,800,000 live in Afghanistan as agricul­ as "Tajik." (For the history of the term, see Tajik.) turists, nomads, and semi-nomads. The Tiiri are Some are Isma 'iii. Bibliog.: M. Andrecv. Po etnograjii Shi 'ites. Bibliog.: L. Dupree, "The Changing Afghanistana. Tashkent, 1927. Idem, Po ernologii Character of South-central Afghanistan Villages," Afghanistana, Tashkent. 1932. P. Sooy, "Nuristan und Human Organization 14, 1956, pp. 26-29. K. Ferdinand, Mungan," Tribus 14, 1965. pp. 101-49. F. Kussmaul. "Nomad Expansion and Commerce in Central "Siedlung und Gehoft bei den Tagiken in den Afghanistan," Folk 4, 1962, pp.
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