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Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree Of STATE AND ISLAM IN TURKMENISTAN (1991-2001) DISSERTATION Submitted to the Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (M. PHIL) In ISLAMIC STUDIES By TABASUM JABEEN Under the Supervision of DR. G. N. KHAKI (Associate Professor) Islamic Studies CCAS Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar,190006 NACC Accredited Grade ‘A’ 2011 Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar NAAC Accredited Grade ‗A‘ Declaration I solemnly declare that the Dissertation entitled, ―State and Islam in Turkmenistan (1991-2001)”, submitted by me in the discipline of Islamic Studies under the supervision of Dr. G. N. Khaki embodies my own contribution. This work which does not contain any piracy, has not been submitted, so far, anywhere for the award of any degree. Signature Tabasum Jabeen CCAS, University of Kashmir. Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar NAAC Accredited Grade ‗A‘ Certificate Certified that the Dissertation entitled, ―State and Islam in Turkmenistan (1991-2001)” submitted by Tabasum Jabeen is suitable for submission and worthy to award the degree of Master of Philosophy subject to the approval of examiners. The scholar worked under my supervision on whole-time basis for the period required under statutes. The receptivity and conduct of the scholar has remained satisfactory. Dr. G. N. Khaki, Associate Professor Centre of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir, Srinagar (Supervisor) Countersigned (Prof. G. R. Jan) Director, Centre of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir, Srinagar CONTENTS Chapter No`s. Page No`s. Chapter-I: 1-45 Introduction Country Profile Historical Background Advent of Islam in Turkmenistan Methodology Objectives Chapter Scheme Chapter-II: Socio-Religious Milieu 46-80 Society Customs and Traditions Family Religious Milieu Chapter-III: State and Islam in Soviet Period 81-124 Birth and Formation of Soviet Union Socio-political Milieu Islam in the Soviet Era Soviet religious Policy Resurgence of Islam Chapter-IV: State and Islam in Post Soviet Period 125-192 Formation of the State Nation-building policy of the Turkmen state Socio-Religious Milieu a. Education b. Health Care Sector c. Human Rights d. Economy Islam on the Eve of Independence a. Muslim Missionaries b. Islamic Revival c. Radical Islamic Movements d. State Policy e. Religious Freedom CHAPTER-V: Conclusion and Recommendation 193-199 Bibliography 200-216 DEDICATED TO MY Beloved PARENTS LIST OF FIGURES Fig. Description Page No. No`s. 1 Flag of Turkmenistan 49 2 Yurt 49 3 Tamdyr 50 4 Telpek 52 5 Kelin 53 6 Turkmenbashi Ruhy Mosque 74 7 Geokdepe Saparmurat Haji Mosque 75 8 Manat 133 9 Neutrality Arch 134 10 Earthquake Memorial 134 11 National Museum 135 12 Turkmenbashi Palace 135 13 Ice- Skating Palace 142 14 Ruhnama 144 15 Dashoguz Madrasa 173 16 Turmenbasynyn Ruhi Metjidi 175 17 Golden Statue in Ashgabat 186 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the very outset, I bow before Almighty Allah “who is the most beneficent and merciful”, who blessed me throughout my life and gave me courage to complete the present study. I take this opportunity to express my indebtedness to my esteemed supervisor, ―Dr G. N. Khaki‖, Associate Professor (Islamic Studies), Centre of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir, for his guidance, encouragement and help in carrying out this research work. His constant encouragement, thoughtful suggestions, overwhelming support, friendly attitude and fatherly affection helped me to accomplish the assigned task, which could not have been possible without his constant and enlightened supervision. I feel privileged to express my gratitude to ―Prof. G. R. Jan‖ Director, Centre of Central Asian Studies, and University of Kashmir, whose concern, guidance and encouraging vigil proved to be a great source of inspiration in the completion of the present work I owe my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. G. M. Mir, Prof. M. A. Kaw, and Prof. Aijaz Ah. Banday, Dr Abdul Rouf Shah, and Dr Afzal for their help and valuable suggestions. Words cannot express my gratitude to all other professors, for their help and advice during this study. I reserve my deep gratitude to the non-teaching staff especially the librarian, Mr. Mukhtar Ahmad and Gulam Nabi, Central of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir, for their precious help. I, most respectfully express my sincere thanks to my beloved parents, who encouraged and supported me at all odds of my life, more particularly during the course of my research work. Their unique, love, care and patience have been a source of inspiration for me to accomplish the research work. I owe my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to my sisters for their encouragement, love and, help during the course of study. TABASUM JABEEN ABBREVIATIONS ASSR, Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic BEC, Bashkent Education Corp. CERD, End All Forms of Racial Discrimination CIS, Commonwealth of Independent States CPSU, Communist part of the Soviet Union CPSU, Communist Party of the Soviet Union CRA, Council for Religious Affairs EIU, Economist Intelligence Unit FBIS, Foreign Broadcast Information Service FERF, Foreign Exchange Reserve Fund FSU, Former Soviet Union GDP, Gross Domestic Production ICRC, International Committee of the Red Cross ILHR, International League for Human Rights IMU, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan IRP, Islamic Renaissance Party ITTU, International Turkmen–Turk University KNB, National Security Committee MBCAK, Muslim Board for Central Asia and Kazakhstan NMP, Net Material Product ODIHR, Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights OSCE, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ROC, Russian Orthodox Church RSFSR, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic SSR, Soviet Socialist Republic TCP, Turkmenistan Communist Party TDP, Turkmenistan Democratic Party THF, Turkmenistan Helsinki Fund TIHR, Turkmen Initiative for Human Rights USCIRF, States Commission on International Religious Freedom USSR, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION Country Profile Turkmenistan, also known as Turkmenia, is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. It is an independent neutral country which is located on the Eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest.1 It was formerly the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which defines the strip of land largely inhabited by Turkic ethnic group called the Turkmen. The ethnic origins of the Turkmens, a loose alliance of Turkic tribes are generally traced to the Oghuz. It occupies an area of 488,100 square kilometers2. Most of its land is a vast arid desert. In fact, Central Asia's two largest deserts—the Garagum and the Gyzylgum—make up almost 90% of Turkmenistan's territory. To the south are the Balkan and Kopet Dag mountains3. Other geographical features are the Caspian Sea in the west, Charjew, on the Amu Darya in the east, and Dashoguz in the north. Other major rivers are the Tejen, the Murgap, and the Atrek. Mostly, Turkmenistan has a subtropical desert climate that is severely continental. Summers are long, hot, and dry, and winters are mild and dry4. Most precipitation falls between January and May. It is the least populated of the five former Soviet republics in Central Asia. With a population around five million, the majority of the people are ethnic Turkmens (85%); other sizeable minorities are Uzbeks (5%) and Russians (4%). Smaller minorities include Kazakhs, Azeris, Armenians, Ukrainians, Balochis, Koreans, and Tatars5. The Turkmens are divided into five major tribes: the Ersary, Goklen, Teke, Yasyr, and Yomut. There are more than 1 G.M. Howe, The Soviet Union-A Geographical Study, Longman, Hongkong, 1986, pp.437-438. 2 The Columbia Encyclopedia, Columbia University Press Newyork, 2004, p.1. 3 Elizabeth E Bacon, Central Asians under Russian Rule, London, 1960, p.10. 4 Doosumov Rustom, Uzbekistan: A Nation Path to the Market in “Central Asia in Transition: Dilammas of Political and Economic Development”, edited by Boris Rumer, Aakar Books, 2003, p.137. 5 The World Fact Book, USA, p. 3. [cited Nov 10, 2009]. Available from: http://www.cia.gov/factbook two dozen tribal groupings among the Turkmens today, the largest of which are Yomut, Ersari and Teke, to which president Niyazow belonged. Turkmenistan‘s economy is largely based on natural resource extraction. Although the hydrocarbon sector performs well, according to the US Fund for Peace, fifty-eight percent of the population lives below the poverty level. According to the US State Department, in 2006, GDP per capita was $8,500. Poverty in rural areas also contributes to lower living standards6. In the Caspian Sea region of Turkmenistan, particularly in the Cheleken region where much of the oil development is centered, many people are employed in the oil and gas sector. Others are employed in agriculture, fishing and in the marine transport sector. As has been well documented elsewhere, the USSR‘s oil wealth came primarily from Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia itself. Turkmenistan was also a significant contributor of natural resources to other Soviet republics, including oil and natural gas, which the Soviets began exploiting heavily in the 1970s. Other resources included cotton, fruits, and vegetables. This created an economy focused on resource exploitation rather than development. Therefore, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Turkmenistan, as many republics, went through a period of economic hardship, from which it is still recovering. During the Soviet period, Turkmenistan was one of the poorest republics, and since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it has continued to fall behind its Central Asian neighbours in most areas of development. Infant and maternal mortality rates are among the highest in the former Soviet Union (FSU), gross domestic production is lower than in the other Central Asian states and economic development is slow in comparison to its neighbours7.
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