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Turkmenistan A saudi man with his horse Turabeg Khanym Mausoleum in Flickr / Charles Roffey Flickr / John Pavelka TURKMENISTAN Mar. 2020 Table of Contents Chapter 1 | Geography . 6 Introduction . 6 Geographical Divisions . 7 Karakum Desert � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �7 Kugitang Mountains � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �7 Kopet-Dag Range � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �7 Bodies of Water . 8 Amu Darya River � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �8 Tejen River � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �8 Murghab River � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �8 Atrek River � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �8 Karakum Canal � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �9 Lake Altyn Asyr � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �9 Lake Sarykamysh � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �9 Caspian Sea � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �9 Kara-Bogaz-Gol Gulf (Garabogazköl) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �10 Climate . .. 10 Major Cities . 11 Ashgabat � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 11 Turkmenabat � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �12 Dashoguz (Dashowuz) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �12 Mary � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �13 Turkmenbashi � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �13 Environmental Concerns . 14 Natural Hazards . 16 Chapter 1 | Geography, Assessment . 17 Chapter 1 | Geography, Assessment Answers . .. 18 Countries in Perspective | Turkmenistan Table of Contents 2 Chapter 2 | History . 19 Introduction . 19 Early History . 20 Turkmen Expansion . 20 Russian Colonial Rule . 21 Soviet Turkmenistan . 22 Independence and Niyazov’s Cult of Personality . .. 23 Recent Events . 25 Chapter 2 | History, Assessment . 27 Chapter 2 | History, Assessment Answers . 28 Chapter 3 | Economy . 29 Introduction . 29 Agriculture . 31 Industry . 32 Energy . 33 Natural Gas � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �33 Gas Pipelines � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �33 Gas-to-Liquid Plant � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �34 Petroleum � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �34 Natural Resources . 35 Trade . 35 Tourism . 36 Banking and Finance . 37 Banking � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �37 Finance � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �37 Standard of Living . 38 Employment . 40 Outlook . 40 Chapter 3 | Economy, Assessment . 41 Chapter 3 | Economy, Assessment Answers . 42 Countries in Perspective | Turkmenistan Table of Contents 3 Chapter 4 | Society . 43 Introduction . 43 Ethnic Groups . 44 Turkmen � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �44 Russians � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �44 Uzbeks � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �45 Languages . 45 Religion . 46 Islam in Turkmenistan � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �47 Eastern (Russian) Orthodox Church � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �48 Cuisine . 48 Traditional Dress . 49 Gender Issues . 50 Arts . 51 Carpets � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �51 Jewelry � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �52 Literature � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �52 Music � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �52 Sports and Recreation . .. 53 Horseback Riding � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �54 Chapter 4 | Society, Assessment . 55 Chapter 4 | Society, Assessment Answers . 56 Chapter 5 | Security . 57 Introduction . 57 Foreign Relations . 58 United States-Turkmenistan Relations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �58 Relations with Other Countries . 59 Afghanistan � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �60 Azerbaijan � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �60 Iran � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �61 Countries in Perspective | Turkmenistan Table of Contents 4 Kazakhstan � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �62 Uzbekistan � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �62 Russia � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �64 Police . 64 State Border Guards Service � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �65 The Presidential Guard Service � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �65 Military . 65 Cybersecurity . 67 Issues Affecting Stability . 67 Economic Decline � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �67 Terrorism and Drug Trafficking . 68 Water Security . 69 Outlook . 70 Chapter 5 | Security, Assessment . 71 Chapter 5 | Security, Assessment Answers . 72 Further Readings and Resources . 73 Online Articles . 73 Books . 74 YouTube . 74 Final Assessment . .. 75 Final Assessment Answers . 78 Countries in Perspective | Turkmenistan Table of Contents 5 Go back to Table of Contents Chapter 1 | Geography The Karakum desert Flickr / John Pavelka Introduction Turkmenistan is located in Central Asia on the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea . It shares land borders with Iran in the south, Afghanistan in the south and the east, Kazakhstan in the north and Uzbekistan in the north and east . Turkmenistan shares the landlocked Caspian Sea with Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, and Russia . Turkmenistan is slightly larger than California 1. The most dominant feature of Turkmenistan’s.
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