DOCSLIB.ORG

Rhinella Marina) on Sanibel Island, FL

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rhinella Marina) on Sanibel Island, FL Possible Introduction Mechanisms, Movement Patterns, and Control Efforts of the Giant Toad (Rhinella marina) on Sanibel Island, FL Chris Lechowicz Director-Wildlife Habitat Management Program/Herpetologist Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation Giant Toad (Rhinella marina) • Also called the cane toad, marine toad, Bufo toad, faux toad. • Previously Bufo marinus • Native to Central America, South America, Mexico, and south Texas. • A true toad (Family Bufonidae) belonging to a group of Neotropical toads (beaked toads = Rhinella). • Largest Bufonid toad (up to 5.8 lb), but not the largest Anuran (frog) in the world. Notable Facts • They have very large paired parotoid glands containing Bufotoxin that is oozed out when harassed. • This milky toxin has killed household pets (dogs, cats) and numerous wildlife species when ingested. • There has been documented human fatalities from “toad- licking” and ingestion. • Eggs/larvae are toxic to wildlife. • Highly nocturnal Prey and Predators • They consume invertebrates, small rodents, birds, amphibians, reptiles , and plants. • They will eat non-living prey (small dead animals, dog and food, feces). • The are preyed on in their natural range by caimans (C. latirostris), certain species of fish, Possums (Didelphis species), meat ants, banded cat-eyed snake (Leptodeira annulata), and some species of ibis. • They can lay up to ~30,000 eggs a year. Current uses for Cane Toads • Educational purposes (the dangers of exotic species) • Pregnancy tests • Leather goods • Pet trade • Eaten in Peru (after removal of the skin) • Poison darts (South America) World Range Rhinella marina Purple = native range Red = exotic range Introduction History • Barbados and Martinique -Caribbean (early 1840’s) • Jamaica, rat control (1844) , not successful • Puerto Rico, beetles/sugar cane (1920, 1923) successful • Australia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Japan, Fiji, Hawaii* , Florida (1930’s) Florida History Range • Introduced into Florida in 1936 and 1944 (Agricultural Experimental Station of the University of Florida) to control sugar cane pests (white grubs, Scarab beetle larvae). • Another introduction occurred in 1957 at the Miami Airport from an importer (accidental). Other intentional introductions in 1963 and 1964 resulted in other established populations. • They also occur in isolated populations on the west coast of Florida likely from small accidental and intentional introductions. Similar Local Species Southern toad (Anaxyrus terrestris) Oak toad (Anaxyrus quercicus) • Less proportional parotoid glands • Large parotoid glands as compared to R. marina. proportional to body size. • Up to 92 mm (3.8 in) in length • Up to 33 mm (1.3 in) in length Egg and Tadpole Identification Amphibians & Reptiles of Sanibel & Captiva Islands, Florida • 9 Frogs and toads (3 exotic) • 17 Turtles (1 exotic) • 2 Crocodilians • 16 Lizards (11 exotic) • 17 Snakes (1 exotic) - 61 total amphibian and reptile species present - 9 amphibian species present (33% exotic) - 52 reptile species present (25% exotic) • The Sanibel route is conducted by a collaboration of biologists from the J. N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge and SCCF. • Cane toads were first heard during a Frog Watch survey on July 18, 2013 on the east end of Sanibel. Sanibel Invasion • Ten adult cane toads were removed from the first known breeding pool and have not been seen there since. However, the were also found breeding in small numbers in an adjacent golf course the same week. • For the next 10 days, SCCF/COS/DING conducted night surveys around that area to try to detect more breeding sites. • Several press releases on the island resulted in a strong resident interest in eradication efforts (volunteers). Possible Introduction Methods • Intentional or accidental release from captive animals? • Accidental introduction from shipments of plants, mulch, sod, dirt , etc. containing cane toads (eggs/tadpoles/juveniles/adults). Runnels August 2013 August 2013 August 2013 August 2013 Beachgoers/instant volunteers SCCF SCCF Sea Turtle Biologist Shorebird Technician SCCF Biology Intern SCCF Snowy Plover Intern SCCF Biology Intern SCCF Marine Lab Research Assistant August 2013 September 2014 September 2014 September 2014 September 2014 September 2014 Bucket Traps • SCCF and Refuge biologists have been experimenting with Australian designed bucket traps on conservation lands for presence/absence. Gut Content • Dissected toads had a variety of plant and animal species in their gut. • The most abundant faunal group represented were invertebrates (Blattodea, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Gastropoda), followed by Squamata-Lacertilia (Anolis) • Sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera) berries were also found in the gut of two toads. • Cane toads are a great option for high school/college dissections instead of native bull frogs (L. catesbeianus) or green frogs (L. clamitans) from biological supply houses. 7/19/13 9/13/13 12/5/14 Sanibel Discovery • R. marina moved approximately 6.6 km (4.1 miles) in 2013 and up to 9.1 km (5.7 miles) in 2014 from the first known breeding pond. • The dispersal pattern appears to be following the beach near residential areas. • In 2013-2014, they were documented successfully reproducing in beach runnels approx. 8.2 m (27 ft) from the Gulf of Mexico (runnel water = 4 ppt). • There has been outstanding resident participation in control efforts. Sanibel Control Efforts • SCCF is the data and cane toad depository organization on Sanibel Island. • All collected cane toads are euthanized at C.R.O.W. • Additional frog call surveys have been added. • Runnel monitoring on the beach during the wet season. • Frequent educational lectures are given at SCCF informing the public about the cane toad problem. Summary • R. marina was first documented on Sanibel in July 2013 in a very small area and their range now covers ~35% of the island. • Toads likely arrived to Sanibel several years prior to July 2013 and waited for the proper water levels in ephemeral areas to induce mass breeding which triggered detection. • Current capture patterns, along the beach, suggest that their habitat preference on Sanibel is less densely vegetated landscapes bordered by human developments. • Eradication efforts are limited to adult removal in hopes of reducing the number of reproducing individuals, as well as runnel draining. Summary • Success of control efforts on the island is dependent upon resident participation. Other Resources Book Book Netflix stream A special thanks to… J.N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge, The City of Sanibel, C.R.O.W., Florida Museum of Natural History, Calusa Herpetological Society, Frog Watch, numerous residents, visitors, and condo associations on Sanibel Island. Any Questions? .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Summary of Amphibian Community Monitoring at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Summary of Amphibian Community Monitoring at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009 Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS—2010/098 ON THE COVER Clockwise from top left, Hyla chrysoscelis (Cope’s grey treefrog), Hyla gratiosa (barking treefrog), Scaphiopus holbrookii (Eastern spadefoot), and Hyla cinerea (Green treefrog). Photographs by J.D. Willson. Summary of Amphibian Community Monitoring at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009 Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS—2010/098 Michael W. Byrne, Laura M. Elston, Briana D. Smrekar, Brent A. Blankley, and Piper A. Bazemore USDI National Park Service Southeast Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network Cumberland Island National Seashore 101 Wheeler Street Saint Marys, Georgia, 31558 October 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Frogs and Toads of Rhode Island
    FROG & TOAD Chug-o-rum! Peep-peeep-peeep! Kraack-arrack! Frogs and toads thrive in the many ponds, forests , felds and open woodlands found on Audubon wildlife refuges. Spring and summer are great times to look and listen for them. Listed below are the common species found in Rhode Island. Bullfrog Northern Leopard Frog (Rana catesbeiana) (Rana pipiens) Bullfrogs are the largest frog in the United States Leopard frogs, as their name implies, are covered and have smooth, dull green to brown skin with in many, round black spots with lighter outlines. dark spots. Males have a yellow chin, and females Teir base color is usually brown or green but can have a white chin. Males make a deep echoing vary into yellow or blue. Tey have raised, golden croak “Chug-o-rum, Chug-o-rum” call in early ridges running down their back. Tey can be found summer. It can sound like a cow mooing, which in meadows and grasslands in the warmer months is why the word “bull” is in its name. Tey eat and near ponds and streams during breeding season. many insects, but will also eat fsh, rodents and Teir calls sound like a mix of “chucks” and “old small birds. creaky door” sounds. Green Frog Pickerel Frog (Rana clamitans) (Rana palustris) Green frogs greatly resemble bullfrogs, with a bright Nearly the twin of the leopard frog, pickerel green head and shoulders and hints of brown, blue or frogs are distinguished by their spots being black, but can be distinguished by the raised ridges square shaped rather than round and a bright down their backs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of the Missing Frogs by Bryan Hamilton Why Are There No
    The Case of the Missing Frogs By Bryan Hamilton Why are there no frogs in Great Basin National Park? Great Basin National Park seems like a perfect refuge for frogs, with plenty of water--ten perennial streams, hundreds of springs, and six alpine lakes, but apparently there are no amphibians. During 2002, an amphibian inventory was conducted within Great Basin National Park. Crews surveyed perennial streams, springs, and alpine lakes, but did not observe any adult amphibians, tadpoles, or egg masses. The reasons for this are unclear, but apparently frog distribution depends on more than just abundant water. Lack of suitable breeding habitat is a major limiting factor in amphibian distribution. Most amphibians require still or extremely slow moving water to lay their eggs in. High gradient streams in the Park do not provide appropriate breeding habitat. The hundreds of springs in the Park may provide this habitat, however, no amphibians were found at the dozens of springs surveyed this year. Isolation from source populations is another limiting factor. Streams leave the Park and then quickly disappear underground. Amphibian populations near the Park are not directly connected to these streams. Thus no corridors exist between the Park and nearby amphibian populations. One amphibian species that does not require aquatic corridors for migration is the Great Basin Spadefoot (Spea intermontana), commonly referred to as a "toad." Spadefoots are distinguished from "true toads" (members of the family Bufonidae) by a black wedge shaped spade on their hind feet, used for burrowing. Spadefoots move considerable distances over land during spring and summer rains, travelling to breeding sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Heritage Spring 2010
    GREENMONMOUTH COUNTY PARK HERITAGE SYSTEM The Newsletter of Monmouth County’s Open Space, Parks & Recreation Agency Vol. 44 No. 1 Spring 2010 The Park System has been hosting fishing contests since the 1960s. One of the earliest is shown at Shark River Park, right, 1968. Compare that to the annual Fishing Derby at Out- door Expo in Turkey Swamp Park, 2007, above. Monmouth County’s “Best Idea” Turns 50 The More Things Change, The More They Stay The Same n the last issue, we printed old photos that showed how county park facilities have changed over 50 years. Certain sites, like the beach at Seven Presidents Oceanfront Park for instance, saw the landscape utterly transformed. Not only were buildings relocated, docks (or Iwhat was left of them) removed, and new dunes built, but later a pavilion was added, a Skateplex was constructed and most recently, the playground was renovated—see below. Old photos of the parks also demonstrate the opposite trend: some things haven’t changed much at all in the last 50 years. People visit the parks and recreate in much the same ways now as they did in the 1960s (there are just many more people recreating).This may be due to the enduring nature of classic outdoor activities such as fishing, camping, hiking, and canoeing. And, with the possible exceptions of new technologies (cell phones with GPS, bird identification “apps,” fish-finders, etc.) and improvements to equipment , these activities look pretty much the same today as they ever did. See for yourself… Continues on p. 2 Chair Steals The Show At Exhibit New Playground! Tony’s Place If you like antiques and didn’t visit Last November, a seaside-themed, oceanfront, universal access play- the “Sit Thee Down—Chairs That ground called Tony’s Place opened at Seven Presidents Oceanfront Park in Furnished Walnford” exhibit this past Long Branch.
    [Show full text]
  • Class: Amphibia Amphibians Order
    CLASS: AMPHIBIA AMPHIBIANS ANNIELLIDAE (Legless Lizards & Allies) CLASS: AMPHIBIA AMPHIBIANS Anniella (Legless Lizards) ORDER: ANURA FROGS AND TOADS ___Silvery Legless Lizard .......................... DS,RI,UR – uD ORDER: ANURA FROGS AND TOADS BUFONIDAE (True Toad Family) BUFONIDAE (True Toad Family) ___Southern Alligator Lizard ............................ RI,DE – fD Bufo (True Toads) Suborder: SERPENTES SNAKES Bufo (True Toads) ___California (Western) Toad.............. AQ,DS,RI,UR – cN ___California (Western) Toad ............. AQ,DS,RI,UR – cN ANNIELLIDAE (Legless Lizards & Allies) Anniella ___Red-spotted Toad ...................................... AQ,DS - cN BOIDAE (Boas & Pythons) ___Red-spotted Toad ...................................... AQ,DS - cN (Legless Lizards) Charina (Rosy & Rubber Boas) ___Silvery Legless Lizard .......................... DS,RI,UR – uD HYLIDAE (Chorus Frog and Treefrog Family) ___Rosy Boa ............................................ DS,CH,RO – fN HYLIDAE (Chorus Frog and Treefrog Family) Pseudacris (Chorus Frogs) Pseudacris (Chorus Frogs) Suborder: SERPENTES SNAKES ___California Chorus Frog ............ AQ,DS,RI,DE,RO – cN COLUBRIDAE (Colubrid Snakes) ___California Chorus Frog ............ AQ,DS,RI,DE,RO – cN ___Pacific Chorus Frog ....................... AQ,DS,RI,DE – cN Arizona (Glossy Snakes) ___Pacific Chorus Frog ........................AQ,DS,RI,DE – cN BOIDAE (Boas & Pythons) ___Glossy Snake ........................................... DS,SA – cN Charina (Rosy & Rubber Boas) RANIDAE (True Frog Family)
    [Show full text]
  • FROG LISTENING NETWORK This Program Is Designed to Assist You in Learning the Frogs, and Their Calls, in the Hillsborough River Greenway System
    HILLSBOROUGH RIVER GREENWAYS TASK FORCE FROG LISTENING NETWORK This program is designed to assist you in learning the frogs, and their calls, in the Hillsborough River Greenway System. Through this program, volunteers can help in local frog and toad research efforts. We use frogs and toads because: • They are good biological indicators of the river system’s health. • Their lifecycles span from wetland to upland areas. • They are very susceptible to environmental change. • They track the hydrologic cycle. • They are good ecological barometers for the health of the ecosystem. Frogs indicative of healthy Ecosystems: • Gopher Frog • Certain Tree Frogs Such As The: Barking Treefrog and the Pinewoods Treefrog Frogs indicative of exotic invasion and conversion to urbanization: • Cuban Tree Frog • Marine Toad These are non-native species that have been imported or introduced to our area. Volunteers are helping by: • Learning the calls. • Listening for calls. • Recording call information. Provide the recorded call information to the HRGTF on the data forms provided. This information will be used to detect changes or trends within frog populations over time. • This in turn helps to assess the health of the Ecosystem which then benefits: •Frogs • Other area wildlife •Ourselves Frog calls are easy to learn! • They are distinctive and unique. • We will use mnemonics (phrases that sound like the frog call) to remind us what frog we are listening to. • Many of the names of the frogs are associated with their calls. • For Example: the Bullfrog has a call that sounds like a bullhorn. Frog Diversity • 2700 Worldwide • 82 in the United States • 28 in Florida • 21 in the Hillsborough River Greenway (14 Frogs; 4 Toads; 3 Exotics) First lets look at the six large frogs found in the Hillsborough River Greenway.
    [Show full text]
  • Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles & Crocodilians
    STANDARD COMMON AND CURRENT SCIENTIFIC NAMES FOR NORTH AMERICAN AMPHIBIANS, TURTLES, REPTILES & CROCODILIANS Sixth Edition Joseph T. Collins TraVis W. TAGGart The Center for North American Herpetology THE CEN T ER FOR NOR T H AMERI ca N HERPE T OLOGY www.cnah.org Joseph T. Collins, Director The Center for North American Herpetology 1502 Medinah Circle Lawrence, Kansas 66047 (785) 393-4757 Single copies of this publication are available gratis from The Center for North American Herpetology, 1502 Medinah Circle, Lawrence, Kansas 66047 USA; within the United States and Canada, please send a self-addressed 7x10-inch manila envelope with sufficient U.S. first class postage affixed for four ounces. Individuals outside the United States and Canada should contact CNAH via email before requesting a copy. A list of previous editions of this title is printed on the inside back cover. THE CEN T ER FOR NOR T H AMERI ca N HERPE T OLOGY BO A RD OF DIRE ct ORS Joseph T. Collins Suzanne L. Collins Kansas Biological Survey The Center for The University of Kansas North American Herpetology 2021 Constant Avenue 1502 Medinah Circle Lawrence, Kansas 66047 Lawrence, Kansas 66047 Kelly J. Irwin James L. Knight Arkansas Game & Fish South Carolina Commission State Museum 915 East Sevier Street P. O. Box 100107 Benton, Arkansas 72015 Columbia, South Carolina 29202 Walter E. Meshaka, Jr. Robert Powell Section of Zoology Department of Biology State Museum of Pennsylvania Avila University 300 North Street 11901 Wornall Road Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120 Kansas City, Missouri 64145 Travis W. Taggart Sternberg Museum of Natural History Fort Hays State University 3000 Sternberg Drive Hays, Kansas 67601 Front cover images of an Eastern Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) and Cajun Chorus Frog (Pseudacris fouquettei) by Suzanne L.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphibian Taxon Advisory Group Regional Collection Plan
    1 Table of Contents ATAG Definition and Scope ......................................................................................................... 4 Mission Statement ........................................................................................................................... 4 Addressing the Amphibian Crisis at a Global Level ....................................................................... 5 Metamorphosis of the ATAG Regional Collection Plan ................................................................. 6 Taxa Within ATAG Purview ........................................................................................................ 6 Priority Species and Regions ........................................................................................................... 7 Priority Conservations Activities..................................................................................................... 8 Institutional Capacity of AZA Communities .............................................................................. 8 Space Needed for Amphibians ........................................................................................................ 9 Species Selection Criteria ............................................................................................................ 13 The Global Prioritization Process .................................................................................................. 13 Selection Tool: Amphibian Ark’s Prioritization Tool for Ex situ Conservation ..........................
    [Show full text]
  • “Bufo” Toad (Rhinella Marina) in Florida1 A
    WEC387 The Cane or “Bufo” Toad (Rhinella marina) in Florida1 A. Wilson and S. A. Johnson2 The cane toad (Rhinella marina), sometimes referred to high for many native Australian animals that attempt to as the “bufo,” giant, or marine toad, is native to extreme eat cane toads (e.g., monitor lizards, freshwater crocodiles, southern Texas through Central and tropical South and numerous species of snakes), and numbers of native America, but is established in Florida. Cane toads were predators have plummeted in areas where the toxic toads initially introduced to Florida as a method of biological pest have invaded. Cane toads continue to expand westward control in the 1930s. The toads were supposed to eat beetles across the Top End of Australia into the Kimberly region threatening the sugar cane crop, but the introduced popula- and southward toward Sydney. tion did not survive. In the 1950s, a pet importer released about 100 cane toads (maybe on accident or on purpose, no one is sure) at the Miami airport, and there are other docu- mented incidents of purposeful releases in south Florida. Cane toads have since spread through much of south and central Florida. As of 2017, they were established in much of the southern peninsula as far north as Tampa (Figure 1), and there have been several isolated sightings in northern Florida and one in southeast Georgia. A small population appears to be established in Deland in Volusia County, and there was a population that survived for several years near Panama City. Cane toads are still available through the pet trade, and isolated sightings in northern Florida may be escaped or released pets.
    [Show full text]
  • Grays Scenic River Report: Surry County
    Grays Scenic River Report Surry County Prepared By Department of Conservation and Recreation Division of Planning and Recreation Resources April 2020 2019 Grays Scenic River Report Page 1 of 34 Table of Contents I. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS .......................................................................................................... 3 II. REASON FOR THE STUDY ........................................................................................................ 3 A. History of Scenic River Designation for Grays Creek ............................................................... 3 B. Benefits of Designation .............................................................................................................. 5 C. Designation Process ................................................................................................................... 6 III. CORRIDOR STUDY MAP ........................................................................................................... 8 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 9 A. River Corridor Vegetation ........................................................................................................ 10 B. Riverbed and/or River Flow Modifications.............................................................................. 10 C. Human Development of Visual Corridor .................................................................................. 11 D. Historic Features......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeography of the Nearly Cosmopolitan True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae) Jennifer B
    Global Ecology and Biogeography, (Global Ecol. Biogeogr.) (2007) Blackwell Publishing Ltd RESEARCH Around the world in 10 million years: PAPER biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae) Jennifer B. Pramuk1*, Tasia Robertson2, Jack W. Sites Jr2 and Brice P. Noonan3 1Department of Herpetology, Bronx Zoo/ ABSTRACT Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Aim The species-rich family of true toads (Anura: Bufonidae) has been the focus of Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA, 2Brigham Young University, Department of several earlier studies investigating the biogeography of geographically widespread Integrative Biology, Provo, UT 84602, USA, taxa. Herein, we employ newly developed Bayesian divergence estimate methods to 3Duke University, Department of Biology, investigate the biogeographical history of this group. Resulting age estimates are Durham, NC 27708, USA used to test several key temporal hypotheses including that the origin of the bufonid clade pre-dates Gondwanan vicariance (~105 million years ago, Ma). Area cladograms are also invoked to investigate the geographical origin of the family. Location Worldwide, except the Australia–New Guinea plate, Madagascar and the Antarctic. Methods A phylogenetic hypothesis of the relationships among true toads was derived from analysis of 2521 bp of DNA data including fragments from three mitochondrial (12S, tRNAval, 16S) and two nuclear (RAG-1, CXCR-4) genes. Analysis of multiple, unlinked loci with a Bayesian method for estimating divergence times allowed us to address the timing and biogeographical history of Bufonidae. Resulting divergence estimates permitted the investigation of alternative vicariance/dispersal scenarios that have been proposed for true toads. Results Our area cladogram resulting from phylogenetic analysis of DNA data supports a South American origin for Bufonidae.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Character, Plants, and Animals of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky: Past, Present, and Future
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Biology Science, Technology, and Medicine 1991 Bluegrass Land and Life: Land Character, Plants, and Animals of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky: Past, Present, and Future Mary E. Wharton Georgetown College Roger W. Barbour University of Kentucky Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Wharton, Mary E. and Barbour, Roger W., "Bluegrass Land and Life: Land Character, Plants, and Animals of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky: Past, Present, and Future" (1991). Biology. 1. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_biology/1 ..., .... _... -- ... -- / \ ' \ \ /·-- ........ '.. -, 1 ' c. _ r' --JRichmond 'I MADISON CO. ) ' GARRARD CO. CJ Inner Bluegrass, ,. --, Middle Ordovician outcrop : i lancaster CJ Eden Hills and Outer Bluegrass, ~-- ' Upper Ordovician outcrop THE INNER BLUEGRASS OF KENTUCKY This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank Land Character, Plants, and Animals of the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucl<y Past, Present, and Future MARY E. WHARTON and ROGER W. BARBOUR THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Publication of this book was assisted by a grant from the Land and Nature Trust of the Bluegrass. Copyright © 1991 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine College, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Club, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, TI:ansylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University.
    [Show full text]