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Zur Zeitgenössischen Und Nachwirkenden Bedeutung Der Aus Wirtschaftlichen Interessen Hamburgs Von Johann Anderson

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Zur Zeitgenössischen Und Nachwirkenden Bedeutung Der Aus Wirtschaftlichen Interessen Hamburgs Von Johann Anderson Zur zeitgenössischen und nachwirkenden Bedeutung der aus wirtschaftlichen Interessen Hamburgs von Johann Anderson (1674-1743) zusammengestellten naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse aus der nordatlantischen Region Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades des Fachbereichs Mathematik der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Gerd Wegner aus Lübeck Hamburg 2004 Als Dissertation angenommen vom Fachbereich Mathematik der Universität Hamburg auf Grund der Gutachten von Prof. Dr. Christian Hünemörder, Hamburg, und Prof. Dr. Gerhard Kortum, Kiel. Hamburg, den 13.01.2005 Prof. Dr. Alexander Kreuzer Dekan des Fachbereichs Mathematik II Siehst Du den Mond dort stehen? Er ist nur halb zu sehen und ist doch rund und schön. So sind wohl manche Sachen, die wir getrost belachen, weil unsre Augen sie nicht sehn. Matthias Claudius (1740 bis 1815) Aus dem Abendlied (1779) Für Frauke, Margrit und Jens III IV Gebrauchsanweisungen werden in der Regel erst gelesen, wenn der zugehörige Gegenstand Schwierigkeiten bereitet. Und Instruktionen werden im Allgemeinen erst im eingetretenen Notfall hervorgeholt. Den- noch seien schon an dieser Stelle zum wahren Nutzen der verehrten Leserinnen und Leser einige Hinweise für den Umgang mit nachfolgenden Zeilen gegeben. • In diesem Text sind alle Zitate kursiv gesetzt. Hinweise auf die Quellen folgen entweder unmittelbar mittels Fußnote∗ oder stehen direkt im Text vor dem Zitat. In den zitierten Texten wurde die originale Schreibweise unverändert beibehalten einschließlich der Än- derungen in der Schrifttype. Die Achtung vor den teilweise beabsichtigten Ausdrucksfor- men gebietet das. Nebenbei werden vielfältige und phantasiereiche Schreibmöglichkeiten vor Rechtschreibreformen sichtbar. • Den verwiesenen (kursiven) Zitaten aus den Nachrichten, dem Buch, mit dem sich diese Arbeit auseinandersetzt, folgen jeweils zwei Zahlen. Sie geben die Seiten der (ers- ten/zweiten) Ausgabe des Werkes an. Bei Zitaten aus der Vorrede des Herrn Verfassers und aus dem Vorbericht von dem Leben des Herrn Bürgermeisters Anderson folgen Blatt- angaben, weil dort im Buche keine Seitenzählung vorhanden ist. Die Schreibweise aller Zi- tate der Nachrichten folgt der zweiten Ausgabe. • Um die Fußnotentexte auf den einzelnen Seiten so kurz wie möglich zu halten, enthalten die Literatur-Erstzitate nach den Autorennamen nur die Haupttitel, die Erscheinungsorte und -jahre sowie die Seitenzahlen. Die Angaben zu Verlagen, evtl. Periodika oder Ge- samtwerk-Titeln entnehme man dem Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis. • Oben zu Zitattexten gesagtes gilt auch für das Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis: Insbe- sondere für die barocken Titel waren die z.Zt. gültigen orthographischen Normen unbe- kannt, Übereinstimmungen mit den gültigen Duden-Regeln sind zufällig. Das Verzeichnis selbst führt Quellen und Literatur zum einen nach zeitlicher Zäsur auf: Den Archivalien folgend wird Gedrucktes bis 1800 als primäre Quelle eingeordnet. Dann werden (spätere) Nachschlagewerke, Atlanten und Gesamtdarstellungen (z.B. der Kar- tographiegeschichte) als eigene Gruppe vor der eigentlichen Literatur geführt. • Die vornehmlich im Kursivtext gelegentlich auftauchenden eckigen Klammern mit nicht kursiv gesetztem Inhalt sind Erläuterungen/Ergänzungen, die mir notwendig erschienen. • Titel von Zeitschriften und Büchern stehen im Text in ‚einfachen Anführungsstrichen’. • Die Personen-Namen, die nicht in Zitaten stehen, sind in der Form geschrieben, wie sie in derzeitigen Nachschlagewerken zu finden sind. Das soll dem Leser das Nachschlagen er- leichtern. • Wichtiges und abschnittsweise gezogene Resümees sind mit einem Außenstrich markiert. Viel Freude beim Lesen der Arbeit! Gerd Wegner Hamburg, im Sommer 2004 ∗ Ulrich Holbein: Samthase und Odradek. Frankfurt 1990, S.21: Ohne Fußnoten ginge es beim Bedecken der Blöße nicht wissenschaftlich zu. V VI Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite Gebrauchsanweisungen V I. Einige Bemerkungen vorweg 1 I.1. Wovon hier die Rede ist 1 I.2. Zur Buchart der Nachrichten 3 I.3. Zum Entstehen dieser Arbeit über die Nachrichten 4 II. Der Autor und seine Zeit 6 II.1. Der Weg zur Person Johann Anderson (1674 bis 1743) 6 II.2. Zu Johann Andersons Lebenslauf 11 II.2.1. Kind und Schüler 11 II.2.2. Student 14 in Halle 14 in Leiden 16 II.2.3. Rechtsanwalt, Senatssecretair und -syndicus 19 Vergleich wegen des Heringshandels 21 Dienstreisen 22 II.2.4. Bürgermeister und Generalißimus 27 II.2.5. Gelehrter – auch (Polar-) Forschungsreisender? 27 Korrespondenzpartner 28 „Veröffentlichungsliste“ 31 Kayserliche Academie der Naturae Curiosorum 37 Wissenschaftliches Märchen um die Hamburger Hydra 39 Andersons Bibliothek 40 II.2.6. Privates, Nebenämter und das Lebensende 42 III. Hamburg in der zweiten Hälfte der 17. und der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts 45 III.1. Zur äußeren politischen Situation 45 III.2. Zur inneren Situation in Hamburg 51 III.3. Zum Handel und zur wirtschaftlichen Situation 54 III.3.1. Generelles 54 III.3.2. Zum Fischhandel 57 III.3.3. Zur Grönlandfahrt 63 III.3.4. Zur Islandfahrt 68 III.4. Zum geistigen Leben, zu Bibliotheken und zum Wissen um Island und Grönland in Hamburg 72 III.4.1. Geistiges Leben: Hamburger Gelehrte in Beziehung zu Johann Anderson 72 III.4.2. Buchhandel und Bibliotheken 82 - Der Buchhandel 82 - Die Bibliotheken 83 Stadtbibliothek 84 VII Dombibliothek 87 Commerzbibliothek 88 Privatbibliotheken 90 III.4.3. Zum Wissen um Island und Grönland 92 Zu Island 96 Zu Grönland 103 Literatur zu Grönland und zur Grönlandfahrt 112 Kenntnisse der Fischbiologie 114 IV. Die „Vorarbeit“: Der Artikel über die Grönländer im ‚Patrioten’ (1726) 119 IV.1. Generelles 119 IV.2. Motivation des Verfassers 120 IV.3. Inhalt und identifizierbare Quellen 121 V. Die ‚Nachrichten von Island, Grönland und der Straße Davis’ (1746) 130 V.1. Der Vorspann 130 Frontispiz und Titelblatt 130 Vorrede, Vorbericht 131 V.2. Nachrichten von Island 132 V.2.1. Zur Geographie und Geologie 132 V.2.2. Zur Vegetation 138 V.2.3. Zu den Landtieren 139 V.2.4. Zu den Vögeln 140 V.2.5. Zu den kleinen Gattungen der Fische 144 - Zum Heering und zur Polarstammtheorie des Herings 146 - Zum Kabeljau 155 - Zu Leng, Schellfisch, Wittling, Dorsch, Köhler, Plattfischen und Makrele 156 V.2.6. Zu den großen Fischsorten 158 V.2.7. Zu Süßwasserfischen, Schlangen, Insekten und Mäusen 159 V.2.8. Zu Sonne, Nordlicht, Witterung, Ebbe und Flut sowie Seewasser 160 V.2.9. Zu den Isländern und ihren Lebensumständen 162 V.3. Nachrichten von Grönland und der Straat Davis 166 V.3.1. Zu den neuen Kolonien auf Grönland 166 V.3.2. Zu Ergebnissen aus der Suche nach Østerbygden 168 V.3.3. Zur Beschreibung des Landes 169 V.3.4. Zu den Landtieren und Landvögeln 171 V.3.5. Zu den Strand- und Wasservögeln, insbesondere der Mallemucke 172 V.3.6. Zu den Fischen auf und vor Grönland 175 V.3.7. Zu den großen Meersfischen 175 - Deren merklicher Unterschied 175 - Zur Eintheilung der Wale 176 - Zum Grönländischen Wallfisch 178 - Zu den weiteren Bartenwalen 179 - Zum Narwal oder Einhorn 180 - Zur Cachelotte 182 - Zu den weiteren Zahnwalen 184 V.3.8. Zu zwey vierfüßigen Seethieren 187 VIII V.3.9. Zu den Ingebohrenen der Strasse Davis 188 - Zu ihrem Erscheinungsbild und dem Zusammenleben 188 - Zu Nahrung und Nahrungserwerb 191 - Zu Handwerk, Wissenschaft und Handel 193 - Zu Sitten und Gebräuchen 195 - Zu den Relationes physicæ & politicæ und der Religion 196 - Woher die Grönländer kamen 197 V.4. Die ‚Neue Landcharte’ oder Nova Tabula 198 - Zum Inhalt und zu den Quellen der Karte 198 - Zur Genauigkeit der Darstellung Grönlands 203 V.5. Zur von Anderson zitierten und der potentiell vorhandenen Literatur 205 V.6. Die Anhänge 207 V.6.1. Zur grönländischen Sprache 207 V.6.2. zum Register 208 V.7. Die Motive, die Nachrichten zu schreiben 209 V.8. Zum Buch 213 V.8.1. Der Zeitraum der Entstehung 213 V.8.2. Zu den Ausgaben und der Vermarktung der Nachrichten 216 V.8.3. Noch vorhandene Exemplare 223 VI. Das Nachwirken der Nachrichten 225 VI.1. Die dänische Antwort 225 VI.2. Zur Rezeption und Tradierung der Nachrichten 239 VI.2.1. Die Heringstheorie 239 - Zu ersten, wenig beachteten Kritiken (Horrebow 1752/3; Ludovici 1754) 239 - Rezeption in der Oeconomischen Encyclopädie (Krünitz 1780) 241 - Die Natürliche Geschichte des Heerings (Dodd 1752 bzw. Anonymus 1759) 243 - Der falsche Name Dodd-Andersonsche Polarstammtheorie 246 - Vollständige Übernahme der Polarstammtheorie (Bock 1769) 246 - Kritische Anmerkungen zur Polarstammtheorie (Bloch 1782) 249 - Massiver Widerspruch durch James Anderson (1785) 252 - Die nordatlantische Rundwanderung nach Gilpin (1786) 255 - Zu Nennungen der Heringstheorie im 19. Jahrhundert 256 - Zu Nennungen der Heringstheorie im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert 259 VI.2.2. Die Beschreibung und Klassifizierung der Wale 264 - Übernahme ins Vollständige Kaufmannslexicon (Ludovici 1756) 264 - Übernahme in den Walvisvanst (de Jong et al. 1784/1792) 265 - Zu Nennungen des Walkapitels im 19. Jahrhundert 266 - Zu Nennungen des Walkapitels im 20. Jahrhundert 268 - Zu den Walbildern 270 VI.2.3. Die Karte 272 VI.2.4. Weitere (Nicht-)Nennungen der Nachrichten 274 VI.2.5. Wirtschaftliche Auswirkungen 275 IX VI.3. Andersons Märchen - Märchen um die Nachrichten 276 VI.4. Resümee 278 VII. Anhang 281 VII.1. Tabellarischer Lebenslauf von Johann Anderson (1674 bis 1743) 283 VII.2. Zur Familie Johann Anderson in Hamburg 285 VII.3. Heutige „Spuren“ von Johann Anderson 287 VII.4. Inhaltsverzeichnis des Catalogus Librorum Bibliothecae Commercii Hamburgensis 291 VII.5. Naturkundliche Literatur zu Island, Grönland und der Straße Davis sowie zum
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