DOCSLIB.ORG

Voodoo in Haiti Free Download

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Voodoo in Haiti Free Download VOODOO IN HAITI FREE DOWNLOAD Alfred Metraux,Hugo Charteris | 400 pages | 16 Feb 1993 | Random House USA Inc | 9780805208948 | English | New York, United States Haitian Vodou And unlike many mainstream representations around magic and rituals, scholars have shown how Voodoo serves as a form of health care system by providing religious healing. For a long time, even Haiti itself shied away from a religion so quintessential to its national identity. Vote Now! Cosentino, ed. Knoxville: Voodoo in Haiti of Tennessee Press. A calendar of ritual feasts, syncretized with the Roman Catholic calendar, provides the yearly rhythm of religious practice. On the ceiling and walls of the room were baskets, bunches of leaves hung to dry, and smoke-darkened lithographs of the saints. Indiana University Press, When loua appear to entranced people, they may bring warnings or explanations for the causes of illnesses or misfortune. Compact Disc and small book. At the Smithsonian Visit. Filan, Kinaz. The animal sacrifice is done in the same manner as village butchering and the meat will be eaten. The organization was created to defend the religion and its practitioners from defamation and persecution. The subsequent cholera epidemic, most likely caused by leaked sewage from a UN camp, was also blamed by some on vodouisants, triggering mobs to murder dozens across the country. Journal of Haitian Studies. Voodoo believers, Haitians and curious partygoers gathered last Saturday night to celebrate Fet Gede, or the Festival of the Dead. Practitioners were imprisoned, whipped, or hung. Inhe was officially initiated. Ripped from homelands and heritage, thousands of those who would become Haitians were shipped across the Atlantic to an island, where the indigenous population had already been wiped out, for backbreaking labor in cane plantations. Subscribe today. Worshippers risk harassment and violence, with lynchings not unheard of. In voodoo, there are many loua. Traditional African religion portal. The intensity of the performance reflects the difficulty of life in this Voodoo in Haiti country. No nation Voodoo in Haiti the new state, which was instead met with isolation and boycotts. The Voodoo in Haiti also appear in dreams to provide their survivors with advice or warnings. The asson is a sacred rattle used in summoning the lwa. Adherents of voodoo do not perceive themselves as members of a separate religion; they consider themselves Roman Catholics. And slowly, things are changing: a new statute is allowing Vodou leaders to perform funerals and weddings, and university courses are now researching the religion. By Sharon Guynup. They told him he must embrace Jesus as his personal savior, as he continued to perform his rituals, unfazed. Apter, Andrew Invoked by a priest, the spirits possess worshipers, inducing a trancelike state. Continue Reading. These two peoples composed a Voodoo in Haiti number of the early enslaved population in St. After then, a ceremonial celebration Voodoo in Haiti the deceased for being released into the world to live again. Rituals include a special Gede dance, Banda, and making offerings to the spirits, the most famous of whom is Baron Samedi, known as the god of death he is also the husband of Maman Brigitte, the goddess of deathMs. He may be in a Justin Bieber T-shirt and jeans now, Voodoo in Haiti the peristyle is the only place Ricardo can dress the way he really prefers: with lipstick, earrings, a Voodoo in Haiti on his head the way women do in the countryside, and Voodoo in Haiti dress. This means that the event of Fet Gede can be somewhat misunderstood, too. In Haiti voodoo believers pray and perform animal sacrifices to feed and beckon the spirits. Overviews and lists. Retrieved 22 March The majority of Haitians believe in and practice at least Voodoo in Haiti aspects of voodoo. Worshipers venerate intermediary spirits, such as the orisha gods of the Yoruba people who inhabit what is now Nigeria, Benin and Togo, Voodoo in Haiti figures from Haitian history. For many in the West, Voodoo invokes images of animal sacrifices, magical dolls and chanted spells. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Various oungan are homosexual. Starting in the mids, many Africans who had been brought against their will to Voodoo in Haiti Island of Hispaniola now Haiti and the Dominican Republic arrived with their own spiritual traditions, eventually integrating them with those of the indigenous people of the island. The lwasnot Voodoo in Haiti much. The God-Creator is the cosmogonical principle and does not trifle with the mundane; the voduns s are the God-Actor s who actually govern earthly issues. While Haitians too worship an almighty God — Bondye in Creole — he is believed to stand above petty human matters. At a time when Haiti still had tourism, he held spectacles of entranced women, legs akimbo and biting heads of chickens, even staging a honeymoon ceremony for the Clintons. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Blood of the Land: Haitian Vodou
    THE BLOOD OF THE LAND: HAITIAN VODOU Michael S. VanHook International Strategic Alliances The Blood of the Land: Haitian Vodou 2 THE BLOOD OF LAND: HAITIAN VODOU Michael S. VanHook, International Strategic Alliances Copyright © 2020 by Michael S. VanHook All rights reserved. This resource is provided to give context and essential background information for those persons with an interest in serving the people of Haiti. It is made available without charge by the publisher, ISA Publishing Group, a division of International Strategic Alliances, Inc. Scanning, uploading, and electronic sharing is permitted. If you would like to use material from this book, please contact the publisher at [email protected]. Thank you for your support. ISA Publishing Group A division of International Strategic Alliances, Inc. P.O. Box 691 West Chester, OH 45071 For more information about the work of International Strategic Alliances, contact us at [email protected]. For more information about the author or for speaking engagements, contact him at [email protected]. The Blood of the Land: Haitian Vodou 3 THE BLOOD OF THE LAND: HAITIAN VODOU Michael S. VanHook, International Strategic Alliances INTRODUCTION 4 HISTORY 6 Transformed by Cruelty 7 Bois Caïman 9 Independent Isolation 11 “A Goat Without Horns” 15 Occupied Vodou 18 “The Principle Slave of Satan” 24 Summoning the Spirits 25 THEOLOGY 31 Haitian Vodou is a polytheistic religion 31 The Loas 31 Haitian Vodou is a syncretic religion 40 Vodou is an animistic religion 44 Haitian Vodou is magic 45 The Blood of the Land: Haitian Vodou 4 PRACTICES 53 The Priesthood 53 Ceremonies and Rituals 55 Black Magic 61 REVERBERATIONS 63 Fatalism 63 Christian Mission 65 Personal Note 70 GLOSSARY 72 BIBLIOGRAPHY 78 Resources 78 Images 80 AUTHOR 84 The Blood of the Land: Haitian Vodou 5 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Tanbou bat nan raje, men se lakay li vin danse – The drum is beaten in the grass, but it is at home that it comes to dance.
    [Show full text]
  • Continuing Conjure: African-Based Spiritual Traditions in Colson Whitehead’S the Underground Railroad and Jesmyn Ward’S Sing, Unburied, Sing
    religions Article Continuing Conjure: African-Based Spiritual Traditions in Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad and Jesmyn Ward’s Sing, Unburied, Sing James Mellis Guttman Community College, 50 West 40th St., New York, NY 10018, USA; [email protected] Received: 10 April 2019; Accepted: 23 June 2019; Published: 26 June 2019 Abstract: In 2016 and 2017, Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad and Jesmyn Ward’s Sing, Unburied, Sing both won the National Book Award for fiction, the first time that two African-American writers have won the award in consecutive years. This article argues that both novels invoke African-based spirituality in order to create literary sites of resistance both within the narrative of the respective novels, but also within American culture at large. By drawing on a tradition of authors using African-based spiritual practices, particularly Voodoo, hoodoo, conjure and rootwork, Whitehead and Ward enter and engage in a tradition of African American protest literature based on African spiritual traditions, and use these traditions variously, both as a tie to an originary African identity, but also as protection and a locus of resistance to an oppressive society. That the characters within the novels engage in African spiritual traditions as a means of locating a sense of “home” within an oppressive white world, despite the novels being set centuries apart, shows that these traditions provide a possibility for empowerment and protest and can act as a means for contemporary readers to address their own political and social concerns. Keywords: voodoo; conjure; African-American literature; protest literature; African American culture; Whitehead; Ward; American literature; popular culture And we are walking together, cause we love one another There are ghosts at our table, they are feasting tonight.
    [Show full text]
  • "Das Was Zählt Ist Fe..."
    "Das was zählt ist fe..." Karibische und lateinamerikanische spirituelle Praktiken in Österreich Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Philosophie an der Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von: German Siegl am Institut für Volkskunde und Kulturanthropologie Begutachter: Ao.Univ.-Prof. Dr.phil. Helmut Eberhart Graz, 2013 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne die Verwendung anderer als der angegebenen Quellen verfasst habe. Alle diesen Werken wörtlich oder sinngemäß entnommenen Stellen sind als solche gezeichnet. Diese Arbeit ist bislang keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch nicht veröffentlicht worden. Graz, März 2013 German Siegl Danke... ... an alle die es mir möglich gemacht haben diese Arbeit zu schreiben und mich unterstützt haben. ...an die Gesprächsrunden, dem Zuhören, Nachdenken und dem gemeinsamen Austausch. ...an die, die mir bewusst und an die, die mir unbewusst geholfen haben. Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung ................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Mein Zugang und Reflexion zum Thema der Arbeit ............................................................. 3 2 Überlegungen zur Themenauswahl ...................................................................................... 4 3 Forschungsstand .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Voodoo Prayers Said with a Rosary, ! All Witchcraft Scourges, ! Whips, Hooks and the Use of Cillus6
    VOODOO Background and Prayer of Repentance ... sever all ties to the world’s oldest known religion. Amanda Buys’ Spiritual Covering This is a product of Kanaan Ministries, a non-profit ministry under the covering of: • Roly, Amanda’s husband for more than thirty-five years. • River of Life Family Church Pastor Edward Gibbens Vanderbijlpark South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 16 982 3022 Fax: +27 (0) 16 982 2566 Email: [email protected] There is no copyright on this material. However, no part may be reproduced and/or presented for personal gain. All rights to this material are reserved to further the Kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ ONLY. For further information or to place an order, please contact us at: P.O. Box 15253 27 John Vorster Avenue Panorama Plattekloof Ext. 1 7506 Panorama 7500 Cape Town Cape Town South Africa South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 21 930 7577 Fax: 086 681 9458 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.kanaanministries.org Office hours: Monday to Friday, 9 AM to 3 PM Kanaan International Website Website: www.eu.kanaanministries.org Preface These prayers have been written according to personal opinions and convictions, which are gathered from many counseling sessions and our interpretation of the Word of GOD, the Bible. In no way have these prayers been written to discriminate against any persons, churches, organizations, and/or political parties. We ask therefore that you handle this book in the same manner. What does it mean to renounce something? To renounce means to speak of one’s self. If something has been renounced it has been rejected, cut off, or the individual is refusing to follow or obey.
    [Show full text]
  • Haiti's History
    Haiti’s History 5000 BCE - 1780 5000 BCE First inhabitants, the Tainos and Arawak 300 BCE 1492 Farming villages Christopher Columbus sighted established Haiti and renamed it La Isla Española (later Anglicized as Hispaniola) 1492-1514 1697 1780 Enslaved natives, European The Treaty of Rijswijk: “Creation of Santo Became France’s most prosperous New World diseases and brutal working Domingo (Spanish Eastern Half) and Saint possession, exporting Sugar, smaller amounts of conditions (pop. 100 000-30 Dominigue (French Western Half).” Spain coffee, cacao, indigo, cotton. (2/3 of France’s 000) giving the western half after exhausting gold foreign investments) cause of soil erosion mines (European investors and landowners unconcerned or unaware of long-term consequences) 1789 - 1801 1801 L’Overture named “governor- general for life” 1791 1793 Dutty Boukman, a Jamaican-born Haitian voodoo priest, Léger Félicité Sonthonax (sent from conducted a ceremony at the Bois Caïman during which France), maintain order, abolished he prophesied that a massed rebellion would at last slavery (L’Overture agreed to fight for 1789 free the slaves of Saint-Domingue. A wild animal was French for this - http://en.wikipedia. Saint-Domingue, society deeply fragmented by sacrificed and Boukman urged them to take bloody org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution), joined colour skin, class and gender. revenge on their French oppressors. French revolution his army - Grands blancs (Elite merchants, Landowners, granted citizenship to wealthy affranchis, Europeans Royal Lineage) refused
    [Show full text]
  • (West African Bocio/Bo/Vodu/Tro) with Its Kongo Counterpart
    A comparison of the anthropomorphic Vodun power-figure (West African bocio / bo / vodu / tro) with its Kongo counterpart (Central African nkisi) Lloyd D. Graham Graphic abstract: Text abstract: This paper compares anthropomorphic power-figures from the Vodun and Kongo cultural areas. Vodun is practised along the Guinea Coast of West Africa (especially in Benin and Togo) whereas the Kongo religion is native to the west coast of Central Africa (especially the two Republics of the Congo and northwest Angola). First, overlaps in belief and praxis between the Vodun and Kongo religions are highlighted. Second, similarities are identified in the design and significance of anthrop- omorphic Vodun power-figures, especially Fon bocio and Ewe bo/vodu/tro(n), and their Kongo counterparts – minkisi, and especially minkondi, which are better known in the West as “nail fetishes.” The disturbing appearance of the figurines, the ritual operation of features such as pegs/padlocks, nails/blades, bonds/sutures and magical/medicinal material (Kongo bilongo) are treated in detail. Activation and appeasement by sacrificial blood, alcoholic drink and coloured dyes are also considered. The analysis ends with a broad intercultural comparison which ranges from ancient Egyptian belief to the art of Polish surrealist Zdzisław Beksiński, encompassing en route the zār cult and the Polynesian tiki. Overall, the study finds that the Vodun bocio/bo/vodu/tro(n) has much in common with the Kongo nkisi nkondi, the two sharing notable similarities in purpose, construction and operation. One difference, however, is that large Kongo minkondi used to serve as archival repositories of a community’s oaths, treaties and petitions, a commemorative role seemingly not shared by Vodun power-figures.
    [Show full text]
  • Panthéon Vaudou
    MYTHOLOGIE VAUDOU Le vaudou est une religion présente au Bénin, au Togo et à Haïti. Les loas, divinités ou esprits du vaudou, sont divisés en trois familles ou nachons qui suivent un des trois rites : Pétro, Congo ou Rada qui est le plus important. ADJASSOU LINGUETOR Loa aux yeux proéminents qui est la patronne des sources ADJINAKOU Loa ayant la forme d'un éléphant. ADYA HOUNT'TO Loa associé aux tambours dans le vaudou ouest africain. AGAOU Maître du Tonnerre et de la Foudre. AGASSOU Loa, gardien des anciennes traditions du Dahomey. AGOUÉ ou AGWÉ Loa qui règne sur les poissons et tout ce qui peuple l'océan. C'est pourquoi Agoué est bien connu des pêcheurs et des marins. C'est le mari de la belle Erzulie. AYIDA WEDDO Grand serpent cosmique qui s'enroule tout autour du monde ce qui rend la création possible. Elle est l'épouse de Damballah AÏZAN Aïzan est l'esprit de l'initiation. C'est aussi une Mambo qui aide de façon invisible ceux qui transmettent la Connaissance Vaudou. AYIZAN Loa des marchés et plus généralement du commerce. AZAKA MEDEH Loa des moissons. AZAKA-TONNERRE Loa de l'Agriculture et du Tonnerre. BACALOU Mauvais esprit qui est représenté par un squelette. BARON CIMETIÈRE Loa gardien des cimetières BARON Kmythologica.frRIMINEL Loa très redouté, assassin condamné à mort. BARON SAMEDI Esprit de la Mort et le maître des cimetières. BARON LA CROIX Loa de la sexualité et de la mort. BELIE BELCAN Loa qui défend les gens contre les diables et les ennemis. 1 BODDOU ASHADEH Esprit du défunt roi du Dahomey, Tegbésou.
    [Show full text]
  • Religiones Tradicionales Africanas Religiones Tradicionales Africanas
    RELIGIONES TRADICIONALES AFRICANAS RELIGIONES TRADICIONALES AFRICANAS Muchos africanos y sus descendientes se adhieren a sus tradiciones como una escuela filosófica de pensamiento, con las tradiciones de la religión popular o sincretismo practicado junto con la tradición adherentes del otro. La esencia de esta escuela de pensamiento se basa principalmente en la trasmisión oral, es decir lo que está escrito en los corazones, las mentes, la historia oral, las costumbres, los templos y las funciones religiosas. Aunque es difícil generalizar, debido a la diversidad de las culturas que comparten algunos sistemas de creencias comunes; el papel de la humanidad es generalmente visto como una relación entre la naturaleza y la armonización de las fuerzas sobrenaturales. Índice 1 Etimología 2 Clasificación tipológica 3 Clasificación y estadísticas 4 Tradición religiosa de África occidental 4.1 Religión Akan 4.2 Odinani 4.3 Religión Serer 4.4 Ceremonias Etimología Cuando hablamos de las religiones africanas, normalmente se refiere a la espiritualidad de las personas. Estas son las filosofías antiguas que resultan de la fe, mantienen en el poder a los antepasados de los africanos presentes, y se está practicando en sus distintas formas y formatos. Según el Dr. J Omosade Awolalu, lo "tradicional" en este contexto, significa para el indígena, lo que es fundamental, transmitido de generación en generación, que prevalece y se practica hoy en día y para siempre. Una herencia del pasado, aún no tratada como una cosa del pasado, sino que conecta el pasado con el presente y el presente con la eternidad. Clasificación tipológica Christopher Ehret postula cinco elementos etno-lingüísticos en las tradiciones religiosas de África.
    [Show full text]
  • The Death Cult of the Drug Lords Mexico's Patron Saint of Crime
    WARNING! The views expressed in FMSO publications and reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. The Death Cult of the Drug Lords Mexico’s Patron Saint of Crime, Criminals, and the Dispossessed by Kevin Freese, Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS. Table of Contents Introduction Executive Summary Sources Terms and Concepts Death in Mexican Culture Epithets and Aliases The Power of Color Iconography Common Offerings Death’s Collects Objectives of Prayer The Origin and Spread of the Cult The Goddess of Tepito The Lord of the Rings Santa Muerte Witnesses Violent Crimes Prisoners Pray to Santa Muerte The Skeleton in the Family Closet Was Santa Muerte Criminals Carry Accoutrements of Santa Muerte Santa Muerte Has Following in Major Criminal Organizations Santa Muerte on the U.S. Border The Patron Saint of Crime Conclusion Table of Figures Figure 1 Santa Muerte in the Zocalo, Mexico City Figure 2 La Catrina Calavera Figure 3 Imprisoned Cult Practitioner with Tattooed Santa Muerte and Tattooed Amulet Figure 4 A Prisoner's Tattoo of Santa Muerte Figure 5 Santa Muerte devotee displays amulet Figure 6 Statues of Santa Muerte Figure 7 Table of Santa Muerte Rituals Figure 8 Mictlantecuhtli Figure 9 Mictlantecuhtli Figure 10 Mictecacíhuatl Figure 11 Oyá Figure 12 Yewá Figure 13 Maman Brigitte Figure 14 Shrine to Maximón Figure 15 Aerial Photograph of Tepito Market Figure 16 David Romo Guillén Figure 17 A Worshipper inside the Santa Muerte National Sanctuary Figure 18 David Romo Guillén Figure 19 Martínez’ Tattoos Figure 20 Ramirez’ Tattoos Figure 21 Pérez’ Tattoo Introduction In Tony Scott’s 2004 action film Man on Fire, the haunted protagonist John Creasy (played by Denzel Washington) seeks revenge against a gang of kidnappers that, he believes, has murdered a little girl he was hired to protect.
    [Show full text]
  • Dieux D'afrique Et D'amérique
    Michel MATHIEU-COLAS www.mathieu-colas.fr/michel DIEUX D’AFRIQUE ET D’AMÉRIQUE On trouvera ici un début de description des dieux d’Afrique et d’Amérique. Seuls quelques sous-domaines ont jusqu’ici été traités. De très nombreuses régions devront encore être explorées. Ces pages sont un extrait du Dictionnaire des noms de divinités dont nous poursuivons la réalisation. Rappelons-en l’objectif : appliquer aux religions et aux mythologies des principes lexicographiques aussi rigoureux que possible, avec une prise en compte très large des variantes (notamment celles qui sont attestées dans des documents français). Les sources sont constituées pour l’essentiel par des études spécialisées imprimées ou disponibles en ligne. Le Web n’est utilisé qu’après recoupement et vérification des informations. Version intégrale du dictionnaire : http://www.mathieu-colas.fr/michel/Classes/Ndiv.pdf Pour une présentation générale, voir : http://www.mathieu-colas.fr/michel/Classes/Principes_Ndiv.pdf Pour toute question relative au présent document, écrire à [email protected] Michel Mathieu-Colas, Dieux d’Afrique et d’Amérique (www.mathieu-colas.fr/michel/Classes/Dieux_d’Afrique_et_d’Amerique.pdf) NOMS VARIANTES et RENVOIS GENRE DOMAINE SOUS-DOMAINE NATURE ET FONCTIONS Abassi Abasi nm Afrique Ibibios (Nigeria) Être suprême; divinité double, à la fois dieu du ciel ( Abassi Enyong ) et dieu de la terre ( Abassi Isong ); [abréviation de Ababa ke nsi nsi, "être éternel"] Abassi Enyong Abassi Onyong nm Afrique Ibibios (Nigeria) l'Être suprême, en tant que dieu du
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Hum 2019 De La Cruz G
    Religiones Históricas Africanas y Espiritualidad en la Diáspora presentes en la Literatura del Caribe: Un análisis de arquetipos filosóficos afrocaribeños en la literatura contemporánea del Caribe desde la filosofía de Ifá como sistema de significación African Historical Religions and Africana Spirituality in the Caribbean Literature: An analysis of Afro-Caribbean philosophical archetypes in contemporary Caribbean Literature using Ifá philosophy as a signifying systemTown KATIA DE LA CRUZCape GARCÍA of Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Spanish Language & Literature, UniversityFaculty of Humanities, University of Cape Town Supervisor: Dr Jay Corwin Co-Supervisor: Professor Bárbaro Martínez-Ruíz March 2019 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University DECLARATION I, Katia De la Cruz García, hereby declare that the work on which this dissertation/thesis is based is my original work and that neither the whole work nor any part of it has been, is being, or is to be submitted for another degree in this or any other university. I empower the university to reproduce for the purpose of research either the whole or any portion of the contents in any manner whatsoever. Signature: Date: 28th February 2019 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Wierzenia Związane Ze Śmiercią W Tradycji Haitańskiego Voodoo
    Antropologia Religii V (2013), pp. 26-36 Joanna A. Ciesielska Wierzenia związane ze śmiercią w tradycji haitańskiego voodoo Religia voodoo powstała na wybrzeżach Afryki Zachodniej, ale swą ostateczną formę przybrała dopiero na Haiti oraz w innych częściach Nowego Świata, gdzie pojawiła się wraz z przybyciem czarnych niewolników, którzy po przyjęciu chrześcijaństwa dokonali reinterpretacji pewnych rytuałów i obrzędów. Wierzenia wywodzące się pierwotnie z tradycji ludu Joruba, zamieszkującego tereny dawnego Dahomeju (współczesny Benin, Togo i Nigeria), uzupełniono elementami kultów grup etnicznych Fon i Ewe, a także Tainów, zamieszkujących Haiti w okresie prekolumbijskim. Voodoo ewoluowało następnie pod wpływem chrześcijaństwa oraz działalności XVII i XVIII-wiecznych grup masońskich. Ostatecznie haitańskie vodoun (kreol.) wykształciło się w II poł. XVIII w., a pierwszą ceremonię przeprowadzono w 1791 roku. Od tamtej pory religia ta podlegała wielu przemianom, a współczesne praktyki jedynie w niewielkim stopniu przypominają voodoo z początków jego powstania. Ze względu na mnogość wpływów i tradycji, wierzenia i rytuały są bardzo zróżnicowane, i nigdzie nie wykształcono jednolitej doktryny. Zasadnicze wierzenia pozostają jednak takie same, a Haiti uważane jest za główny i największy ośrodek oryginalnego kultu voodoo. Zgodnie z wierzeniami Haitańczyków śmierć nakreśla pierwszą granicę istnienia. Jest najważniejszą i ostateczną definicją życia. Samą śmierć rozpoznajemy nie tyle przez to, czym ona jest, ile poprzez fakt, że nie jest życiem. Życie i śmierć wzajemnie się wykluczając, definiują się. Moment śmierci jest więc rozdzieleniem na zawsze siły życiowej od ciała. Siła ta, obejmująca stan świadomości i działanie umysłu, nazywana jest przez Haitańczyków esprit (fr. „duch”, „umysł”). Energia życiowa jest taka sama dla całej materii ożywionej. Opłakiwanie zmarłych nie odnosi się do ubytku odrobiny kosmicznej siły życiowej czy kosmicznej świadomości.
    [Show full text]