Haitian Vodou: “Pwen” (Magical Charge) in Ritual Context

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Haitian Vodou: “Pwen” (Magical Charge) in Ritual Context HAITIAN VODOU: “PWEN” (MAGICAL CHARGE) IN RITUAL CONTEXT by Kimberly Ann Greenough-Hodges APPROVED BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: ___________________________________________ Thomas P. Riccio, Chair ___________________________________________ Monica Rankin ___________________________________________ Antoinette Sol ___________________________________________ Richard Brettell ___________________________________________ Charles Hatfield Copyright 2020 Kimberly Ann Greenough-Hodges All Rights Reserved HAITIAN VODOU: “PWEN” (MAGICAL CHARGE) IN RITUAL CONTEXT by KIMBERLY ANN GREENOUGH-HODGES, BA, MA DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The University of Texas at Dallas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HUMANITIES - AESTHETIC STUDIES THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS May 2020 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To begin, I humbly thank God, Jesus and Mary, the Saints, the ancestors, and all of the lwa of Haitian Vodou for granting me the determination, fortitude, and tenacity to see this project from conception through its completion. I also would like to thank the numerous people I have met over the span of 15 years who helped make this project possible. The most important person to me during this process has been my initiatory mother, Mambo Racine of the Roots Without End Society. (Ono ak Respe Mambo!) Mambo Kathy initiated me, educated me, sang for me, taught me Creole, taught me about Haitian culture, translated for me, allowed me to interview her and photograph her peristyle in Jacmel, Haiti. For all of this and much more, I thank you. Additionally, I owe much to the Haitian Roots Without End Society membership for my proper ceremonies, Vodou education, and complete acceptance into their house. I also would like to thank my initiatory siblings: Mambo Margaret for keeping me sane, Mambo Kineta, for the knowledge you passed to me and fun Vodou adventures together in California and in Massachusetts, Mambo Ke Kontan, for all the Vodou Jeopardy texting and always being grounded, pithy, and helpful. I really could not have done this without your generosity. Antoinette Sol, thank you for introducing me to the beautiful and fascinating genre of French Caribbean literature and always being positive and encouraging. Monica Rankin, thank you for assigning me the Haitian Revolution as my “first” historical presentation as a doctoral student at UTD, helping me get work writing encyclopedic entries for your book, and always being ready to help. Rick Brettell, thank you for believing in me and this project and funding two field work trips to Haiti. Thomas Riccio, thank you for all the support and tremendous amount of time and energy you have put into me and this project. It is genuinely appreciated. I would like to thank iv my friends and family, especially my husband, Will, and my four children, Solange, Aidan, Asa, and Max, who have given years of love, support, encouragement, and made many sacrifices, so that I could complete this very important endeavor. April 2020 v HAITIAN VODOU: “PWEN” (MAGICAL CHARGE) IN RITUAL CONTEXT Kimberly Ann Greenough-Hodges, PhD The University of Texas at Dallas, 2020 Supervising Professor: Thomas P. Riccio ABSTRACT The central focus of this dissertation “Haitian Vodou: Pwen (Magical Charge) in Ritual Practice” is to elucidate a central component of Haitian Vodou ritual, known as pwen, which literally means “point” or magical charge. This query begins with a theoretical discussion of what pwen is and is not. Common characteristics are outlined and serve as a means by which pwen is defined. All discussion about pwen returns to the strongest and most elaborate pwen in Haitian Vodou, which is the initiation ritual, called kanzo. Uniquely, my position is that of participant- observer, as I am an initiated practitioner of Haitian Vodou. The second chapter establishes historical context as pwen (objects, spirits, and ceremonies) are traced from their West and Central African origins through space and time to modern Haitian Vodou practice. Focus was placed on pwen that transferred from Africa to Haiti, relatively unchanged and is easily identified in ritual. The third chapter examines pwen through a Roman Catholic lens, where Catholic venerations and devotions for the Virgin Mary are compared and contrasted to similar practices for the Haitian Vodou Dahomian Queen, Erzulie Freda. Catholic traditions of saying the Rosary and the celebration that accompanies the feast day for Mary’s May Crowning are contrasted to the vi Haitian Vodou practices of “tying a pwen” (ritual binding activity), altar-building, and marriage to a specific spiritual entity. The fourth chapter transitions the reader to literature, which presents pwen and pwen-like manifestations in a brilliantly descriptive excerpt taken from the Haitian magical realism work, Les Arbres Musiciens, by Jacques Stephen Alexis. This study examines the people, spaces, and important pwen in Alexis’s fictional Vodou ceremony and compares them to real-life Vodou pwen. Chapter 5 is a detailed description of a wanga or magical work done by a medsen fey (“leaf doctor”) in Jacmel, Haiti during my fieldwork in December 2008. This chapter presents the important function of the medsen fey in vodouisant communities and relates details about training and professional practice. The magical work was done for my husband and I served as a surrogate. It was an elaborate and spectacular ceremony. Methods to realize this project were: learning Haitian Creole, learning Haitian Vodou, going through a kanzo (Vodou initiation), traveling to Haiti on two different occasions for field work, interviewing and recording dozens of international and Haitian practitioners, attending Haitian dance workshops, attending Haitian drum workshops, and attending public ceremonies when possible. Upon completion of this research, it is the author’s opinion that Haitian Vodou: (a) reflects the dynamic evolution of Haitian history, while retaining an African core, (b) offers significant stability to the majority population of Haiti, as the country has been and continues to be plagued by lack of infrastructure, economic and political instability, and natural disaster, (c) is grossly misunderstood and merits accurate and unbiased explanation to those unfamiliar with it, and (d) should be universally recognized as a legitimate religion. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ x LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xvi PREFACE ................................................................................................................................... xvii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PWEN IN ACTION .......................................................... 18 Interview with a Mambo ........................................................................................................... 29 What is pwen? ........................................................................................................................... 30 What can Pwen Do? .................................................................................................................. 30 What are Examples of Objects that Hold Pwen? ...................................................................... 31 How Long Does “Created” Pwen Stay? ................................................................................... 31 In Haitian Culture, is Pwen Conceived of as Positive or Negative? ......................................... 31 Can a Spirit be Harnessed into a Pwen? ................................................................................... 32 Tell me about Pwen in the Haitian Revolution ......................................................................... 33 How Does Pwen fit In? ............................................................................................................. 33 Can you Think of Direct Reference to Pwen in Songs and How to Explain the Meaning to Non-initiates? ............................................................................................................................ 34 Can Pwen Exist in Found Objects? Or What Folkloric Beliefs Are There in Haiti About Pwen? ........................................................................................................................................ 36 Can Clothes have Pwen? ........................................................................................................... 38 What Other Unusual Folkloric Beliefs Involving Pwen Have you Heard? .............................. 38 Who Knows the Formula? ........................................................................................................ 38 What are the Darker Aspects of Pwen? .................................................................................... 38 Why Would Someone Want to Create Such a Ferocious Spirit Worker? ................................ 39 Are There any Other Natural Objects with Pwen?
Recommended publications
  • A Case Study of Folk Religion and Migración: La Santa Muerte and Jesus Malverde
    California State University, Monterey Bay Digital Commons @ CSUMB Capstone Projects and Master's Theses Capstone Projects and Master's Theses 5-2020 A Case Study of Folk Religion and Migración: La Santa Muerte and Jesus Malverde Zulema Denise Santana California State University, Monterey Bay Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes_all Recommended Citation Santana, Zulema Denise, "A Case Study of Folk Religion and Migración: La Santa Muerte and Jesus Malverde" (2020). Capstone Projects and Master's Theses. 871. https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes_all/871 This Capstone Project (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Capstone Projects and Master's Theses at Digital Commons @ CSUMB. It has been accepted for inclusion in Capstone Projects and Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CSUMB. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Case Study of Folk Religion and Migración: La Santa Muerte and Jesus Malverde Global Studies Capstone Project Report Zulema D. Santana May 8th, 2020 California State University Monterey Bay 1 Introduction Religion has helped many immigrants establish themselves in their new surroundings in the United States (U.S.) and on their journey north from Mexico across the US-Mexican border (Vásquez and Knott 2014). They look to their God and then to their Mexican Folk Saints, such as La Santa Muerte and Jesus Malverde, for protection and strength. This case study focuses on how religion— in particular Folk Saints such as La Santa Muerte and Jesus Malverde— can give solace and hope to Mexican migrants, mostly Catholics, when they cross the border into the U.S, and also after they settle in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Interview with Frisner Augustin—3/24/1982 East 96Th Street, East Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York
    Interview with Frisner Augustin—3/24/1982 East 96th Street, East Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York Frisner’s Life in Haiti L: This is an interview with Frisner Augustin, Master Drummer from Haiti. First, I just want to get the facts—the day that you were born, where you were born… F: Okay, the day I born is one, three, forty-eight, right? So, I born in Port- au-Prince. But my mother born in Port-a-Prince, but my grandmother born in Jacmel. L: Is that your mother’s mother? F: My grandmother, yeah. But my father born in Port-au-Prince, but, you know, my father’s father born in Léogane. I come from two parent, you know, two pärent—parent or pärent, I don’t know. Because, you know, English is not my language. But in my country they speak Creole. But everybody try to speak French. You’re supposed to go to school to speak French. But my parent don’t have any money to push me very good in big school, and I try to learn by some friend. But, in Haiti, my father, you know, time I got to be about six years old, and my father left my mother, and, you know, my mother can’t help me to push me in school. Okay, I got all my parent, my uncle play drum and be travel lot. He go to St. Thomas, St. Croix, Puerto Rico, and New York and go back to Haiti, St. Vincent and go back to Haiti. And soon I grow up, I say, I want to learn how to play drum.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Brooklyn Renaissance Digital Archive Sherif Sadek, Akhnaton Films
    Black Brooklyn Renaissance (BBR) Digital Archive About the Digital Archive CONTENTS This digital archive contains 73 discs, formatted as playable DVDs for use in compatible DVD players and computers, and audio CDs where indicated. The BBR Digital Archive is organized according to performance genres: dance, music, visual art, spoken word, community festival/ritual arts, and community/arts organizations. Within each genre, performance events and artist interviews are separated. COPYRIGHT Black Brooklyn Renaissance: Black Arts + Culture (BBR) Digital Archive is copyright 2011, and is protected by U.S. Copyright Law, along with privacy and publicity rights. Users may access the recordings solely for individual and nonprofit educational and research purposes. Users may NOT make or distribute copies of the recordings or their contents, in whole or in part, for any purpose. If a user wishes to make any further use of the recordings, the user is responsible for obtaining the written permission of Brooklyn Arts Council (BAC) and/or holders of other rights. BAC assumes no responsibility for any error, omission, interruption, deletion, defect, delay in operation or transmission, or communications line failure, involving the BBR Digital Archive. BAC feels a strong ethical responsibility to the people who have consented to have their lives documented for the historical record. BAC asks that researchers approach the materials in BBR Digital Archive with respect for the sensibilities of the people whose lives, performances, and thoughts are documented here. By accessing the contents of BBR Digital Archive, you represent that you have read, understood, and agree to comply with the above terms and conditions of use of the BBR Digital Archive.
    [Show full text]
  • Benevolent Assistance Or Bureaucratic Burden?: Promoting Effective Haitian Reconstruction, Self-Governance, and Human Rights Under the Right to Development
    BROWN FINAL.DOC 6/23/11 00:38 BENEVOLENT ASSISTANCE OR BUREAUCRATIC BURDEN?: PROMOTING EFFECTIVE HAITIAN RECONSTRUCTION, SELF-GOVERNANCE, AND HUMAN RIGHTS UNDER THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT JEFFERY M. BROWN∗ ABSTRACT This Article examines the capacity of regional organizations to coordinate foreign assistance and development programs in underdeveloped states, and in doing so, to promote the transformation of the Right to Development (RTD) - which stresses the right of nations and their people to progress in a manner that insures their ability to meet basic material, security and social needs - from conceptual template to a binding normative framework under international law. As the poorest state in the western hemisphere, but also the recipient of significant influxes of foreign aid, Haiti exemplifies the underdevelopment dilemma. For despite the large sums of aid allocated toward her reconstruction, there is mounting evidence that the current foreign assistance architecture as structured cannot ensure either long-term sustainable ∗ Associate Professor of Law, Florida A&M University College of Law, Orlando, Florida; B.A., Philosophy, Davidson College; J.D., University of Michigan Law School. I extend a warm thanks to Associate Dean Jeremy Levitt and everyone at the FAMU College of Law Center for International Law and Justice (CILJ) for their support, and a special thanks to my research assistant, Ms. Donna Robinson, for her hard work. I also wish to thank Professor Ron Griffin for his thoughtful observations and suggestions, and Professor Marvin Klein, whose comments to my symposium presentation helped immensely. Of course, I attribute none of the missteps herein to my research assistant or to my readers, all of whom have assisted me ably and competently, but instead to hubris and personal errors in judgment.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture Haiti
    \. / '• ,-') HHHaitiHaaaiiitttiii # l~- ~~- J;,4' ). ~ History ' • The native Taino Amerindians inhabited the island of Hispaniola when discovered by Columbus in 1492 and were virtually annihilated by Spanish settlers within 25 years. • In the early 17th century, the French established a presence on Hispaniola, and in 1697, Spain ceded the western third of the island to the French which later became Haiti. • The French colony, based on forestry and sugar-related industries, became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean, but only through the heavy importation of African slaves and considerable environmental degradation. • In the late 18th century, Haiti's nearly half million slaves revolted under Toussaint L'Ouverture. After a prolonged struggle, Haiti became the first black republic to declare its independence in 1804. The poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, Haiti has been plagued by political violence for most of its history. • After an armed rebellion led to the departure of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in February 2004, an interim government took office to organize new elections under the auspices of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Continued violence and technical delays prompted repeated postponements, • Haiti inaugurated a democratically elected president and parliament in May of 2006. • Immigration: Immigrants to the US encounter the problems and difficulties common to many new arrivals, compounded by the fact that the Haitians are "triple minorities": they are foreigners, they speak Haitian Creole that no one else does, and they are black. • Results from Census 2000 show 419,317 foreign-born from Haiti live in the U.S., representing 1.3 percent of the total foreign-born population of 31.1 million and 0.1 percent of the total population of 281.4 million.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Citizenship, Black Sovereignty: the Haitian Emigration Movement and Black American Politics, 1804-1865
    Black Citizenship, Black Sovereignty: The Haitian Emigration Movement and Black American Politics, 1804-1865 Alexander Campbell History Honors Thesis April 19, 2010 Advisor: Françoise Hamlin 2 Table of Contents Timeline 5 Introduction 7 Chapter I: Race, Nation, and Emigration in the Atlantic World 17 Chapter II: The Beginnings of Black Emigration to Haiti 35 Chapter III: Black Nationalism and Black Abolitionism in Antebellum America 55 Chapter IV: The Return to Emigration and the Prospect of Citizenship 75 Epilogue 97 Bibliography 103 3 4 Timeline 1791 Slave rebellion begins Haitian Revolution 1831 Nat Turner rebellion, Virginia 1804 Independent Republic of Haiti declared, Radical abolitionist paper The Liberator with Jean-Jacques Dessalines as President begins publication 1805 First Constitution of Haiti Written 1836 U.S. Congress passes “gag rule,” blocking petitions against slavery 1806 Dessalines Assassinated; Haiti divided into Kingdom of Haiti in the North, Republic of 1838 Haitian recognition brought to U.S. House Haiti in the South. of Representatives, fails 1808 United States Congress abolishes U.S. 1843 Jean-Pierre Boyer deposed in coup, political Atlantic slave trade chaos follows in Haiti 1811 Paul Cuffe makes first voyage to Africa 1846 Liberia, colony of American Colonization Society, granted independence 1816 American Colonization Society founded 1847 General Faustin Soulouque gains power in 1817 Paul Cuffe dies Haiti, provides stability 1818 Prince Saunders tours U.S. with his 1850 Fugitive Slave Act passes U.S. Congress published book about Haiti Jean-Pierre Boyer becomes President of 1854 Martin Delany holds National Emigration Republic of Haiti Convention Mutiny of the Holkar 1855 James T.
    [Show full text]
  • Background on Haiti & Haitian Health Culture
    A Cultural Competence Primer from Cook Ross Inc. Background on Haiti & Haitian Health Culture History & Population • Concept of Health • Beliefs, Religion & Spirituality • Language & Communication • Family Traditions • Gender Roles • Diet & Nutrition • Health Promotion/Disease Prevention • Illness-Related Issues • Treatment Issues • Labor, Birth & After Care • Death & Dying THIS PRIMER IS BEING SHARED PUBLICLY IN THE HOPE THAT IT WILL PROVIDE INFORMATION THAT WILL POSITIVELY IMPACT 2010 POST-EARTHQUAKE HUMANITARIAN RELIEF EFFORTS IN HAITI. D I S C L A I M E R Although the information contained in www.crcultureVision.com applies generally to groups, it is not intended to infer that these are beliefs and practices of all individuals within the group. This information is intended to be used as a basis for further exploration, not generalizations or stereotyping. C O P Y R I G H T Reproduction or redistribution without giving credit of authorship to Cook Ross Inc. is illegal and is prohibited without the express written permission of Cook Ross Inc. FOR MORE INFORMATION Contact Cook Ross Inc. [email protected] phone: 301-565-4035 website: www.CookRoss.com Background on Haiti & Haitian Health Culture Table of Contents Chapter 1: History & Population 3 Chapter 2: Concept of Health 6 Chapter 3: Beliefs, Religion & Spirituality 9 Chapter 4: Language & Communication 16 Chapter 5: Family Traditions 23 Chapter 6: Gender Roles 29 Chapter 7: Diet & Nutrition 30 Chapter 8: Health Promotion/Disease Prevention 35 Chapter 9: Illness-Related Issues 39 Chapter 10: Treatment Issues 57 Chapter 11: Labor, Birth & After Care 67 Chapter 12: Death & Dying 72 About CultureVision While health care is a universal concept which exists in every cultural group, different cultures vary in the ways in which health and illness are perceived and how care is given.
    [Show full text]
  • Popular Religion and Festivals
    12 Popular Religion and Festivals The introduction of Roman Catholicism to the New World was part of the colonizing policy of both the Spanish and the Portuguese, but on Latin American soil Christian beliefs and practices came into contact with those of the native Amerindian peoples, and later with those brought by enslaved Africans and their descendants. Latin American Catholicism has consequently absorbed elements of pre-Columbian reli- gious beliefs and practices, giving rise to what is known as “popular” or “folk” Catholicism. Popular Catholicism has blended elements of differ- ent religions, yet it is still a recognizable mutation of traditional Roman Catholicism. In Mexico, for example, Catholic saints are matched up with pre-Columbian deities, as are Christian festivals with indigenous ones. Similarly, popular religion in the Andean countries must be under- stood in its historical and cultural context, since it is heavily influenced by the experience of conquest and the persistence of indigenous beliefs under a Christian guise. In recent years, Catholicism in Latin America has also become synony- mous with Liberation Theology, with its commitment to social change and improvement of the lot of marginal sectors. This radical theology was announced at Medellín, Colombia, in 1968 with a formal declaration of the Church’s identification with the poor. The doctrine’s complexity and diversity make it difficult to define, but the influence of Marxism is apparent, along with that of pioneering social reformers and educators such as the Brazilian Paulo Freire. Liberation Theology’s most famous advocate is the Peruvian priest Gustavo Gutiérrez, whose humble origins sharpened his awareness of social problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Refiguring Masculinity in Haitian Literature of Dictatorship, 1968-2010
    NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Dictating Manhood: Refiguring Masculinity in Haitian Literature of Dictatorship, 1968-2010 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Field of French and Francophone Studies By Ara Chi Jung EVANSTON, ILLINOIS March 2018 2 Abstract Dictating Manhood: Refiguring Masculinity in Haitian Literature of Dictatorship, 1968- 2010 explores the literary representations of masculinity under dictatorship. Through the works of Marie Vieux Chauvet, René Depestre, Frankétienne, Georges Castera, Kettly Mars and Dany Laferrière, my dissertation examines the effects of dictatorship on Haitian masculinity and assesses whether extreme oppression can be generative of alternative formulations of masculinity, especially with regard to power. For nearly thirty years, from 1957 to 1986, François and Jean-Claude Duvalier imposed a brutal totalitarian dictatorship that privileged tactics of fear, violence, and terror. Through their instrumentalization of terror and violence, the Duvaliers created a new hegemonic masculinity articulated through the nodes of power and domination. Moreover, Duvalierism developed and promoted a masculine identity which fueled itself through the exclusion and subordination of alternative masculinities, reflecting the autophagic reflex of the dictatorial machine which consumes its own resources in order to power itself. My dissertation probes the structure of Duvalierist masculinity and argues that dictatorial literature not only contests dominant discourses on masculinity, but offers a healing space in which to process the trauma of the dictatorship. 3 Acknowledgements There is a Korean proverb that says, “백지장도 맞들면 낫다.” It is better to lift together, even if it is just a blank sheet of paper. It means that it is always better to do something with the help of other people, even something as simple as lifting a single sheet of paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Haitian Revolution
    The Haitian Revolution The Haitian Revolution was a social and political upheaval in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (which shared the island of Hispaniola with the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo) during the period from 1791 to 1804. In 1791, slaves and gens de couleur libres (“free people of color”) rebelled against French rule, and in 1804 declared their country’s independence under the original Arawak name of Haiti. The Haitian Revolution was, along with the American Revolution, one of the most significant and dramatic challenges to European colonialism in the New World, and historians widely regard it as a milestone in the history of Africans in the Americas. The Haitian Revolution is, in fact, the only successful large-scale slave insurrection in history, and it is often seen as initiating the decline of the slave trade. Causes of the Haitian Revolution The colonial economy was export driven, dominated by agriculture and trade. Saint- Domingue, with its tropical climate, was developed as a coffee- and sugar-producing colony, and sustained many large and profitable plantations. By the second half of the 18th century, sugar and coffee were two of the world’s most traded commodities, and Saint-Domingue produced over 60 percent of the world’s coffee and 40 percent of the world’s sugar. This made Saint-Domingue France’s most profitable plantation colony. To meet the growing needs of this plantation system, Saint-Domingue’s colonists continuously expanded the number of slaves. Thus, the colonial economy fueled the social imbalance that led to the revolution. Colonial society, a racist society, was at fault, in part through its own rigidity.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Mental Health
    global mental health INTERVENTIONS COMMENTARY Vodou’s role in Haitian mental health E. Auguste* and A. Rasmussen Fordham University, New York, USA Global Mental Health (2019), 6, e25, page 1 of 6. doi:10.1017/gmh.2019.23 This paper gives an overview of Vodou’s history in Haiti and how Vodou informs Haitian mental health interventions. Received 11 August 2018; Revised 10 June 2019; Accepted 19 September 2019 Key words: Haiti, intervention, mental health, Vodou. Introduction The distinct cultural differences between Haitian Vodou and western understandings came to the fore- The relationship of Vodou to the mental health and front of global consciousness following the 12 identity of Haitian people is a nuanced one. While January 2010 earthquake in Haiti. The massive the proportion of Haitians that actually practice humanitarian response drew attention to an insuffi- Vodou is hard to enumerate, most adhere to some cient mental health structure and resulted in several aspects of Vodou (Brodwin, 1996; WHO/PAHO, foreign and Haitian-led mental health initiatives 2010), including a substantial portion of the Haitian (Nicolas et al.y, 2012). One factor that complicated people that identify as Catholic or Protestant (Safran these efforts was the reliance on faith-based healers et al. 2011). Haitian Vodou represents a unique reli- for many problems understood as psychological in gious tradition that is based in African spiritualties North America and Europe. Vodou priests (Hougans) (Nobles, 2015). Even before Haiti’s inception as the and priestesses (Mambos), as well as Catholic and first Black republic in 1804, Vodou has been an extant Protestant priests are responsible for the majority of and powerful force in the identities of the Haitian peo- mental health care in Haiti (Méance, 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Haïti 1804 – Lumières Et Ténèbres
    Léon-François Hoffmann/Frauke Gewecke/Ulrich Fleischmann (dir.): Haïti 1804 – Lumières et ténèbres. Impact et résonances d'une révolution B I B L I O T H E C A I B E R O - A M E R I C A N A Publicaciones del Instituto Ibero-Americano Fundación Patrimonio Cultural Prusiano Vol. 121 B I B L I O T H E C A I B E R O - A M E R I C A N A Léon-François Hoffmann/Frauke Gewecke/ Ulrich Fleischmann (dir.) Haïti 1804 – Lumières et ténèbres Impact et résonances d'une révolution Iberoamericana · Vervuert 2008 Bibliografic information published by Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliografic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de © Iberoamericana 2008 Amor de Dios, 1 E-28014 Madrid [email protected] www.ibero-americana.net © Vervuert Verlag 2008 Elisabethenstr. 3-9 D-60594 Frankfurt am Main [email protected] www.ibero-americana.net ISBN 978-84-8489-371-4 ISBN 978-3-86527-394-9 Diseño de la cubierta: Michael Ackermann Ilustración de la cubierta: Toussaint Louverture: Graffiti dans une rue de Port- au-Prince © Thomas Kern/Lookatonline Composición: Anneliese Seibt, Instituto Ibero-Americano, Berlín Este libro está impreso íntegramente en papel ecológico blanqueado sin cloro Impreso en España Table des matières Introduction ...................................................................................... 9 Léon-François Hoffmann L’haïtienne fut-elle une révolution? ................................................. 13 Florence Gauthier La Révolution de Saint-Domingue ou la conquête de l’égalité de l’épiderme (1789-1804) .................................................. 21 Oliver Gliech L’insurrection des esclaves de Saint-Domingue et l’effondrement du pouvoir blanc.
    [Show full text]