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Thesis Hum 2019 De La Cruz G Religiones Históricas Africanas y Espiritualidad en la Diáspora presentes en la Literatura del Caribe: Un análisis de arquetipos filosóficos afrocaribeños en la literatura contemporánea del Caribe desde la filosofía de Ifá como sistema de significación African Historical Religions and Africana Spirituality in the Caribbean Literature: An analysis of Afro-Caribbean philosophical archetypes in contemporary Caribbean Literature using Ifá philosophy as a signifying systemTown KATIA DE LA CRUZCape GARCÍA of Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Spanish Language & Literature, UniversityFaculty of Humanities, University of Cape Town Supervisor: Dr Jay Corwin Co-Supervisor: Professor Bárbaro Martínez-Ruíz March 2019 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University DECLARATION I, Katia De la Cruz García, hereby declare that the work on which this dissertation/thesis is based is my original work and that neither the whole work nor any part of it has been, is being, or is to be submitted for another degree in this or any other university. I empower the university to reproduce for the purpose of research either the whole or any portion of the contents in any manner whatsoever. Signature: Date: 28th February 2019 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. De la Cruz García 2019 Agradecimientos Mi más sincero agradecimiento a todas las personas que caminaron conmigo a lo largo de este viaje y me apoyaron en el desarrollo de esta investigación. Cada uno de ustedes fue fundamental en la realización y finalización de esta tesis. A mis supervisores, Dr. Jay Corwin, por ser la primera persona en creer en este proyecto e impulsarme a continuar y Professor Bárbaro Martínez-Ruíz, por sus valiosos aportes y por ayudarme siempre a encontrar el camino dentro de mis propias dudas. A mi esposo, Johannes, por su paciencia, comprensión, apoyo incondicional y cero tolerancia para las excusas. A mi madre por heredarme su amor al conocimiento y el compromiso con su propia educación. A mi padre por heredarme la tenacidad para no desfallecer y siempre seguir caminando. A mis amigos, Dr. Gina Villamizar y Dr. Alexander Ortega, por sus valiosas recomendaciones a este proyecto y a la experiencia de realizarlo. A mis estudiantes de UCT con quienes pude compartir los avances y dudas de esta investigación. Finalmente, mis agradecimientos a las instituciones National Research Foundation (NRF), North American Humanities Fellowship y UCT Postgraduate Centre and Funding Office por apoyarme financieramente en la ejecución de este proyecto. i De la Cruz García 2019 Abstract Esta investigación analiza desde el componente espiritual de religiones históricas africanas y de la Diáspora la presencia de arquetipos morales y filosóficos de origen africano en la literatura contemporánea caribeña como elementos principales en las dinámicas de formación de la identidad y de consciencia racial de afrodescendientes en el Caribe. El componente espiritual, por su nivel de transcendencia en el ser humano, es fundamental en la formación de la identidad, pues permite la creación de arquetipos morales que, a su vez, pueden reconocerse en creaciones literarias. Esta investigación considera principalmente la filosofía de Ifá, la mitología yoruba y las religiones de origen afrocaribeño como sistemas de significación en la critica literaria caribeña. Se consideraron los fundamentos religiosos de las tradiciones Ewe-Fon, Kongo y especialmente, yoruba considerando su Oráculo como Corpus Literario y base para el análisis de las novelas: Del amor y otros demonios de Gabriel García Márquez, Changó, el gran putas de Manuel Zapata Olivella, Ecue Yamba O de Alejo Carpentier, Del rojo de su sombra de Mayra Montero y Gabriela, clavo y canela de Jorge Amado. Pudo establecerse que la filosofía moral implícita en el sistema adivinatorio del pueblo yoruba, conocido como Ifá, puede ser rastreado a través de las estructuras literarias de la literatura caribeña y ser usado como una referencia de identidad transnacional en el Caribe. Abstract This research analyses the presence of Afro-Caribbean philosophical archetypes in Caribbean literature as fundamental elements in the identity formation and racial dynamics of African descendants in the Caribbean. The main focus is on the spiritual component of African historical religions and Africana spirituality. The spiritual component, considering its level of transcendence in the human being, is essential in the formation of the identity since it allows the ii De la Cruz García 2019 creation of moral archetypes that can be recognized in literary creations. The research uses Ifá philosophy, Yoruba mythology, and Africana religions, as signifying systems. The research considers the religious foundations of the Ewe-Fon, Kongo and especially, Yoruba traditions, with a focus on the Yoruba Oracle as Literary Corpus as well as the basis for the analysis of the following novels: Of Love and other Demons by Gabriel García Márquez, Changó, the biggest badass by Manuel Zapata Olivella, Ecué Yamba Ó by Alejo Carpentier, The red of his shadow by Mayra Montero and Gabriela, clove and cinnamon by Jorge Amado. This project establishes that the moral philosophy, implicit in the divinatory system of the Yoruba people, known as Ifá, can be traced through the literary structures of Caribbean literature and can be used as a reference for transnational identity in the Caribbean. iii De la Cruz García 2019 Contenido CAPÍTULO I: INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................1 ÁFRICA Y EL CARIBE: LEGADO ESPIRITUAL .................................................................................13 UNA APROXIMACIÓN AL CONCEPTO DE RELIGIONES HISTÓRICAS Y ESPIRITUALIDAD AFRICANA. ...........13 PROCESO DE ESCLAVITUD Y TRATA TRANSATLÁNTICA ..............................................................................15 Factores que influenciaron la trata masiva de esclavos ......................................................................18 Etapas de la trata esclavista .................................................................................................................23 ALGUNOS ASPECTOS DEL CARIBE: IDENTIDAD, UNIDAD Y COMPLEJIDAD .................................................25 Del mestizaje a la hibridación ..............................................................................................................29 Césaire, Glissant and Zapata Olivella: Una tercera forma de entender el Caribe .............................34 YORUBAS EN EL CARIBE .............................................................................................................................37 Origen y conceptos ...............................................................................................................................40 Olódùmarè: Dios central, no actuante .................................................................................................42 El concepto de divinidades y/o espíritus. ..............................................................................................43 Importancia de los ancestros ................................................................................................................43 RELIGIONES DE ORIGEN AFRICANO EN EL CARIBE: DOS EJEMPLOS ............................................................45 El Candomblé ........................................................................................................................................46 La Regla de Ocha ..................................................................................................................................48 CAPÍTULO II: TEORÍA Y METODOLOGÍA ........................................................................................52 IFÁ: FUENTE ESTÉTICA Y CONCEPTUAL EN LA LITERATURA DEL CARIBE ......................52 IFÁ COMO SISTEMA DE ADIVINACIÓN ..........................................................................................................53 Origen y concepto .................................................................................................................................53 Los Babalaos y el proceso de adivinación ............................................................................................56 Firmas, Odú y Ęsę Ifá ...........................................................................................................................60 IFÁ COMO CORPUS LITERARIO ....................................................................................................................61 Estructura del Ęsę de Ifá .......................................................................................................................61 Ęsę de Ifá como poema .........................................................................................................................69
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