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Annual Report on Organised Crime Situation in Europe, 1999

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Annual Report on Organised Crime Situation in Europe, 1999 Strasbourg, December 2000 PC-S-CO (2000) 17 EUROPEAN COMMITTEE ON CRIME PROBLEMS (CDPC) Group of specialists on criminal law and criminological aspects of organised crime (PC-S-CO) Report on the Organised Crime Situation in Council of Europe Member States - 1999 Document prepared by 1 Members and scientific experts of Committee PC-S-CO 1 See the list of authors, please refer to Appendix IV. 2 Report on the Organised Crime Situation in Council of Europe Member States - YEAR 1999 CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER I - Introduction............................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER II - Organised crime situation........................................................................ 7 Section 1 - Characteristics of groups involved in organised crime ......................................... 7 1.1 Structure of the groups.................................................................................. 7 1.2 Geographical grouping .................................................................................. 8 · Scandinavia/Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden............................................................................................... 9 · Northwest Europe: Belgium, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands and United Kingdom (incl. England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales)..... 10 · Southwest Europe: Andorra, France, Italy , Malta, Portugal, San Marino and Spain ............................................................................................... 13 · Central Western Europe: Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland............................................................................................ 14 · Central Eastern Europe: Czech republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia.................................................................................................. 15 · South-eastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, ‘the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia’ and Turkey............................. 18 · Eastern Europe: Georgia, Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation and Ukraine............................................................................................ 20 · The Baltic countries: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania............................... 22 1.3 Number of organised criminal groups and number of participants ................ 24 Section 2 - Criminal activities of the groups........................................................................ 26 2.1 Trafficking in illicit drugs............................................................................... 26 · General picture ..................................................................................... 26 · Heroin ............................................................................................. 28 · Cocaine ............................................................................................. 33 · Amphetamine and analogues................................................................. 36 · Cannabis ............................................................................................. 40 · Other illicit drugs ................................................................................. 43 2.2 Fraud............................................................................................................. 45 2.3 Forgery and counterfeiting ............................................................................ 48 2.4 Vehicle theft and trafficking ........................................................................... 49 Report on the Organised Crime Situation in Council of Europe Member States - YEAR 1999 3 2.5 Smuggling of contraband goods..................................................................... 52 2.6 Illegal traffic of arms...................................................................................... 52 2.7 Armed bank robberies.................................................................................... 54 2.8 Extortion and kidnapping............................................................................... 55 2.9 Illegal immigration......................................................................................... 56 2.10 Trafficking in human beings and prostitution.................................................. 58 2.11 Child pornography......................................................................................... 60 2.12 Illegal gambling ............................................................................................. 60 2.13 Environmental crime...................................................................................... 60 2.14 Computer crime............................................................................................. 61 Section 3 – Use of influence ............................................................................................... 62 Section 4 - Use of violence................................................................................................. 64 4.1 General picture .............................................................................................. 64 4.2 Violence inside groups................................................................................... 64 4.3 Violence outside groups................................................................................. 66 4.4 Homicides...................................................................................................... 67 Section 5 - Investment of the proceeds of crime.................................................................. 69 Section 6 – Trends in organised crime ................................................................................ 73 CHAPTER III - Measures against organised crime ....................................................... 75 1. Seizures of illicit drugs and arrests for drugs trafficking ................................. 75 2. Arrests and convictions for vehicle theft......................................................... 75 3. Seizures and arrests for illegal arms trafficking............................................... 75 4. Number of cases and arrests for illegal immigration and trafficking in human beings ............................................................................ 75 Appendix I Replies to the 1999 questionnaire ................................................................ 81 Appendix II Illicit drugs seized in European countries ..................................................... 82 Appendix III Methodology............................................................................................... 96 Appendix IV List of authors ............................................................................................. 97 Appendix V References................................................................................................... 98 4 Report on the Organised Crime Situation in Council of Europe Member States - YEAR 1999 CHAPTER I Introduction The Group of experts on criminological and criminal law aspects of organised crime (PC-S-CO) was set up by a decision of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. This group took over the activities that were carried out between 1997 and 1999 by the Committee of experts on criminological and criminal law aspects of organised crime (PC-CO). The purpose of the group is to analyse, under the authority of the European Committee on Crime Problems (CDPC), the characteristics of organised crime in the member States of the Council of Europe, to assess the counter-measures adopted (including legislation) and to identify means of improving the effectiveness of both national responses and international co-operation in this respect. The member States received in March 2000 a questionnaire concerning the situation in 1999. This questionnaire contains to a large extent the same questions as the questionnaires related to the years 1996 to 1998. This was done to obtain as much comparable data as possible. The questionnaire was divided into the following seven parts: I. Introduction, II. Criteria for identifying organised crime groups, III. Organised crime situation, IV. Statistics on specific topics, V. Methodology, VI. Data of the persons(s) providing the answers. 35 of the member States have replied (see Appendix I). The group is grateful to all people who contributed to the national reports. No replies were received from Albania, Croatia, Austria, France, Portugal and San Marino. As in previous years some replies were only partially used for the analysis of the organised situation, because they did not provide information on all subjects. All replies received from member States were used for the compilation of this report. In addition, other sources were used to a limited extent (see the references in Appendix V). The following list of criteria of organised crime was used by member States to prepare their replies to the questionnaire. In addition to the minimum characteristics (“mandatory criteria” numbered 1 to 4, at least two of the other characteristics (“optional criteria”) needed to be present for any crime or criminal group to be classified as organised crime. The questionnaire concentrated on groups that meet six or more of these eleven criteria. This can refer to traditional criminal groups but also to legal entities or professionals engaged in serious forms of organisational or white-collar crime. Mandatory criteria: I. Collaboration of three or more people II.
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