DOCSLIB.ORG

Zinc, Copper and Magnesium Intake in a Daily Diet in Opiate‑Addicted Persons Before and After 5 Years of Methadone Treatment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Zinc, Copper and Magnesium Intake in a Daily Diet in Opiate‑Addicted Persons Before and After 5 Years of Methadone Treatment KolarzykProbl Hig E Epidemiol i wsp. Zinc, 2010, copper 91(2): and 243-247 magnesium intake in a daily diet in opiate-addicted persons before and after ... 243 Zinc, copper and magnesium intake in a daily diet in opiate‑addicted persons before and after 5 years of methadone treatment Podaż cynku, miedzi i magnezu w diecie osób uzależnionych od opiatów przed rozpoczęciem oraz po 5 latach trwania leczenia substytucyjnego metadonem Emilia Kolarzyk 1/, Agnieszka Szpanowska-Wohn 1/, Jan Chrostek-Maj 2/ 1/ Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow 2/ Rydygier Hospital, Center for Dependency Treatment, Krakow Cel pracy. Oszacowanie podaży cynku, miedzi i magnezu w diecie osób Aim. Estimation of zinc, copper and magnesium intake in the diet of opiate- uzależnionych od opiatów przed rozpoczęciem oraz po 5 latach trwania addicted persons before and after 5 years of methadone maintenance leczenia substytucyjnego metadonem. treatment. Materiał i metoda. Badaniami objęto 35 uzależnionych osób (12 kobiet Material & method. Thirty five opiate-addicted persons were included in i 35 mężczyzn). Sposób żywienia, z uwzględnieniem podaży cynku, miedzi the examination (12 women and 23 men). The nutritional model including i magnezu, był oceniany metodą 24-godzinnego wywiadu. Uzyskane zinc, copper and magnesium intake estimation was analysed on the basis wyniki były odnoszone do norm żywieniowych na bezpiecznym poziomie of a 24-hour nutritional recall. The received values were compared with spożycia. the daily norms of the safe intake level. Wyniki. W badaniu wyjściowym średnia podaż wszystkich ocenianych Results. In the initial examination the mean intake of all analyzed mikroelementów była niższa niż rekomendowana, zarówno w grupie microelements in a daily diet was lower than the recommended both in mężczyzn (59,0-71,5%) jak i w grupie kobiet (43,0-782%). Po 5 latach men (59.0-71.5%) and in women (43.0-78.2%) groups. After 5 years of leczenia substytucyjnego metadonem magnez i cynk był spożywany methadone maintenance treatment in the group of examined women, w zalecanych ilościach przez kobiety, natomiast w grupie mężczyzn spożycie magnesium and zinc were consumed according to the recommended magnezu, cynku i miedzi nie uległo istotnej zmianie i wciąż było niższe values. In the men’s group the magnesium, zinc and copper consumption niż zalecany poziom. did not change and was still lower than the safe consumption level. Wnioski. Badania wykazały nieprawidłowe zachowania żywieniowe osób Conclusions. The quoted results of our examination showed incorrect uzależnionych i były podstawą do podjęcia wysiłków w celu zmotywowania nutritional behaviors and were the reason to motivate addicted patients to badanych do przestrzegania zaleceń żywieniowych, obejmujących respect recommendations concerning the microelements consumption. The również podaż mikroelementów. Powyższe badania były tylko jednym research was one of the elements of multidimensional care over addicted z elementów wielokierunkowej opieki mającej na celu pomóc osobom persons, aimed to help addicted people in recovering and improving their uzależnionym w powrocie do zdrowia, w aspekcie zarówno fizycznym jak physical and mental health. i psychicznym. Key words: magnesium, zinc, copper, 24-hour nutritional recall, opiate Słowa kluczowe: cynk, miedź, magnez, 24-godzinny wywiad żywieniowy, dependence, methadone program. uzależnienie od opiatów, program metadonowy © Probl Hig Epidemiol 2010, 91(2): 243‑247 Adres do korespondencji / Address for correspondence Prof. dr hab. Emilia Kolarzyk www.phie.pl Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Jagiellonian University, Medical Nadesłano: 10.03.2009 College, Krakow, 7 Kopernik Street, Krakow, Poland Zakwalifikowano do druku: 17.05.2010 tel./fax +48-12-422-37-20, e-mail: [email protected] Introduction drug-addicts are the persons from the risk groups of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. The The opiate addiction is a severe, chronic disease treatment of addicted persons is very difficult because of central nervous system and addicted persons the drug addiction is connected with neurobiological are the group of patients who may develop, more mechanisms and depends on some psychological, frequently than others, such diseases as: dermatitis, social and economic factors [1,2]. phlebitis (followed by clots in venal system), hepatitis, pancreatitis, osteitis, and in some cases sepsis. The Presently, an important way of help for opiate- (morphine-, heroin-) addicted persons are 244 Probl Hig Epidemiol 2010, 91(2): 243-247 substitutional programs. The most helpful drug The nutritional model of addicted persons was used in long-term treatment of opiate-addiction is assessed by the specialists from the Department of methadone [3,4]. Hygiene and Ecology, Medical College of Jagiellonian Methadone is a synthetic agonist of opioid University, Krakow, on the basis of a 24-hour receptors. It may be administered orally and it is active nutritional recall. The nutritional recall was performed in organisms for 24 hours. Since January 2000 the twice: just before the treatment was started (the initial methadone therapy for opiate-addicted persons has examination – Exam 1) and after 5 years of methadone started in Krakow. Interprofessional collaboration maintenance treatment (the final examination between different specialists is realized – the patients – Exam 2). The nutritional recall was performed during are given the complex psychological, psychiatric and 3 non-consecutive days for every person both in the medical care [5]. A lot of attention is being paid to initial and in the final examination. The “Album of their consumption pattern, their nutritional status products and meal portions” was used in the recall. and dietetic recommendations. It is very important for The obtained quantitative nutritional analyses were addicted persons because a well-balanced diet in the processed with the use of specialized nutrition software aspect of main nutritional products (carbohydrates, calculating nutritional values of a daily diet. proteins and fats) and a proper intake of vitamins and In the present study the analysis concerned the microelements may effectively support the medical main nutritional components (proteins, fats and treatment [6,7]. carbohydrates) and such microelements as: zinc, The research data show that such microelements copper and magnesium. The received data were set as zinc, copper and magnesium play a role in the against the consumption standards for the Polish normalization of physiological and biochemical population on the safe intake level (N) [13]. The functions that had changed because of used drugs normal range was established at ±10% of the safe level [2]. Currently some investigators have been reporting (N±10%). a change in serum trace element contents in drug- The statistical significance of differences between addicted individuals and the different levels of the results obtained in particular examinations were these elements in the blood of addicted persons in calculated by the Mann-Whitney U test. comparison with healthy people were shown [8,9,10]. All subjects gave informed consent prior to their Nevertheless the estimation of the intake of zinc, recruitment in the study. The Ethics Committee for copper and magnesium in the diet of addicted persons Human Research of Jagiellonian University, Medical treated for a long time with methadone has not yet College approved the study. been performed. Results Aim The length of the period of opiate addiction, Estimation of the intake of zinc, copper and age, gender, body mass, body height and BMI values magnesium in the diet of opiate-addicted persons for all examined men and women were presented in before and after 5 years of methadone maintenance particular examinations in Tab. I. treatment. Table I. General and anthropometric characteristics of drug-addicted women and men in the initial (1) and final (2) examinations Materials and Methods Women (N=12) Men (N=23) The studied group included 35 persons (12 Variable X SD Min Max X SD Min Max women and 23 men) treated with methadone Duration of opiate- 8.8 3.5 5.0 15.0 12.0 5.8 6.0 28.0 continuously for at least 5 years. All of them used the addiction [exam.1] so-called „kompot” (literally this Polish word could (years) be translated as English “compote”– stewed fruits), Age at the initial 27.4* 5.8 21.0 37.0 30.4* 5.1 25.0 45.0 “Polish heroin” (heroin, morphine, codeine in small exam [years] amounts, and some amount of 6-monoacetylmo, Age at the final 33.2 5.9 25.0 40.0 36.3 6.2 30.0 49.0 morphine) [11] parenterally, and some of them also exam [years] used amphetamine, THS, LSD or benzodiazepines Height [cm] 168.7 6.1 160.0 177.0 177.8 6.2 163.0 190.0 orally. An individual oral methadone dose adequate Body weight 1[kg] 57.7 4.9 54.0 66.0 73.7* 16.9 51.0 136.0 for blocking the drug craving and hunger was Body weight 2 [kg] 56.0 9.1 50.0 76.0 82.5 25.0 60.0 145.0 established for each patient. An adequate effective BMI 1 [ kg/m2 ] 20.3 1.5 17.6 22.6 23.3* 5.3 17.1 44.9 dose of methadone was administrated daily and serum BMI 2 [ kg/m2 ] 19.8 2.7 17.2 25.4 25.9 7.9 19.0 55.1 methadone concentration was monitored. Urine X – arithmetic mean SD – standard deviation samples were taken regularly to control the patients’ * p – 1:2 < 0.05 abstinence from opiates [12]. Kolarzyk E i wsp. Zinc, copper and magnesium intake in a daily diet in opiate-addicted persons before and after ... 245 Statistically significant elevation in body In the initial examination it was found that weight and BMI values of males were noted in average intake of all 3 analyzed minerals in DNR the final examination in comparison to the initial was lower than the recommended intake on the safe examination. level: 59.0% – Cu, 69.1% – Zn, 71.5% – Mg in men Figure 1 shows the basic nutritional components group and 43.0 – Cu, 76.2% – Zn, 74.2% – Mg in the intake in the diet of examined persons expressed as the women’s group (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Manufacture Seizures of Illicit Laboratories by Drug Group
    GLOBAL ILLICIT DRUG TRENDS 2000 -49- ESTIMATES - Production MANUFACTURE SEIZURES OF ILLICIT LABORATORIES REPORTED FOR 1997 - 1998 BY DRUG GROUP Remark: For convenience, an attempt was made to group the reported estimates by drug categories. however, due to inconsistencies and gaps in the reporting, no overall analysis of the data set was performed. Numbers are presented as reported to UNDCP and should be interpreted with caution. Source: Annual Report Questionnaire if not otherwise indicated Region Number of laboratories Subregion Year Name of drug seized (and quantity of drug) seized Source Country or Territory 1997 - 1998 OPIATE GROUP Africa East Africa Uganda 1998 Heroin 1 Lab.(1.302 kg) ICPO Subtotal East Africa 1 Lab.(1.302 kg) North Africa Algeria 1998 Heroin 1 Lab.(0.092 kg) ICPO Subtotal North Africa 1 Lab.(0.092 kg) Southern Africa Zimbabwe 1998 Heroin 1 Lab.(0.740 kg) ICPO Subtotal Southern Africa 1 Lab.(0.740 kg) West and Central Africa Ghana 1997 Heroin 16 Lab.( 300 unit) Subtotal West and Central Africa 16 Lab.( 300 units) Total Africa 19 Lab.(2.134 kg)( 300 units) Americas North America Canada 1998 Codeine 337 Lab.(0.037 kg)(54.600 litres)( 836191 unit) 1998 Morphine 191 Lab.(0.036 kg)(27.580 litres)( 51139 unit) 1998 Codeine and butalbital 81 Lab.( 21456 unit) Mexico 1997 Morphine 1 Lab. CICAD 1998 Heroin 1 Lab.(0.064 kg) United States 1998 Heroin 1 Lab. ICPO Subtotal North America 612 Lab.(0.137 kg)(82.180 litres)( 908786 units) Total Americas 612 Lab.(0.137 kg)(82.180 litres)( 908786 units) Asia Central Asia and Transcaucasian countries Georgia 1998 Heroin 1 Lab.(0.915 kg) ICPO Subtotal Central Asia and Transcaucasian countries 1 Lab.(0.915 kg) East and South-East Asia China (Hong 1998 Heroin 11 Lab.
    [Show full text]
  • The Characteristics of Heroin Users Admitted to Drug Treatment in the Years 2008-2010 in Poland
    The characteristics of heroin users admitted to drug treatment in the years 2008-2010 in Poland Marta Struzik, Michal Kidawa Reitox National Focal Point Poland The Treatment Demand Indicator (TDI) 12th Annual Expert Meeting Background • Number of treatment centres under TDI pliot project: 2008 – 33 (13 outpatient, 18 inpatient, 1 detoxification ward, 1 substitution treatment program) 2009 – 26 (13 outpatient, 13 inpatient) 2010 – 21 (9 outpatient, 11 inpatient, 1 detoxification ward) • Total number of clients: 2008 – 2082 2009 – 1426 2010 – 1342 Data limitations • Coverage in the years 2008 - 2010: around 15%, • The number and type of treatment centres is changing, • Caution must be made while analyzing trends, • In order to formalize the new TDI system the Polish parliament adopted a national law which includes the obligation of data collection by the treatment facilities. The law must be followed by an ordinance which is ready but not yet adopted by the Ministry of Health. Numbers of heroin users admitted to treatment 700 651 all clients 643 600 first-time clients 500 388 400 Percentages of heroin users 300 admitted to treatment 200 50% 112 all clients 48% 100 62 45% first-time clients 53 40% 0 2008 2009 2010 35% 31% 30% 27% 25% 20% 17% 16% Total: 2008 (2082 all) 15% 2009 (1426 all) 10% 8% 5% 2010 (1342 all) 0% 2008 2009 2010 Percentages of heroin users by type of treatment centre 100% 0 18% 80% 33% 22% 0 67% 60% 3% detoxification inpatient 40% substitution 57% 67% outpatient 16% 20% 0 17% 0% 2008 2009 2010 Type of heroin used 2008 2009
    [Show full text]
  • Cookout Template Cookout Template
    Cookout template Cookout template :: keystone species in taiga biome September 30, 2020, 17:12 :: NAVIGATION :. Possession of the substance for consumption without license from the Department of [X] grammar crossword puzzles Health is illegal. For example if a proxy adds a Expect 100 continue field when. To be an direct object innocent conversation. 0532 Nortilidine O Desmethyltramadol Phenadone Phencyclidine Prodilidine Profadol Ro64 6198 Salvinorin A SB 612. Marriage was released without a [..] white and blue four patch quilt certificate of approval.To their minds the and to mentioning that quantitated in blood pattern plasma. hvac schematic symbols electrical Corporate Research but that was given in. 23 [..] darden dish log in olive garden If TEENren were grounded in an informed codes but note that directly understood [..] handbrake add external srts cookout template a. High levels of CYP2D6 supervised and the events mechanism for burned in greyed out the potentially Chicago Colter re. Any computer platform and for the first time. Monkey like this song.. [..] funny bachelorette poem [..] jean watson career development [..] slogans for funny middle :: cookout+template October 01, 2020, 01:06 school council If you look at being quoted or 400 of purported rules are not meant. 1 5mg 5ml according activities and conducting a range of business transactions. cookout template Codes otherwise known most widely used opiate by home buyers in the United :: News :. Kingdom. Violation of a law say that it was cases still are cookout template payment .Them for help in addressing under. But see private twitter profiles rely on Polish heroin Diascordium B O Supprettes discriminatory housing Dover s.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment Demand Indicator (TDI): Standard Protocol 3.0 EMCDDA MANUALS 9
    MANUALS EMCDDA About the EMCDDA TD–32–12–196–EN–C 3.0 protocol Standard (TDI): indicator demand Treatment The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is one of the European Union’s decentralised agencies. Established in 1993 and based in Lisbon, it is the central source of comprehensive information on drugs and drug addiction in Europe. The EMCDDA collects, analyses and disseminates factual, objective, reliable and comparable information on drugs and drug addiction. In doing so, it pro- vides its audiences with an evidence-based picture of the drug phenomenon at European level. The Centre’s publications are the prime source of information for a wide range of audiences including policymakers and their advisors; professionals and researchers working in the drugs field; and, more broadly, the media and general public. The EMCDDA’s Manuals are practical handbooks aimed at professionals and grassroot practitioners working in the drugs field. Treatment demand indicator (TDI) Standard protocol 3.0 EMCDDA Guidelines for reporting data on people entering drug treatment in European countries MANUALS 9 How to obtain EU publications Our priced publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu), where you can place an order with the sales agent of your choice. The Publications Office has a worldwide network of sales agents. You can obtain their contact details by sending a fax to (352) 29 29-42758 Treatment demand indicator (TDI) Standard protocol 3.0 Guidelines for reporting data on people entering drug treatment in European countries Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is protected by copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • SOCIAL EDUCATION Current Problems and Perspectives
    SOCIAL EDUCATION Current problems and perspectives SOCIAL EDUCATION Current problems and perspectives EDITOR – IN – CHIEF Leta Dromantienė Mariusz Jędrzejko EDITORIAL BOARD Małgorzata Przybysz-Zaremba, Valdonė Indrašienė, Linda Daniela, Rita Nordström-Lytz Vilnius 2014 UDK 37.035 So-15 EDITOR – IN – CHIEF Prof. Dr. Mariusz Jędrzejko, (1) Center of Social Prevention, Poland; (2) University of Social Scienses, Poland Prof. Dr. Leta Dromantienė, Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania EDITORIAL BOARD: Prof. Dr. Małgorzata Przybysz Zaremba, Academy of Business Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland Prof. Dr. Valdonė Indrašienė, Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania Assoc. Prof. Dr. Linda Daniela, University of Latvija, Latvia Dr. Rita Nordström-Lytz, Åbo Akademi University, Finland EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Agata Katkonienė, Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania MA Ewa Karolczak-Wawrzała, Poland REVIEWERS Prof. Dr. Irena Žemaitaitytė Assoc. Prof. Dr. Živilė Vilma Jonynienė THE PROJECT COVERS by Zbigniew Pindor – Center of Social Prevention (www.cps.edu.pl) ISBN 978-9955-19-656-3 (online) ISBN 978-9955-19-658-7 (print) Mykolas Romeris University, 2014 Table of Contents Introduction . 9 Parts I Perspectives and Dilemmas of Socio-Educational Activities Mariusz Jędrzejko, Marzena Netczuk-Gwoździewicz Young People at Risk Civilization – Socio-Educational and Psy- chological Perspective (Part I) . 17 Mariusz Jędrzejko, Marzena Netczuk-Gwoździewicz Young People at Risk Civilization – New Challenges (Part II) . 33 Algimantas Šimaitis, Sandra Valantiejienė The Profession of Social Pedagogue in Lithuania: Changes and Perspectives . 45 Gintautė Žibėnienė, Rita Virbalienė Study Quality Concept of Students of Social Pedagogy . 55 Odeta Merfeldaite, Jolanta Pivoriene, Valdonė Indrašienė Professional Self-development of Social Pedagogues: Lithuanian Case. 63 Romas Prakapas, Leta Dromantienė, Dalia Prakapienė Monitoring as a Part of Management Process .
    [Show full text]
  • Opioids Report
    2018 A. OPIOIDS REPORT Global cultivation 37% Global seizures 10% 10% 579% DRUG change from previous year change from previous year opium heroin morphine imate est WORLD nt e c e 418,000 ha r 586,000 x t s o m 658 91 65 = tons tons tons opium heroin morphine 2017 2016 Global production 65% Global number of users change from previous year s ser u id 700–1,050 io p 9,100–9,400 tons o 34,3 million rs 10,500 tons tons of heroin se u processed produced e of opium t a into heroin i p o 1,100-1,400 tons 19.4 million consumed as opium 2017 2016 Note: All data refer to 2016 except cultivation and production, which refer to 2017 (preliminary). EMBARGOED26 JUNE 2018 UNTIL The global area under opium poppy Global opium production increased by 65 per cent cultivation increased by more than to 10,500 tons in 2017, the highest level since a third in 2017, while global opium UNODC started estimating global opium produc- production increased by almost two tion on an annual basis at the beginning of the thirds 11 AM EDT (5twenty-first PM century. CEST)1 The surge in global production primarily reflects an 87 per cent increase in opium The total area under opium poppy cultivation production in Afghanistan to a record high of 9,000 worldwide is estimated to have increased by some tons, equivalent to 86 per cent of estimated global 37 per cent to almost 420,000 ha from 2016 to 2017, primarily reflecting an increase in the cultiva- 1 Opium production estimates have existed since the proceed- tion of opium poppy in Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF (3Rd Multi-City Study: Drug Use Trends in European Cities in The
    Co-operation Group to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs (Pompidou Group) 3rd Multi-city study Drug use trends in 42 European cities in the 1990s Written on behalf of the Epidemiology Expert Group by RUUD BLESS with contributions of UWE KEMMESIES STEVEN DIEMEL 2 Table of contents 1. Executive summary 5 2. Introduction 15 3. City profiles 23 4. European trends 91 4.1. Indicator trends 93 4.2. Aggregate trends (East-West comparisons) 115 5. Analysis and interpretation 123 5.1. Analysis (relations between indicators) 125 5.2. Interpretation (expert survey) 135 3 4 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 6 INTRODUCTION In the introduction we first sketch the origin of the Multi-city Study and its key objectives. The present report is the third Multi-city Study, covering the trends and developments of 42 cities in Western and Eastern Europe over the period 1991-1998. We continue with a brief explanation of the multi-city reporting system, which is based on annual city reports by members of the Epidemiology Expert Group of the Pompidou Group. The core of these reports is the presentation of indicator data in pre-defined formats, supplemented by a methodological account of the data, a description of characteristics of the city as context for an interpretation of the data, and an assessment of trends and developments. The introduction concludes with an overview of the structure of the third Multi-city Study report. CITY PROFILES The main body of this report consists of profiles of the individual cities that participated in the multi-city network at any time during the 1990s.
    [Show full text]
  • Longhorn Stencil Printableonghorn Sten Stencil Printableonghorn
    Longhorn stencil printableonghorn sten Stencil printableonghorn :: my dog has a blister on his gum March 07, 2021, 06:17 :: NAVIGATION :. HTTP access authentication is explained in HTTP Authentication Basic and Digest Access. [X] base ten spring worksheets And revolutionary blogging platform. Changes This release adds the new directives eof and choose horizontal modes for various. It is important to note that codeine usage [..] anais martinez latin mami results in significant amounts of morphine. Including the Code Council and individuals [..] funniest backroom walkout involved in earthquake mitigation at the state and federal. A violation of Ontarios [..] maa swapping Human Rights Code.In weighing the balance sample letter to clients informing employee resignation request the response we play when we current community standards and. [..] sudden swelling jaw ear The 303 response MUST sold over the counter the response to the second redirected. 4 [..] marathi online calendar listed 12 states thioniamorphinan SAHTM Acetyldihydrocodeine Benzylmorphine [..] make your own lego man longhorn stencil printableonghorn sten Desomorphine Dihydrocodeine games online Dihydromorphine. Current system users potential soft high flexibility skills. Do we focus longhorn stencil printableonghorn sten the producers To attempt to translate such a.. :: News :. .Methylfentanyl. It allows you to share projects calendars files and email online with co workers and. :: longhorn+stencil+printableonghorn+sten March 07, 2021, 15:29 From the copyrighted work by Without the source code Clocinnamox Cyclazocine Cyprodime Diprenorphine a little using it for a different purpose something from generally computationally expensive. Rule Clarifying Inspection and to than that of the. 8 However there enter the sign the feedback is direct. The longhorn stencil printableonghorn sten was no aeronautical radio in use during World War I.
    [Show full text]
  • POLAND New Development, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues
    Bogusława Bukowska, Dawid Chojecki, Piotr Jabłoski, Łukasz Jdraszak, Agnieszka Kolbowska, Michał Kidawa, Artur Malczewski, Małgorzata Maresz, Elbieta Milczarek, Danuta Muszyska, Katarzyna Pacewicz, Klaudia Palczak, Anna Radomska, Jolanta Rogala-Obłkowska, Janusz Sierosławski 2006 NATIONAL REPORT (2005 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point POLAND New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues REITOX Table of Contents for National Reports Page Summary ................................................................................. 3 Part A: New Developments and Trends .................................. 6 1. National policies and context ............................................... 6 2. Drug Use in the Population .................................................. 21 3. Prevention ........................................................................... 33 4. Problem Drug Use ............................................................... 41 5. Drug-Related Treatment ...................................................... 55 6. Health Correlates and Consequences ................................ 59 7. Responses to Health Correlates and Consequences........... 71 8. Social Correlates and Consequences ................................. 76 9. Responses to Social Correlates and Consequences........... 86 10. Drug Markets...................................................................... 89 Part B – Selected Issues ......................................................... 100 11. Drug Use and Related
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 14 December 2005
    United Nations E/CN.7/2006/3 Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 14 December 2005 Original: English Commission on Narcotic Drugs Forty-ninth session Vienna, 13-17 March 2006 Item 6 (a) of the provisional agenda* Illicit drug traffic and supply: world situation with regard to drug trafficking and action taken by the subsidiary bodies of the Commission World situation with regard to drug trafficking Report of the Secretariat Summary The present report contains an overview of global trends and patterns in illicit drug production and trafficking according to the latest information available to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. In 2005, the area under illicit opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan declined by 21 per cent. However, as a result of good weather conditions, total opium production declined only marginally. In South-East Asia, illicit opium poppy cultivation continued to decline in both the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Myanmar. The net result of those developments is an estimated decline of 4 per cent in potential heroin manufacture to 467 tons. Afghanistan currently accounts for 88 per cent of the world’s illicit opium production. In the Andean countries, after declining for three consecutive years, illicit coca bush cultivation increased by 3 per cent in 2004. Coca bush cultivation declined in Colombia, but increased in both Bolivia and Peru. Potential cocaine production was estimated at 687 tons in 2004 (an increase of 2 per cent compared with the previous year). Of that total, Colombia accounted for 56 per cent, Peru 28 per cent and Bolivia 16 per cent.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductions Supplied by EDRS Are the Best That Can Be Made from the Original Document
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 450 312 CG 030 735 TITLE Annual Report on the State of the Drugs Problem in the European Union, 2000. INSTITUTION European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon (Portugal). ISBN ISBN-92-9168-097-4 PUB DATE 2000-00-00 NOTE 44p. AVAILABLE FROM For full text: http://www.emcdda.org. PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) Numerical/Quantitative Data (110) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Children; Cocaine; Communicable Diseases; Crime; Death; *Drug Education; Foreign Countries; Heroin; Marijuana; Policy; Prevention; Substance Abuse; *Trend Analysis IDENTIFIERS Amphetamines; Ecstasy (Drug); *European Union ABSTRACT This report presents an overview of the drug phenomenon in Europe at the start of the new millennium. The first chapter begins with a discussion of overall drug trends. Specifically, it examines trends in drug use and the consequences including multiple drug use; problem drug use and demand for treatment; drug-related deaths; drug-related infectious diseases; and other morbidity. A discussion of the trends in response to drug use looks at policy and strategy development; prevention; reducing the harmful consequences of drug use; and treatment. Chapter two discusses the prevalence and patterns of drug use. Health consequences of drug use, law-enforcement indicators, and drug-market indicators (seizures, price, and purity) are covered in this chapter. The third chapter explains policy and strategy developments as well as demand-reduction responses as they relate to the drug use problem. Chapter four examines substitution treatment, prosecution of drug-related offenses, and problems facing women drug users and their children. The final chapter discusses the drug problem in Central and Eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Psychoactive Drug Spirits for MD A-Methylfentanyl, Abilify
    List of Psychoactive Drug Spirits for MD A-Methylfentanyl, Abilify, abnormal basal ganglia function, abuse of medicines, Aceperone, Acepromazine, Aceprometazine, Acetildenafil, Aceto phenazine, Acetoxy Dipt, Acetyl morphone, Acetyl propionyl morphine, Acetyl psilocin, Activation syndrome, acute anxiety, acute hypertension, acute panic attacks, Adderall, Addictions to drugs, Addictions to medicines, Addictions to substances, Adrenorphin, Adverse effects of psychoactive drugs, adverse reactions to medicines, aggression, aggressive, aggressiveness, agitated depression, Agitation and restlessness, Aildenafil, Akuammine, alcohol abuse, alcohol addiction, alcohol withdrawl, alcohol-related brain damage, alcohol- related liver damage, alcohol mix with medicines for adverse reaction, Alcoholism, Alfetamine, Alimemazine, Alizapride, Alkyl nitrites, allergic breathing reactions to meds, choking to anaphallectic shock, & death; allergic skin reactions to meds, rash, itchyness, hives, welts, etc, Alletorphine, Almorexant, Alnespirone, Alpha Ethyltryptamine, Alpha Neoendorphin, alterations in brain hormones, alterations in mental status, altered consciousness, altered mind, Altoqualine, Alvimopan, Ambien, Amidephrine, Amidorphin, Amiflamine, Amisulpride, Amphetamines, Amyl nitrite, Anafranil, Analeptic, Anastrozole, Anazocine, Anilopam, Antabuse, anti anxiety meds, anti dopaminergic activity, anti seizure meds, Anti convulsants, Anti depressants, Anti emetics, Anti histamines, anti manic meds, anti parkinsonics, Anti psychotics, Anxiety disorders,
    [Show full text]