SLEZSKÁ UNIVERZITA V OPAVĚ Filozoficko-Přírodovědecká Fakulta V Opavě

SLEZSKÁ UNIVERZITA V OPAVĚ Filozoficko-přírodovědecká fakulta v Opavě

Bc. Matěj Hanslik

Obor: Angličtina (jednooborové)

Analysis of Terms in Adult Movies

Diplomová práce

Opava 2020 Vedoucí diplomové práce: PhDr. René Kron, Ph.D.

Abstract This master thesis deals with terminology used in categorization of adult movies. The theoretical part covers the basic theory of terminology and word formation processes and briefly introduces the theory of corpus linguistics and taboo words. Furthermore, the thesis provides fundamental information about pornographic industry. The analysis dealing with individual terms gathered from the pages RedTube and PornHub is based on the data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the online etymology dictionary and several online English dictionaries. The aim of the practical part is to provide an analysis of selected words, study the difference between the meaning used in pornographic terminology and in the general language, to track the etymology and to analyze their frequency in current American English.

Keywords: terminology, term, pornography, COCA, analysis, corpus, taboo words

Abstrakt Tato diplomová práce se zabývá terminologií užívanou pro kategorizaci pornografických filmů. Teoretická část obsahuje základní teorii terminologie a formování nových slov a stručně pokrývá korpusovou lingvistiku, teorii tabuizovaných slov a nabízí náhled do pornografického průmyslu. Praktickou část pak tvoří analýza jednotlivých termínů nashromážděných z internetových stránek RedTube a PornHub a je založena na datech získaných z korpusu současné americké angličtiny, etymologického slovníku a online Anglických slovníků. Cílem praktické části je vypracování analýzy vybraných termínů, sledování rozdílů ve významech těchto slov používaných v běžném jazyce a specifické pornografické terminologii, vypátrání jejich původu a zkoumání četnosti výskytu dle jednotlivých jazykových sekcí v současném americkém jazyce.

Klíčová slova: terminologie, termín, pornografie, korpus současné americké angličtiny, analýza, korpus, tabuizovaná slova

Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto práci vypracoval samostatně. Veškeré prameny a literaturu, které jsem pro vyhotovení práce využil, řádně cituji a uvádím v seznamu literatury a internetových zdrojů.

V Opavě dne 15. dubna 2020 ………………………..

Acknowledgment I would like to express my sincere gratitude to PhDr. René Kron, Ph.D for his guidance and encouragement during my work on the thesis. Last but not least, I would like to thank God for the Big Bang resulting in the endless possibility of composing lovely master theses as much as an oxymoron, irony and sarcasm for accompanying the journey of every human soul. CONTENTS List of Abbreviations

List of Tables

List of Diagrams

Introduction ...... 1

1 THEORETICAL PART ...... 3

1.1 Pornographic Industry ...... 3

1.1.1 Pornography in Modern Society ...... 3

1.1.2 History of Erotic Depictions ...... 4

1.1.3 Pornographic Websites...... 4

1.2 Terminology ...... 5

1.2.1 The Origin ...... 5

1.2.2 Terminology as a Science ...... 6

1.2.3 Limitations of Terminology ...... 6

1.2.4 Dictionaries ...... 7

1.2.5 Terms Formation ...... 8

1.2.6 Borrowing ...... 11

1.3 Corpus Linguistics ...... 12

1.3.1 Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ...... 12

1.4 Taboo Words ...... 13

1.4.1 Classification ...... 14

1.4.2 Euphemisms ...... 15

2 PRACTICAL PART ...... 16

2.1 Introduction to Practical Part ...... 16

2.2 Physical Characteristics and Skin Colour ...... 16

2.2.1 Anal ...... 17

2.2.2 BBW ...... 19 2.2.3 Big Ass ...... 21

2.2.4 Big Dick ...... 23

2.2.5 Big Tits ...... 26

2.2.6 Ebony ...... 28

2.2.7 Interracial ...... 30

2.2.8 MILF ...... 33

2.3 Forms of Sexual Intercourse ...... 35

2.3.1 Blow Job ...... 35

2.3.2 Fisting ...... 37

2.3.3 Fingering ...... 40

2.3.4 Masturbation ...... 42

2.3.5 Deepthroat ...... 44

2.3.6 Glory Hole ...... 47

2.4 3+ Participants ...... 49

2.4.1 Bukkake ...... 49

2.4.2 Gangbang ...... 52

2.4.3 Orgy ...... 54

2.4.4 Threesome ...... 57

2.4.5 Cuckold ...... 59

2.4.6 Double Penetration ...... 61

2.5 Types of Sexual Climax ...... 64

2.5.1 Creampie ...... 64

2.5.2 Cumshot ...... 65

2.5.3 Facials ...... 68

2.5.4 Female Orgasm ...... 70

2.5.5 Squirting...... 72

2.6 Same Sex or Solo ...... 75 2.6.1 Gay ...... 75

2.6.2 Lesbian ...... 77

2.6.3 Solo ...... 80

2.6.4 Transgender ...... 82

2.6.5 Striptease ...... 84

2.7 Modern Pornography ...... 86

2.7.1 Hentai ...... 86

2.7.2 Fetish ...... 89

2.7.3 Bondage ...... 91

2.7.4 POV ...... 94

2.7.5 SFW ...... 96

2.7.6 Pissing ...... 99

Conclusion ...... 105

References ...... 107

List of Abbreviations

BBW Big Beautiful Women

COCA Corpus of Contemporary American English

COHA Corpus of Historical American English

MILF Mom I Would Like to Fuck

POV Point of View

SFW Safe for Work

List of Tables

Table 1: Suffixes

Table 2: Prefixes

Table 3: Synonyms, Euphemisms and Collocations List of Diagrams

Graph no. 1: Stylistic tendency of anal Graph no. 2: Time tendency of anal Graph no. 3: Stylistic tendency of BBW Graph no. 4: Time tendency of BBW Graph no. 5: Stylistic tendency of big ass Graph no. 6: Time tendency of big ass Graph no. 7: Stylistic tendency of big dick Graph no. 8: Time tendency of big dick Graph no. 9: Stylistic tendency of big tits Graph no. 10: Time tendency of big tits Graph no. 11: Stylistic tendency of ebony Graph no. 12: Time tendency of ebony Graph no. 13: Stylistic tendency of interracial Graph no. 14: Time tendency of interracial Graph no. 15: Stylistic tendency of MILF Graph no. 16: Time tendency of MILF Graph no. 17: Stylistic tendency of blowjob Graph no. 18: Time tendency of blowjob Graph no. 19: Stylistic tendency of fisting Graph no. 20: Time tendency of fisting Graph no. 21: Stylistic tendency of fingering Graph no. 22: Time tendency of fingering Graph no. 23: Stylistic tendency of masturbation Graph no. 24: Time tendency of masturbation Graph no. 25: Stylistic tendency of deepthroat Graph no. 26: Time tendency of deepthroat Graph no. 27: Stylistic tendency of glory hole Graph no. 28: Time tendency of glory hole Graph no. 29: Stylistic tendency of bukkake Graph no. 30: Time tendency of bukkake Graph no. 31: Stylistic tendency of gangbang Graph no. 32: Time tendency of gangbang Graph no. 33: Stylistic tendency of orgy Graph no. 34: Time tendency of orgy Graph no. 35: Stylistic tendency of threesome Graph no. 36: Time tendency of threesome Graph no. 37: Stylistic tendency of cuckold Graph no. 38: Time tendency of cuckold Graph no. 39: Stylistic tendency of double penetration Graph no. 40: Time tendency of double penetration

Graph no. 41: Stylistic tendency of cumshot Graph no. 42: Time tendency of cumshot Graph no. 43: Stylistic tendency of facial Graph no. 44: Time tendency of facial Graph no. 45: Stylistic tendency of female orgasm Graph no. 46: Time tendency of female orgasm Graph no. 47: Stylistic tendency of squirting Graph no. 48: Time tendency of squirting Graph no. 49: Stylistic tendency of gay Graph no. 50: Time tendency of gay Graph no. 51: Stylistic tendency of lesbian Graph no. 52: Time tendency of lesbian Graph no. 53: Stylistic tendency of solo Graph no. 54: Time tendency of solo Graph no. 55: Stylistic tendency of transgender Graph no. 56: Time tendency of transgender Graph no. 57: Stylistic tendency of striptease Graph no. 58: Time tendency of striptease Graph no. 59: Stylistic tendency of hentai Graph no. 60: Time tendency of hentai Graph no. 61: Stylistic tendency of fetish Graph no. 62: Time tendency of fetish Graph no. 63: Stylistic tendency of bondage Graph no. 64: Time tendency of bondage Graph no. 65: Stylistic tendency of POV Graph no. 66: Time tendency of POV Graph no. 67: Stylistic tendency of SFW Graph no. 68: Time tendency of SFW Graph no. 69: Stylistic tendency of pissing Graph no. 70: Time tendency of pissing Introduction

A society is a group of individuals who besides political authorities and a same spatial territory share their own culture and that is formed by mutual habits and characterized by social relations. The modern society is developing and changing as fast as never before. The growth and development is primarily controlled by information technologies, information systems and artificial intelligence which best representative is the internet and the World Wide Web. The people of 21st century share their everyday lives online, filling their free time with social media and watching various web sites concentrating on different forms of entertainment. When contemplating the theme of this master thesis, I wanted to dedicate time and patience to something current and to something what characterize the society of 21st century. Since we are formed by the desperate need for entertainment, one of which is represented by pornography that is a rapidly growing business, the subject matter of the thesis might seem to be relevant. The motivation for composing a linguistic work focusing on pornographic terminology was the dearth of sources for further studying of this particular terminology and the fact that modern word stock is shaped by slangs and taboo words. For this reason, it may seem that at least basic knowledge is essential for learners of the English language. This master thesis will focus on an analysis of English pornography terminology. As such, the thesis will deal with term gathering and its consequent detailed analysis. By acquiring further knowledge in this field and final contribution of results from the practical part, the paper might be of relevance to learners and speakers of rich and diverse English language. The first chapter will be dealing with introduction to pornography as the business phenomenon of the 21st century, the history of erotic depiction and the most popular channels of this form of entertainment. The second element of the theoretical part, underlying for the basic knowledge needed for this master thesis, will offer the reader an introduction to terminology, its origins and limitations, processes of word formation and taboo words. Since the analysis will be based on the data from COCA, we should not exclude an introduction to corpus linguistics.

The practical section will be an analysis of terms used for categorization of pornographic movies and videos according to websites RedTube and PornHub, which will form a small corpus on its own. This analysis will be based on the Corpus of Contemporary American English and will try to track the etymology of these words and to study the difference between the meaning used in pornography terminology and in the general language. The analysis will offer the definition of analyzed term in the general language and terminological sense, its etymology, time and stylistic tendency graphs based on the data from COCA. Moreover, a list of synonyms, euphemisms and top collocates for particular terms will be offered.

1 THEORETICAL PART

1.1 Pornographic Industry

1.1.1 Pornography in Modern Society

Pornography is the portrayal of human sexuality, more specifically explicit sexual intercourse, for the purpose of sexual arousal (Seltzer 2011). It has existed since the Homo sapiens’ origin and in the 21st century has gained unprecedented worldwide popularity. The industry consists of immense businesses which provide products, services and most importantly entertainment for adults. The variety of media presenting pornography grows bigger with the increasing possibilities accessed by modern IT technologies and includes magazines, writings, movies, videos, video games, TV channels, theatres, sex shops, peep shows, strip clubs, and further platforms and media channels. The year 1969 marked the beginnings of the modern US pornography with Andy Warhole’s Blue Movie, which started the so called Golden Age of Porn (1969-1984) in which pornographic films became a part of mainstream culture (Canby 1969). The sex industry is a worldwide business which, according to Geisler: “[...] generates between $10 and $15 billion a year in the United States. By comparison, the Hollywood box office generates about $10 billion a year.” (2009) Several US companies annually holds and hands out, among the thousands of employees active in the industry, prestigious awards such as The “Dave” Awards, AVN Awards or Hard Choice Awards for achievements in pornography. Despite the fact that the industry operates globally, there are still several countries where pornography is illegal and censored by the government, for example all Muslim countries and some North African’s nations. Various psychiatry and psychology experts and a part of society perceive pornographic depictions as immoral, addictive and noxious. The 21th century dimension of pornography is often seen as actual illness of modern society.

1.1.2 History of Erotic Depictions

The word pornography, literally meaning “ancient obscene painting, especially in temples of Bacchus”, penetrated from the Greek word pornographos originally “one depicting prostitutes”, compound from porne (bought, purchased) + graphein (to write). (http://etymonline.com/) Pornography and erotic depiction have existed since first civilizations – for thousands of years. One of the first evidence of pornographic depiction can be seen in Venus figurines, defined as Upper Palaeolithic statuettes portraying a woman, or rock art (Rudgley 2000, 195). Glyptic art of Sumerian civilization depicting the missionary position, Mesopotamian ex-voto portraying a penetration of a woman from behind, Middle Assyrian figurines showing sexual intercourse between a male and a female resting on an altar and other associations with Inanna, the goddess of sex and prostitution (Black and Green 1992, 150-152). The English erotic novel Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure published in 1748 by John Cleland, commonly known as Fanny Hill, is considered to be the first original English prose containing pornography and the book is one of the most banned writings since its publication (Sutherland 1983, 32). Pornographic film production started just at the moment when the motion picture in 1895 was invented. The World War II and the improvement of movie technology started the boom in “blue movies”, films presenting sexually explicit subject matter. True pioneer and the father of modern pornographic movies is Andy Warhole with his Blue Movie from 1969 which started the Golden Age of Porn and a rise of adult theatres in United States.

1.1.3 Pornographic Websites

Public access to the World Wide Web in 1990s opened a whole new dimension to the world of pornography. The private Canadian company MindGeek Holding SARL, primarily focusing on Internet pornography, holds a monopoly at the market with adult movies. The company owns top pornographic websites such as RedTube, PornHub or YouPorn and is the elite among the hundreds of websites globally providing pornographic content.

RedTube and PornHub and the terms gathered from categorization of pornographic movies and videos according to this websites are the essential component of the analysis in the practical part. The websites was launched in 2007 and 2009 and both were acquired by MindGeek in 2010 and 2013. Besides the presentation of pornography, these websites records and regularly releases information collected from its archive of searchers. The websites extract and arranges the data according to the regions, male/female viewers, the most popular search terms by year or area and etc. For example, in the first half of 2017, the top search term in U.S. was “hentai” (Silver 2018).

1.2 Terminology

1.2.1 The Origin

Terminology, as all the other linguistic fields, undergoes specific development throughout the time since its beginning. Considering the fact that this very thesis focuses fundamentally on terminology, it is essential to determine and identify the roots and find the origin of this field. The terminology beginnings are connected with particular fields where this linguistics branch formed new terms or created new words. Pornographic and explicit depiction of sexual subject matter terms, for example, arose and started to be created as soon as this form of entertainment was invented and started to appearing. Speaking about the origin of terminology in general, we have to go long way back to the history. According to Cabré, in 18th and 19th century when a big boom in science appeared and when new fields of science were formed, there emerged a need for establishing particular rules according to which its own vocabulary and terms should be formulated (1999, 1). Searching for the specific field of contemporary human interest in which the terminology grows the most we cannot not omit Cabré’s statement:

In the 18th and 19th centuries scientists were the leaders in terminology; in the 20th century engineers and technicians have become involved. The rapid progress and development of technology required not only the naming of new concepts, but also agreement on the terms used. (1999, 1-2)

The same notices Sager revealing that terminology is closely connected with beginnings of the technical vocabulary (1990, 3).

1.2.2 Terminology as a Science

For the basic insight into terminology researches and while putting considerable effort into carrying out a linguistic analysis, it is crucial to determine what terminology actually is. Terminology is a linguistic science and the experts concentrating on this field have got into a long-lasting argument trying to determine whether terminology is a part of lexicology or it has become full-fledged linguistic field. ‘Term’, a name for particular concept, is the cardinal product of terminology. As Sager notices: Terminology “more narrowly [...] refer[s] to an internally consistent and coherent set of terms belonging to a single subject field, as identified by the result of a particular terminological activity [...]” (1990, 3). Kaguera in his work The Dynamics of Terminology defines ‘term’ as “a lexical unit consisting of one or more than one word which represents a concept inside a domain” and ‘terminology’ as “the Vocabulary of subject field” (2002, 9). However, there is a small difference between what is called lexicography and terminology. Both terminology and lexicography are sciences with main domain in words. But we shall be aware of the difference. Terminology focuses on formatting new terms and terminology and lexicography and lexicographers instead want not, quoting Samuel Johnson, “to form but register the language” (Kolář 2014, 15). As Cabré states:

The aim of terminographers is to assign names to concepts [...]. By contrast, lexicographers start with the word-the dictionary entry-and characterize it functionally and semantically [...]. (1999, 8)

1.2.3 Limitations of Terminology

Scientific explorations and researches are full of limitations, boundaries, a rink which defines certain subject area and the same applies to the terminology. When making an analysis in pornography terminology, a linguist has to face a problem considering the glossary. Nearly all of the words used in pornography appear besides from the particular terminology in general language or in completely different subject field. Since general dictionaries do not regularly offer definitions for such terms it is important to know or look further for the proper definition because the meaning of such term could be misunderstood. Representative example might the word ‘fisting’. In general language fisting possesses the meaning of “striking with the fist or clenching

6 into a fist”. On the other hand, in pornography terminology, fisting is describes as an act of putting an entire fist into either the vagina or the asshole. Kaegura is aware of this essential limitation saying that one limitation “is directly related to the choice of theoretical position and methodology” (2002, 38) and the second one is:

[...]the internal characterisation of terminology – even if properly describes the essential nature of the terminology of the domain – does not in itself provide sufficient conditions to distinguish the terminology of the target domain from the general vocabulary or the terminologies of some other domains. (2002, 38)

1.2.4 Dictionaries

For the general perception of the practical part, which is basically the glossary of terminology used in categorization of pornographic movies and videos, we cannot omit the definition of dictionaries - the vital resource of terms and terminology. Not only terms, but also basic words used on a daily bases in a particular language are set into various dictionaries according to its target domain. This fact causes the presence of numerous dictionaries such as explanatory/monolingual dictionaries, translation/bilingual, general-purpose, specialist, alphabetical, non alphabetical, thematic, etc. (Kvetko 2012, 103). Kvetko defines dictionaries as:

[...]a list[s] of words in alphabetical order with definitions or equivalents. It is a reference book and a written record of certain institutionalised units. (2012, 103) For terminology linguistics is applied approximately the same but there is a key difference. Concepts involved in terminology dictionaries frequently appear exclusively in the noun form and the concepts from technical languages possessing the adjective or verb form can be found only as nouns since several theorists studying terminology denies the existence of the adjective and verb concepts (Sager 1990, 58). Sager also says that: Since terminological dictionaries only contain nouns and selected verbs and adjectives, dictionary entries are relatively uniform and largely concentrate on semantic and increasingly also pragmatic information. Graphic information is, of course, always present but phonetic and phonological information is seldom given. Morphological information is rarely required since there are few irregular forms; grammatical information, such as part of speech, is only useful in languages with a weak system of word category affixes and inflections. (1990, 58)

1.2.5 Terms Formation

At the beginning of term creation and its occurrence in terminology dictionaries, there must be put a lot of effort into the process. Such a creation of terms differs from general words creation which origin is less complicated to trace. Sager distinguishes three major approaches of the creation:

1. The use of existing resources, 2. the modification of exisiting resources, 3. the creation of new linguistic entities. (1990, 71)

The second approach of creation, called the modification of existing resources, is the most common method and is defined as modification of existing words by means of derivation or affixation, compounding, conversion and compression. The third approach is called neologisms and is used when a need for the unique naming of new concepts arise (Sager 1990, 72-80). The practical part predominantly involves words created by the approach of using of the existing resources. “In this approach it is common to extend the meaning of an existing term to embrace that of a new concept [...] now refer to objects which were not imagined when the words were first created” (Sager 1990, 71). The most common technique of using existing words is the use of simile which is often, according to Sager, not as appropriate as needed. Another way is the exploring of the polysemic nature of general language designations which is simply giving a name for a concept which is strikingly similar to another thing after which the concept was named (Sager 1990, 72). Not only the problem appears when it is difficult to distinguish the general language form from particular terminology but also when a special designation in one field can be re-used in another field for a different concept (Sager 1990, 71-72). Kolář distinguishes between principal and minor processes of word formation, according to which, principal types contain compounding, derivation and conversion and minor types of word formation consist of invention, shortening, reduplication, back- formation, neologisms, nonsense words, productivity, phonological constraints and pragmatic constraints (Kolář 2014, 42-44).

1.2.5.1 Derivation

Derivation is a type of word formation achieved by adding a suffix or a prefix to existing base. Suffixes, a type of derivation which can change lexical and grammatical meaning and in some cases the word class, are more frequent in English language than prefixes which only register change in the lexical meaning. English language also uses third type of derivation known as Infixes. It is simply an insertion of word into another one. Fairly often occurs in connection with taboo words (Un-fucking-believable).

Table 1: Suffixes Suffix Example

Noun -ster; -er; -ist; -ship; -hood; -ocracy; -ment; -ation; -ism; etc.

Adjective -able; -ible; -y; -ish; -some; -worthy; -ical; -ful; etc.

Verb -ify; -ize; -ise; -en

Adverb -ly; -ward(s); -wise

Table 2: Prefixes Prefixes Example

Negation non-; in-; dis-; im-; ir-; etc.

Reversative un-; de-; dis-; mis-, etc.

Degree and size arch-; super-; mega-; hyper-; ultra-; etc.

Attitude and co-; anti-; contra-; counter-; etc. orientation Locative Fore-; inter-; sub-; super-; trans-; extra-; etc.

Time and order Ex-; fore-; post-; pre-; re-

Number Umi-; uno-; bi-; di-; tri-; multi-; poly-; other-

Pejorative Mal-; mis-; pseudo-

Neo-classical Auto-; neo-; paleo-; pan-; proto-; tele-; semi-; vice-

(Kolář 2014, 47-57)

1.2.5.2 Compounding

A compound is a unit of at least two bases (a modifier + a head) with primary stress on the first or on the second element. In other words, compounds can be defined as a combination of two or more words forming a new one. From the point of orthography view, we distinguish 3 types of compounds (solid, hyphenated and open). English language possesses more often so called right headed compounds where the right unit is a head and the left one is called modifier ‘school-boy’ (Plag 2003, 134). Kolář categorizes compounds into 5 groups according to the typology – simple (blackbird), blends (smog), multi compounds (at-no-cost-to-you gift) and Orwelian blends (Pornsec) (Kolář 2014, 42).

1.2.5.3 Conversion

Conversion, also known as zero derivation, is defined as a process of new words creating without the use of affixation. During the process of forming new words the original word switches into different part of speech. According to the word class conversion we identify: Verb-Noun, Adjective-Noun, Noun-Verb, Adjective-Verb and Noun-Adjective conversion (Plag 2003, 107-108). Kolář further determines secondary word-class conversion: Nouns – mass noun to count noun, count noun to mass noun, proper noun to common noun, stative predication to dynamic predication; Verbs – intransitive verbs to transitive verbs, transitive verbs to intransitive verbs; Adjectives – non gradable to gradable adjectives (2014,66-67). The process of conversion shifts the stress from the first syllable to the second syllable and otherwise depending on the type of conversion. The stress on the first syllable appears in noun and adjectives while verbs hold the stress on the second syllable.

1.2.5.4 Abbreviations

Abbreviation, in other word shortening, is a process of word formation by shortening existing lexemes. It is very common in current chatting and mobile messaging due to being significantly time-saving. There are two main types of abbreviations: Initialism and Acronyms. The essential difference between initialism and acronym is the pronunciation. Initialisms are pronounced as individual letters instead of acronyms which are pronounced as single words (Kolář 2014, 69). Other types of abbreviation are backronyms, blending, clipping and contractions. According to Kvetko: “[...] some linguists include the process of shortening among the word-formation processes. However, strictly speaking, this process does not form a new word, merely a shorter form of an existing word“ (2009, 38). Since the practical part of this thesis includes exclusively initialisms, we should briefly outline its definition. Initialism is basically a type of abbreviations formed from the initial letters of particular words used in a phrase. Unlike acronyms, initialisms are pronounced as individual letters and not as a single word. The exception can be noticed in etc. and viz. which are not read as a sequence of letters although being identified as initialisms, according to Kvetko (2009, 40). Another group of initialisms are Latin abbreviations. Kvetko notices that: “It is a special subgroup of initialisms that has a special status as they may be sometimes substituted by English words” (2009, 40). McArthur points out that the norm for writing the initialisms has changed. What used to be a norm to write initialisms with the use of points (B.B.C.) is currently seen as old fashioned and the present norm prevailing is the unpointed form (BBC) (1992, 520).

1.2.6 Borrowing

Borrowing is a process of assimilating linguistic and lexicological features of one language into another one as a result of cultural contact between two or more languages. The process includes not only adjustment of vocabulary but as soon as the loanwords are created linguistics structure can be modified as well. Such a process requires participating of two members – languages. The source language of the loanwords is titled the donor and the one receiving new vocabulary is the recipient (Nevalainen and Traugot 2012, 486). Durkin describes the process of adopting the loanwords:

Lexical borrowing occurs when the lexis of one language (commonly called the donor language or sometimes the source language) exercise an influence on the lexis of another language (commonly called the borrowing language or sometimes the receiving language), with the result that the borrowing language acquires a new word form or word meaning, or both, from the donor language. (2014, 8)

English language, as a result of the development and historical background, has been considerably influenced by various languages. Modern English encompasses great number of borrowings. Some of them occurs rarely and are not commonly adopted in the language but many of them penetrated into everyday language in a variety of contexts. The large number of borrowings causes the presence of thousands of synonyms in English language. Considering the English word-stock and its diversity and variety of synonyms and vocabulary in general, the leading donor, taking into account the historical and also modern development, has been French language.

1.3 Corpus Linguistics

Corpus linguistics is a branch of linguistic conducting researches based on the corpus data, generally described as a set of texts divided into particular sections. According to McEnery and Hardie, corpus linguistics could be defined as

[...]dealing with some set of machine-readable texts which is deemed an appropriate basis on which to study a specific set of research questions. (2012, 1) Corpus linguistics is a useful tool for approaching areas of linguistics where large amount of texts are analysed and is utterly impossible to do so by hand. It is very useful for language studies to search quickly and with minimal mistakes through the text and to prove or disprove a theory (McEnery and Hardie 2012, 2).

1.3.1 Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA)

Because there is a significant part of practical section dedicated to and based on the Corpus of Contemporary American English it is underlying to offer a few lines about COCA. The Corpus of Contemporary American English, abbreviated as COCA, is the largest available corpus of American English freely offered by its owners. It is generally an Internet page used by linguistics for the purpose of finding appealing data for carrying out a research or supporting a thesis. The data are divided into spoken, fiction,

12 magazine, newspaper and academic section and it is also classified according to time periods. COCA is massive linguistic corpus created by day-by-day use of English language in American countries. McEnery and Hardie state that “COCA expands over time like a monitor corpus” (2012, 7). The Corpus of Contemporary American English was released online in 2008 and in 2009 possessed more than 385 million words (Davies 2009). According to official COCA page, the Corpus of Contemporary American English presently contains more than 1 billion words accessed from 1990- 2019 and it expands into bigger corpus by another 20 million words every year. The data contained in COCA are being extracted continuously from popular magazines, books, television broadcasting and since 2020 from Internet webs and online blogs.

1.4 Taboo Words

Taboo words are generally part of every culture and language. They are considered as something immoral and offensive and they often break social barriers. Taboo words are used in certain situations especially to fully express one’s emotions towards particular subject matter and to release their inner tension. The expression itself and the following reaction can be either negative or also positive. Although considered as impolite taboo words still express something that non-taboo words cannot. Jay points out that “swearing is like using the horn on your car, which can be used to signify a number of emotions (e.g., anger, frustration, joy, surprise) (2009, 155). The occurrence of taboo words is common on daily basis which makes the awareness and extensive knowledge of its existence essential and underlying for a speaker. Generally speaking, Sigmund Freud defines taboos as follow:

The word ‘taboo’ denotes everything, whether a person or a place or a thing or a transitory condition, which is the vehicle or source of this mysterious attribute. It also devotes the prohibitions arising from the same attribute. And, finally, it has a connotation which includes alike ‘sacred’ and ‘above the ordinary’, as well as ‘dangerous’, ‘unclean’ and ‘uncanny’ (Freud 1999, 22). Kolář considers taboo words as something dangerous but indispensable part especially of primary education. When the speaker tries to avoid them the need for a euphemism arises (2014, 125).

Sexual intercourse, as well as storytelling, jokes, sarcasm, social commentary, etc., is typical example of the use of taboo words in positive manner. Try to imagine for example a sexual act during which one of the partners call the other one a “bitch” or “fucker” not for the purpose to insult them but to arouse love passion between them.

1.4.1 Classification

Taboo words have a variety of classifications according to particular author or researcher. Sigmund Freud distinguished between 3 types of taboos:

1. Natural or direct, inherent in a person or thing; 2. Communicated or indirect; 3. Intermediate, where both factors are present, as in the appropriate for a wife to her husband. (Freud 1999, 19). Jay for instance classifies taboo words into categories cursing, obscenity, blasphemy, profanity, name calling, insults and scatology (2000, 9). Kolář notes that there are four main groups of taboo words and expressions and further he distinguishes between taboo words and swearwords (2014, 125-128).

1. Religion: (Damn, blast, hell, God, Jesus, Christ, etc.) 2. Parts of the body (Arse, arsehole, balls, bollocks, cock, dick, prick, tits, etc.) 3. Sexual activity 4. (Fuck, wank, bugger, sod, bitch, whore, bastard, etc.) 5. Elimination of bodily wastes (Piss, shit, crap, fart, etc.) (Kolář 2014, 125-126)

Taboo word: What are you doing fucking in my bed? Swear word: What are you fucking doing in my bed? (Kolář 2014, 127)

Based on Kolář’s A Guide to English Lexicon, swear words are further categorized by its function into categories as follows:

1. exclamation of annoyance (Fuck! I’ve lost my phone), 2. exclamation of surprise (My God! Look at that piece of shit!), 3. surprised question (Who the fuck are you?), 14

4. Insult (You motherfucker.), 5. Insulting request to go away (Fuck off!), 6. Violent refusal (Get stuffed!), 7. Intesifiers (Damn, bloody, blasted) (2014, 127-128).

As mentioned above, there is surprising variety of categorizations of swear words and taboo words. Another type of categorization of taboo and swear words can be based on the strength of the words. “The stronger the taboo, the larger the variety of substitute forms” (Kolář 2014, 125). The frequency of use and choice of particular word depends on the culture, religion, generation, social group, particular situation, country (BrE/AmE), etc.

1.4.2 Euphemisms

Euphemisms and taboo words are closely connected concepts. Generally speaking, euphemisms are polite words or substitutions for taboo words in situation and place where one may find them offensive or where they are simply inappropriate. The function of euphemism is to soften the language and make it appropriate for wider audience and as Alkire notices euphemisms are used to “elevate the status of something (Alkire 2002). In modern world which puts forward the political correctness and politeness the frequency of use of euphemisms are rapidly growing. Speakers should be aware of and care about what they say to maintain their self-image. Allan and Burridge defines euphemism as “the product of a human mind dealing with the problem how to talk” (2006, 239) and according to them “a speaker uses a euphemism to escape disapproval and to avoid offending the hearer or often some third party” (2006, 238). Kolář comments that: “In order not to break social rules, people refer to a taboo topic indirectly using a euphemism” (2014, 125). To interpret all mentioned, euphemisms are used to avoid direct speaking, to maintain one’s social status and are helpful in conversations where the topic covers some kind of social taboos.

2 PRACTICAL PART

2.1 Introduction to Practical Part

This practical part focuses on the terms used in categorization of pornography according to internet sites sharing adult movies and pornographic videos and its linguistic analysis based on the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA). Pornographic terminology appears extensively in current casual language both in its pornographic and general senses which makes the acquaintance with this terminology essential for native speakers, bilinguals and learners of English who desire to acquire new knowledge in this field. The terms were gathered from the internet web sites Redtube.com and Pornhub.com and the practical part is divided into six groups according to several criteria concerning the number of participants, physical characteristics of performers, forms of sexual intercourse or types of sexual climax. Each group of the terms is ordered alphabetically. The analysis provides deeper insight into specific terms in its general and pornography sense and is supported by dictionary definitions, time and stylistic tendency graphs collected from COCA, data from COHA and the origin of particular word according to online etymology dictionary. The data collected from COCA represents each word as a whole lexical item – word, appearing in all parts of the language and in its all senses. The end of the analysis is accompanied by a comparison of the use frequency of particular term in general and pornographic language.

2.2 Physical Characteristics and Skin Colour

The first category includes physical characteristics defining traits or features about a human body, especially the features and skin colours of performers acting in adult movies. This category introduces pornographic subgenres such as Anal, BBW, Big Ass, Big Dick, Big Tits, Ebony, Interracial and MILF. On the other hand, this group omits hair colour eponyms (Blonde, Redhead and Brunette) and nationalities (Arab, Asian, Brazilian, European, French, German, Indian, Japanese, Latina, etc.) considering the

16 fact that the Corpus of Contemporary American English adopts these words primarily in its original sense and the data would not meet the aim of the analysis.

2.2.1 Anal

ANAL (adj.)

Meaning A category of porn in which a man inserts his penis into the behind of a woman. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Anál, anální sex

Example Despite what you might see or hear in pop culture, anal sex isn’t really a sex act that can just happen without lots o´lube and prep work beforhand. (Breslaw 2019)

Word origin 1769 (http://etymonline.com/)

General language Relating to or situated near the anus. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Anal spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 78 114 311 62 843 Per mil 0.61 0.96 3.04 0.49 6.87

Graph no. 1: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

5% 8%

26%

57%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 159 173 194 382 277 Average per 31.8 34.6 38.8 76.4 55.4 year Per mil 1.54 1.68 1.90 3.71 2.67

Graph no. 2: Time tendency

50 Avarage per year 40

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Anal or anal sex is no longer a privilege of sexual activity happening only among homosexual male partners but recently has developed huge popularity in circles of ‘youngsters’ and teenagers. Term anal in pornographic industry represents category of videos, scenes or movies where actor inserts his penis into the arse of an actress or another actor. The origin of the word from Latin analis meaning “of the anus” was registered in 1769. Anal sex attested as such from 1966. General meaning of the word anal refers to an area near the anus. COCA offers 1413 entries in general context. Focusing on entries in context of sexual intercourse there are ca. 14% matching records. Most frequently is the word anal used in medical terminology in connection with rectal cancer which is supported by the data from the academic section and the period 2005-2009. Notable use of the word anal is in a phase be anal about something meaning that someone is deciding whether they is going to be an arsehole or not - tight and strong minded like the anal sphincter. (http://urbandictionary.com)

2.2.2 BBW

BBW (n.)

Meaning Short for Big Beautiful Woman Often used as an indexing tag on pornographic websites. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent BBW

Example Carole began publishing BBW Magazine and it quickly became a unique resource for Big Beautiful Women everywhere – a resource that grew and endured for decades. (Smith 2014)

Word origin 1979

General language Belgian Blue-White (BBW) – a breed of beef cattle from Belgium. (https://thecattlesite.com)

Stylistic tendency BBW spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 1 0 6 0 12 Per mil 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.10

Graph no. 3: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 6%

35%

59%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 3 0 2 12 0 Average per 0.6 0.0 0.4 2.4 0.0 year Per mil 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00

Graph no. 4: Time tendency

2,5

1,5 Avarage per year

0,5

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

BBW is an acronym for Big Beautiful Women which is a euphemism for women considered as “hot” or “sexy” even though being slightly overweight or thick. BBW category in adult movies typically represents a sexual intercourse of a plus size actress and a partner not depending on a position of the sexual act or age of the participants. The term BBW was coined by Carole Shaw in 1979 when she launched her magazine named BBW Magazine (Smith 2014). The Corpus of Contemporary American English registers 19 entries of the acronym BBW (11 entries as the acronym for the Belgian beef cattle) and only 2 entries for Big Beautiful Women from none are unluckily connected to pornography or any sexual context. The Corpus of Historical American English noticed the acronym BBW in all probability as a term used by sailors in the year 1852 as a part of a sentence from the book Narrative of the Life of General Leslie Combs of Kentucky. “[...] the Captain took his position in the bbw, to take care of their rifles and direct the course to be pursued [...]” (1855, 142-156).

2.2.3 Big Ass

BIG ASS (n.)

Meaning A category of porn with a female possessing a behind of larger size.

Czech equivalent Velký zadek/“Prdelatky“

Example When someone mentions the phrase big asses, first thing that comes to our mind is naked girl who shakes her big ass waiting to get slapped. (“Big Asses” 2020)

Word origin 1945 (http://etymonline.com/)

General language Extremely big; huge, impressive. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Big Ass spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 17 33 9 2 0 Per mil 0.13 0.28 0.09 0.02 0.00

Graph no. 5: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 4% 17% 25%

54%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 20 12 6 11 8 Average per 4.0 2.4 1.2 2.2 1.6 year Per mil 0.19 0.12 0.06 0.11 0.08

Graph no. 6: Time tendency

4,5

3,5

2,5

2 Avarage per year

1,5

0,5

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

The trends of pornographic industry, in the era of enormous admiration of Kim Kardashian and comparably eccentric celebrities, cannot stay behind. The cult of modern goddesses accompanied with larger behinds might have been the “momentum” for implementation of so called booty queens into film making. Porn videos in the big ass category commonly feature slapping and shaking of the women’s behinds and are usually led by a female dominant leadership of the cardinal sex act. The phrase big-ass was used from 1945 in U.S. military as slang expression and according to the online Oxford dictionary the earliest use found was in Journal Abnormal & Social Psychology – an academic journal published by American Psychological Association. The data from COCA shows 62 records, yet in the context of pornography there is none. Noteworthy is the luck of presence of the literal meaning with less than 10 entries. The occurrence rate of big ass is highest in the fiction and according to time its peak was in the period 1995-1999 from when it has undergone a decreasing tendency. Most presence of the total represents the adjective form meaning extraordinary, huge or large in size.

2.2.4 Big Dick

BIG DICK (n.)

Meaning Video categories with male performers blessed with size of penis higher and above spectrum.

Czech equivalent Velký pták/Obří péro

Example As a fellow big dick guy, this is one of the most frustrating for me. Very few women can handle the big D without some complications. (“Top 10 big dick problems” 2019)

Word origin Big – 13th century; Dick – 1550s (http://etymonline.com/)

General language 1. Synonym for large penis. 2. An Idiot.

Stylistic tendency Big Dick spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 0 37 5 0 0 Per mil 0.00 0.31 0.05 0.00 0.00

Graph no. 7: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

14%

86%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 9 8 6 3 9 Average per 1.8 1.6 1.2 0.6 1.8 year Per mil 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.09

Graph no. 8: Time tendency

1,8

1,6

1,4

1,2

1 Avarage per year 0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

While the origin of the noun phrase big dick is according to the online etymology dictionary unknown, the separated words big and dick emerged in the English language at the dawn of the 13th century and in 1550s. In the original sense dick meant a lad or a man and as a synonym for a penis was attested from 1891 in a Farmer’s slang dictionary. Despite the fact the collocation big dick can be overheard on daily basis in casual conversation, in COCA there is no application of such a phrase in spoken language and is only registered in magazines and fiction with leading 37 entries. Occurrence of the phrase during the historical development shows gradual decline stopped by the last period where is collected the same quantity of applications as in the period 1995-1999. Since the word dick used to be in historical context used as a rhyming nickname for Rick, short for Richard, one of the commonest English names, the COHA is accompanied with 49 entries where more than a half belongs to the 1950s which is the striking period as a consequence of the phrase big dick being for the first time used in the literal sense – big penis. The most frequently used meaning of big dick in contemporary American English is in collocation with the verb be (being a big dick) as an expression for an idiot and since the Ariana Grande tweeted about her boyfriend’s large penis in 2018 it is also used in collocation with the noun energy (Big Dick Energy – BDE) described as “confidence without cockiness. It is never misplaced and it cannot be simulated. It is the sexual equivalent of writing a check for $10k knowing you got it in the bank account [sic]” (Hosie 2018).

2.2.5 Big Tits

BIG TITS (n.)

Meaning Video categories portraying an intercourse between a man and a woman with large breast.

Czech equivalent Velké kozy/ Kozatky/ Prsatice

Example After making it all wet and slippery, she put it between her big tits as well, making use of everything she’s got. (“Curvy blonde” 2020)

Word origin Big – 13th century; Tits – from 1928 (http://etymonline.com/)

General language Large size of women breasts.

Stylistic tendency Big Tits spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 1 44 2 0 1 Per mil 0.01 0.37 0.02 0.00 0.01

Graph no. 9: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 2% 5% 3%

90%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 8 11 5 8 7 Average per 1.6 2.2 1.0 1.6 1.4 year Per mil 0.08 0.11 0.05 0.08 0.07

Graph no. 10: Time tendency

2,5

1,5

Avarage per year 1

0,5

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Based on the data from Corpus of Historical American English, the noun phrase big tits entered the language in 1970s. The word tit penetrated from the old English titt meaning teat, nipple or breast. The modern slang tits (pl.) emerged in 1928 as a form of reinvention of the original form teat or titties. (http://etymonline.com/) Fiction posses the vast majority of records – 44, 2 belongs to magazines and only 1 occurrence in academics and oral discourse. Application of big tits during the years 2000-2004 is the highest with more than 2 words per year, however, it is not quite commonly used word and in other periods its occurrence is ranging only from 1.0 – 1.6 words per year. Since the phrase big tits possess no other meaning, it is mainly connected to sexual context or unsophisticated description of the two soft, protruding organs on the upper front of a woman's body.

2.2.6 Ebony

EBONY (n.)

Meaning Pornographic films involving at least one person of African decent usually a white girl being plowed by a huge black dick. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Ebenové

Example Ebony guys are known for having hung cocks, and we are not jealous at all. (Preston 2017)

Word origin 1590s (http://etymonline.com/)

General language 1. Heavy blackish or very dark brown timber from a mainly tropical tree. 2. A very dark brown or black colour. 3. A tree of tropical and warm-temperate regions which produces ebony. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Ebony spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 89 540 906 197 128 Per mil 0.70 4.55 8.85 1.54 1.04

Graph no. 11: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 10% 4%

29%

57%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 204 479 413 179 170 Average per 40.8 95.8 82.6 35.8 34.0 year Per mil 4.14 4.65 4.05 1.74 1.64

Graph no. 12: Time tendency

120

100

60 Avarage per year

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

The term ebony, in contemporary American English, is used for a variety of meanings. The most notorious one is a name for dark brown timber mainly processed from a tropical tree or as a name for the tree as a whole. It is highly possible that you occasionally find the word ebony in the context of colours, meaning very dark brown or black. Pornographic industry categorizes scenes and videos where at least one of actors is African-American with the term ebony. The very first use of the word ebony goes all the way back to the 14th century, perhaps as a misreading form of Latin word hebenius meaning “of ebony”. From 1620s ebony started to emerge as a figurative use for intense black and the year 1813 is a milestone for the word ebony in reference to skin colour of people of African origin. With nearly a hundred applications in the period 2000-2004, where encountered its highest, is ebony certainly not an unknown word for the English language, especially for fiction (540 entries) and magazines (906 entries) which registers the highest frequency of use. Based on the data from COCA, ebony regularly occurs in the sense of dark colour and entries with sexual context are insignificant. On the other hand the data from COHA vividly depicts the transformation of the word ebony from the 1810, where it characterized people of black colour, to modern period where standing for the name of the dark timber and last but not least for girls’ name - Ebony.

2.2.7 Interracial

INTERRACIAL (adj.)

Meaning A category of porn videos in which a black man has sex with any other non-black woman. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Mezirasové

Example Porn stars will do most anything, it seems, except for one act that is still taboo within the industry: interracial sex. (Weisman 2013)

Word origin 1883 (http://etymonline.com/)

General language Existing between or involving different races. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Interracial spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 371 42 310 329 432 Per mil 2.92 0.35 3.03 2.58 3.52

Graph no. 13: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

28% 24%

21% 24%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 232 211 323 176 177 Average per 46.4 42.2 64.6 35.2 35.4 year Per mil 2.24 2.05 3.17 1.71 1.71

Graph no. 14: Time tendency

Avarage per year 30

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Interracial in contemporary English stands for something existing between or involving different races. It can refer to a marriage, relationship or dating between different races or children originating from a mixed marriage. Urbandictionary.com defines the term interracial in pornographic terminology as: “a category of porn videos in which a black man has sex with any other non-black woman”, which may be misleading, since interracial porn does not strictly involve only black men and represents sexual footage between any races including Asians, Europeans or African- Americans. Based on etymology dictionary, interracial emerged in the English language in 1883 and the data from COHA matches with the date registering an entry from 1890s in a fiction. According to COCA, the vast majority of records of the word interracial are in collocation with the word marriage and couple. Less than 5% belongs to sexual or pornographic context. Most often interracial appears in academic section and the highest employment of the word in time is noticed in the period 2005-2009 from when the frequency of using of the word declines nearly to a half of entries.

2.2.8 MILF

MILF (n.)

Meaning A sexually attractive older woman, typically one who has children. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Czech equivalent MCBP; Milfka

Example The vast majority of MILFs make the assumption that most younger guys are air-headed sex-fueled dummies who haven't figured out life yet. (Chan 2020)

Word origin 1999 (http://etymonline.com)

General language No additional meaning in general language

Stylistic tendency MILF spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 4 6 17 9 0 Per mil 0.03 0.05 0.13 0.07 0.00

Graph no. 15: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

11% 25% 18%

46% 33

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 10 8 52 37 18 Average per 2.0 1.6 10.4 7.4 3.6 year Per mil 0.07 0.05 0.36 0.25 0.12

Graph no. 16: Time tendency

6 Avarage per year

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Despite the fact that MILF is quite common word in colloquial English this term has appeared quite recently. MILF was widely popularized when the movie American Pie was released in 1999. The acronym stands for “Mother I’d like to fuck”, a phrase said by John Cho’s character on the address of Jeanine Stifler (Jennifer Coolidge). (Bonner 2011) A lot of porn movies and scenes have been devoted to the use of the term MILF and according to pornhub.com was MILF the second most visited category at this website in 2014. Such a term refers to a woman in her thirties or forties, or a girl looking alike, who is sexually attractive and usually “equipped” with larger breasts. The meaning of MILF used in general language is basically similar with the difference that in general language might refer to a sexually experienced woman

(divorced or married) who has children and who is looking for a younger lover on whom she can pass her experience. The data from COCA notices the term MILF chiefly in magazine section and the zenith of entries bears the period 2005-2009. Considering the fact that both the meaning used in general language and in pornographic industry refers to sexually attractive women, there is no need for further dividing of the term into sexual and non-sexual context.

2.3 Forms of Sexual Intercourse

The second part of the master thesis analysis named Forms of Sexual Intercourse represents different types of penetrative and outercourse sexual activity including Blow Job, Fisting, Fingering, Masturbation, Deepthroat and Glory Hole. All of these types of sexual activity, apart from masturbation occasionally occurring in pornographic videos as a solo scene, are usually performed between two participants but possibly performed in larger groups of participants known as group sex.

2.3.1 Blow Job

BLOWJOB (n.)

Meaning An act of oral sex performed on a man. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Czech equivalent Kuřba; kouření péra; orál; sání ptáka; etc.

Example If you decide to take a blow job to completion (aka ejaculation), that age-old question will likely arise in your brain: Spit or swallow? (Surnow 2016)

Word origin 1961 (http://etymonline.com)

General language No additional meaning in general language.

Stylistic tendency Blowjob spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 2 165 62 1 5 Per mil 0.02 1.39 0.60 0.01 0.04

Graph no. 17: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 2% 1% 1%

29%

67%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 41 50 42 53 38 Average per 8.2 10.0 8.4 10.6 7.6 year Per mil 0.40 0.49 0.41 0.52 0.36

Graph no. 18: Time tendency

6 Avarage per year

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Blowjob, also known as fellatio, BJ, giving head, or sucking off is an oral sex technique similar to deepthroat with the difference that blowjob is performed by mouth and the penis is not inserted as deep as while deepthroating. Etymology dictionary states that: “its date of origin probably is pretty close to the date it first is attested in print: as recently as the early 1950s, military pilots could innocently talk of their jet planes as blow jobs according to the Thesaurus of American Slang." (http://etymonline.com) The data from Corpus of Historical American English registers its first use in 1967 and till the end of 20th century records total of 39 entries. Because blowjob is a compound word and possesses 3 forms (blowjob, blow job and hyphenated blow-job) it is necessary to put together these 3 corpuses into one where we receive total of 235 entries. Most frequently appears in fiction and time tendency graph shows its peak during the years 2010-2014. Despite the fact that Oxford, Cambridge and Merriam-Webster dictionaries are not aware of the use of the term blowjob in any other context, Urbandictionary.com claims that blowjob can also be a slang name for giving or receiving the large amount of meth or safe-cracking (opening the safe without the combination or the key).

2.3.2 Fisting

FISTING (n.)

Meaning Act of putting an entire fist into either the vagina or the asshole. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Fisting

Example There is a misconception that fisting damages the anal sphincter, loosens it, and causes a loss of bowel control over time. This is absolutely false. (“Fisting” 2020)

Word origin Unknown

General language Fist-fuck: Penetrate (a person's anus or vagina) with one's fist. Fisting (v.) – striking with a fist; clinch hand into a fist

(http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Fisting spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 2 31 12 0 9 Per mil 0.02 0.26 0.12 0.0 0.07

Graph no. 19: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

15% 4%

55%

26%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 6 4 10 15 10 Average per 1.2 0.8 2.0 3.0 2.0 year Per mil 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.15 0.10

Graph no. 20: Time tendency

3,5

2,5

Avarage per year 1,5

0,5

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Fisting, also known as handballing or fist-fucking, is a sexual activity that involves inserting a hand (kept straight or clenched into a fist) or even a foot into the vagina or rectum. Fisting is sexual practice popular inside gay male culture from the 20th century. Fisting in porn movie shooting can involve both men and women and both sex can be either being penetrated or inserting. Fisting is derived from the noun fist, originally Old English fyst, meaning a person’s hand with the fingers bent in towards the palm and held tightly, from 1767 also meaning “a blow with the fist”. COHA registers its first entry in 1810 probably as a gerund or present participle of the verb fist defined as striking with a fist or clench into a fist which is as well the most frequently used meaning according to the data from COCA. Based on the Corpus of Contemporary American English, 17 out of 54 entries are dedicated to pornographic or sexual context. The word fisting is mainly used in fiction and magazine. The diagram of application from the period 2000-2004 shows, except for the last one, rising tendency. With 9 records concerning sexual behaviour is the use of fisting in academic section certainly unexpected.

2.3.3 Fingering

FINGERING (n.)

Meaning A term of sexual pleasure when a women or man insert their fingers into a women's pussy to create a sensational orgasm when they increase the speed of fingering and rubbing her clit at the same time. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Prstění

Example Bad fingering was understandable back then, but we should be older and wiser now, thanks to porn, how to finger a girl guidance articles and practice. (“19 mistakes” 2020)

Word origin Late 14th century (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. A manner or technique of using the fingers, especially to play a musical instrument. 1.1. An indication of fingering in a musical score. 2. Fine wool for hand knitting.

(http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Fingering spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 36 477 97 59 114 Per mil 0.28 4.02 0.95 0.46 0.93

Graph no. 21: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 14% 4%

14% 61%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 136 133 112 145 102 Average per 27.2 26.6 22.4 29.0 20.4 year Per mil 1.31 1.29 1.10 1.41 0.98

Graph no. 22: Time tendency

Avarage per year 15

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

As stated above, fingering is a technique used for female sexual pleasure including rubbing the clitoris or inserting fingers into the vagina. The stimulation could be performed on oneself or by a sexual partner. Such a kind of manual masturbation on the opposite sex is called handjob. Medically speaking is fingering called digital penetration. Fingering has in general language two principal definitions. The first one, used in English since 14th century, is a manner or technique of using the fingers, especially to play a musical instrument and the second one is fine wool used for hand knitting. From the 15th century also appears as “action of touching lightly.” (http://etymonline.com) COHA traces the first entries of fingering in 1810s and 1820s in the sense known from 14th and 15th century. The employment of the word, according to COCA which registers 20-30 words per year, is from 1995 to 2019 quite stable. The stylistic tendency graph clearly depicts the numerical superiority of applications in fiction which is nearly 14 times more comprehensive than use in oral language. COCA for the term fingering collects data particularly in verb form which describes an act of touching or feeling with the fingers and the number of entries in sexual context is unfortunately insignificant.

2.3.4 Masturbation

MASTURBATION (n.)

Meaning Stimulation of the genitals with the hand for sexual pleasure. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Czech equivalent Masturbace

Example Masturbation is a totally personal decision, and there’s no “normal” way to go about it. (“Masturbation” 2020)

Word origin 1711 (http://etymonline.com)

General language No additional meaning in general language.

Stylistic tendency Masturbation spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 61 134 277 50 307 Per mil 0.48 1.13 2.71 0.39 2.50

Graph no. 23: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

7% 16% 35%

37%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 203 228 112 56 66 Average per 40.6 45.6 22.4 11.2 13.2 year Per mil 1.96 2.21 1.10 0.54 0.64

Graph no. 24: Time tendency

50 45 40 35 30 25 Avarage per year 20 15 10 5 0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Masturbation is a kind of sexual stimulation ending in what is called orgasm. Usually involves hands and in the case of an act of female pleasure can also be performed by fingers, everyday objects or sex toys such as vibrators or so called sex machines. When performed in pairs it is defined as mutual masturbation. Along with the historical taboo, some of the modern cultures and religions perceive masturbation as a kind of sin and is frequently prohibited. Masturbation is not only approved by the medical consensus, but is also said to be beneficial for mental and physical health. In porn, masturbation is regularly performed by a girl staring in solo scenes or as a part of the foreplay. From the point of etymology, masturbation emerged in the English language in 1711 directly from Latin masturbationem. The slang terms for masturbation lists such a phrases as frig to bob; to box the Jesuit; to chuff, to chuffer; to claw; to digitate; to fight one's turkey; to handle; to indorse; to milk; to mount a corporal and four; to dash one's doodle. (http://etymonline.com) Since English has not adopted additional meaning for masturbation in general language, the term is used exclusively in circumstances describing sexual act or activity. Magazine and academic section possesses the first two platforms from the podium according to use frequency among the styles and time tendency graph shows noticeable drop in appearance from 2000-2004 towards the third and fourth period.

2.3.5 Deepthroat

DEEPTHROAT (n.)

Meaning Performing fellatio by relaxing the back of the throat to avoid the gag reflex, resulting in deeper penetration of the penis. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Czech equivalent Deepthroat; hluboké hrdlo

Example If you want to try to deep-throat, Drake recommends putting yourself in a position of power so you can control the depth of penetration in your mouth. (Surnow 2016)

Word origin 1972 (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

General language A person who anonymously supplies information about covert or illegal action in the organization where they work. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Deepthroat spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 0 1 0 0 0 Per mil 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Graph no. 25: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

100%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 0 0 1 0 0 Average per 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 year Per mil 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Graph no. 26: Time tendency

1,2

0,8

0,6 Avarage per year

0,4

0,2

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Deepthroat or deep-throat is an oral sex act involving mouth and throat performed by a person on the penis of another person. This oral stimulation can be performed by heterosexual or homosexual partners and lead to orgasm for the fellated partner. Oxford dictionary traces its roots back to 1972, the year when Deep Throat, one of the first pornographic movies, was released. Deep Throat was at the forefront of the Golden Age of Porn during the 1969-1984 and was one of the first movies featuring plot and character development. (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068468/) The term deepthroat penetrated from Deep Throat, contemporary English title for a person who anonymously supplies information about covert or illegal action in the organization where they work, in 1972 the pseudonym of the secret informant who provided ‘kompromat’ for to Bob Woodward in the Watergate scandal. (Noah 2003) According to the data from COCA the use of the term deepthroat is fairly rare and registers only one entry from 2009 in fiction named Naughty: a black door novel. Hyphenated form of the compound word (deep-throat) notices 4 entries where only one of them describes the sexual act of the deep penetration of the penis.

2.3.6 Glory Hole

GLORY HOLE (n.)

Meaning A hole made through a wall or partition to enable people to perform sex acts anonymously. (http://merriam-webster.com)

Czech equivalent Glory hole; šťastná díra

Example I'm a basic bitch when it comes to sex, but I'm still a boy, driven by my dick more than my brain, so I've never said no to a glory hole. (Sunderland 2015)

Word origin 1940s (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. An untidy room or cupboard used for storage. 2. An open quarry. 3. A small furnace used to keep glass malleable so that it can be worked. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Glory hole spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 0 12 12 2 1 Per mil 0.0 0.12 0.12 0.02 0.01

Graph no. 27: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 4% 7%

45%

44%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 6 4 4 3 0 Average per 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.0 year Per mil 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.00

Graph no. 28: Time tendency

1,4

1,2

0,8

Avarage per year 0,6

0,4

0,2

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

At the time when glory hole was formed in English language (1825), it was used for an untidy box or drawer. After more than a hundred years of development, glory hole embraced a whole new meaning which describes a hole in the wall, often between public lavatory cubicles, used to sexual activity or creepy observation. Glory holes was especially associated with gay male culture but in modern pornographic movies men, whether homosexual, bisexual or heterosexual, uses glory hole for anal, vaginal or oral sex. Apart from the original meaning is glory hole used for a furnace for softening glass when it becomes stiff in offhand working and for fire-polishing glass and North American miners uses the word to describe an open quarry. The noun is used above all in fiction and magazine, the frequency of its appearance in newspapers and academic is quite low and null in spoken language. Use of the noun has been gradually decreasing and in the last period registers zero entries. When we closely search for glory holes precisely meaning a gap for sexual activity we obtain less than 20% of entries. Glory hole is in COCA most frequently used for the furnace for softening glass.

2.4 3+ Participants

The third group of terms titled 3+ Participants introduces sexual practices which require more than two participants. Such a sexual behaviour is rare in common sexual life but frequently displayed in adult movies. This category encompasses practices generally known under the names Bukakke, Gangbang, Orgy, Threesome, Cuckold and Double Penetration. The participants can be of any sexual orientation or gender and the scenes are popularly placed at a private sex party or semi-private swinger gathering.

2.4.1 Bukkake

BUKKAKE (n.)

Meaning A type of sexual activity in which several men ejaculate on another person. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Czech equivalent Bukkake

Example Even today many people think that the practice of bukkake is shameful and degrading to women, you have to remember that this practice began as a form of punishment. (Kristensen 2015)

Word origin 1990s (http://etymonline.com)

General language No additional meaning in general language.

Stylistic tendency Bukkake spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 0 3 1 0 0 Per mil 0.0 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00

Graph no. 29: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

25%

75%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 0 0 1 0 3 Average per 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.6 year Per mil 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03

Graph no. 30: Time tendency

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

Avarage per year 0,3

0,2

0,1

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Bukkake is originally Japanese noun which was penetrated from the word bukkakeru meaning “to dash or sprinkle (water)” thus “a splash”. The etymology of bukkake is not as ancient as might initially seem and is dated back to 1990s. Bukkake also emerges as a name of an Asian noodle dish. Pornographic films portray bukkake as a sexual act in which more than one male participants ejaculate on another participant. The participant on who is being ejaculated is most often a woman but in gay porn can be represented by a man. A number of viewers find bukkake as inappropriate and an act of humiliation. Current general language does not possess any additional meaning for bukkake which demonstrates the data from COCA registering only 4 entries overall. From the point of time tendency of the word bukkake, its frequency might be higher in the future since last period collects three quarters of all entries. 3 records adopt fiction and one belongs to magazines where all are represented in sense of the sexual act.

2.4.2 Gangbang

GANGBANG (n.)

Meaning Copulation by several persons in succession with the same passive partner. (http://merriam-webster.com)

Czech equivalent Gangbang; skupinová soulož

Example For instance, a gangbang fantasy might not just be about multi- partner sex—it may also have elements of BDSM, novelty, and sexual taboos. (Lehmiller 2019)

Word origin 1953 (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. An instance of violence involving members of a criminal gang. 2. Verb: A group of people rape someone. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Gangbang spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 18 13 6 4 0 Per mil 1.05 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.00

Graph no. 31: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 3% 5% 9%

83%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 10 4 7 5 12 Average per 2.0 0.8 1.4 1.0 2.4 year Per mil 0.10 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.12

Graph no. 32: Time tendency

2,5

1,5 Avarage per year

0,5

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

A gangbang is a sexual activity among more than three people where one of the participants is the central focus of the sexual act. Such a central focus could be a woman surrounded by several men or so called reverse gangbang including a man with multiple women. Rather than swinging, which is defined by coupling of the participants, gangbang is embodied by the number and variety of sex acts (vaginal, oral and anal). The term, from the slang word bang (“performing a sexual intercourse”), emerged in the 1953 in a sense of “group sex”, especially more men with a woman in the centre. Later sense of “participate in a street gang” comes from the 1968. (http://etymonline.com) Since the gangbang adopted three forms (closed form gangbang, open form gang bang and hyphenated form gang-bang), the presented data is a mixture of all three mentioned possibilities. While gang bang and gang-bang appears most frequently in sense of an instance of violence involving members of a criminal gang, the closed form of the compound can be more often seen in the sense of the sexual act. Together, spoken language and fiction registers the vast majority of records of the term gangbang and the highest number of entries according to time was noticed in the period 2015-2019.

2.4.3 Orgy

ORGY (n.)

Meaning A sexual encounter involving many people. (http://merriam- webster.com)

Czech equivalent Orgie; skupinový sex

Example We knew that an orgy or any type of casual group sex might not be every woman’s fantasy, but we thought about our other girlfriends and wondered if they had ever orchestrated an evening like this on their own terms. (Giunto 2017)

Word origin 1660s (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. An instance of excessive indulgence in a specified activity. 2. Secret rites used in the worship of Bacchus, Dionysus, and other Greek and Roman deities, celebrated with dancing, drunkenness, and singing. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Orgy spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 93 202 194 94 67 Per mil 0.73 1.70 1.89 0.74 0.55

Graph no. 33: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 10% 13%

13%

30%

34%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 133 98 106 101 85 Average per 26.6 19.6 21.2 20.2 17.0 year Per mil 1.29 0.95 1.04 0.98 0.82

Graph no. 34: Time tendency

15 Avarage per year

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

In the time of Greek and Roman empires, an orgy used to describe a secret ritual of worshiping a variety of deities such as Bacchus or Dionysus. The language partly modified its meaning and modern sense of the orgy can be understood as “a ritual used in worship of the goddess Aphrodite”, since the modern language uses orgy to describe a sex party involving several members who engage in sexual activity or group sex. The underlying difference between swingers’ parties and orgy is the anonymity of members participating in the orgy. The word emerged in 1660s from Latin word orgia and since then the general language has adopted 3 meanings. Apart from the meanings mentioned above is also used as an instance of excessive indulgence in a specified activity. Fiction and magazine registers the highest percentage of entries with almost two hundreds of records per each section and the time tendency graph depicts the slow decline in usage. Emerging in nearly 7 hundreds of entries, the term appears in almost 25% as the sexual activity and the most frequent sense is the excessive indulgence in a specified activity, for example “an orgy of self-congratulations”.

2.4.4 Threesome

THREESOME (n.)

Meaning An occasion on which three people engage in sexual activity together. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Czech equivalent Švédská trojka

Example Because it was my first threesome (it wasn’t his first) and my first time being with a woman, he let me pick out the girls I thought were attractive. (Hsieh and Moore 2019)

Word origin 14th century (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. A group of three people engaged in the same activity. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com) 2. A golf match in which one person plays his or her ball against the ball of two others playing each stroke alternately. (http://merriam-webster.com)

Stylistic tendency Threesome spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 48 114 116 103 11 Per mil 0.38 0.96 1.13 0.81 0.09

Graph no. 35: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 3% 11% 24%

28%

34%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 80 65 77 70 58 Average per 16.0 13.0 15.4 14.0 11.6 year Per mil 0.77 0.63 0.75 0.68 0.56

Graph no. 36: Time tendency

10 Avarage per year 8

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

A threesome is a form of group sex that involves three people at the same time. Such a sexual act is in pornography commonly depicted by two women and a man, despite the fact that the historical tradition was a “performance” of two men superiority. Not only is threesome described as a sexual act of three members but also as an activity engaging three people, for instance a golf match. The closed compound of the words three + some comes from the 14th century. Based on COCA, the most present employment of the term is registered in fiction, magazine and newspapers having more than a hundred entries in each section and the least frequent is the academic section with 11 records. The frequency of use in the course of time is fluctuating from 80 to 58 entries. COCA most often embraces the word threesome in the sense of a trio participating in a particular activity.

2.4.5 Cuckold

CUCKOLD (n.)

Meaning A man who enjoys watching his wife committing adultery or be unfaithful with other men. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Paroháč; cuckot

Example Porn sites have also reported that “cuckold porn” is one of the most searched categories. (Longhurst 2019)

Word origin Early 13th century (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. A man whose wife is sexually unfaithful, often regarded as an object of derision. 2. (of a man) make (another man) a cuckold by having a sexual relationship with his wife. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Cuckold spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 1 42 12 8 17 Per mil 0.01 0.35 0.12 0.06 0.14

Graph no. 37: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

21% 1%

51% 9%

18%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 20 10 10 8 12 Average per 4.0 2.0 2.0 1.6 2.4 year Per mil 0.19 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.12

Graph no. 38: Time tendency

4,5

3,5

2,5

2 Avarage per year

1,5

0,5

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Cuckold has been known since the early 13th century as a derisive name for a husband of an adulteress. This term penetrated from the word cocu + pejorative suffix of Germanic origin, “so called from the female bird's alleged habit of changing mates, or her authentic habit of leaving eggs in another bird's nest.” (http://etymonline.com) Contemporary English adopted two meanings for cuckold. First one is a noun form meaning a man whose wife is sexually unfaithful and the second is a verb of such act. According to several internet statistics, cuckold has been one of the most searched categories in recent pornographic industry. Cuckolding, in other words wife watching, is a form of fetish, more specifically a variant of masochism. Since both the pornographic term and the word in general language embraced sexual undertone it is counterproductive to classify the word into categories of sexual and non-sexual sense. Most naturally cuckold appears in fiction, reaching a half of overall entries, which might be a reflection of sexual fantasy of modern society.

2.4.6 Double Penetration

DOUBLE PENETRATION (n.)

Meaning When a woman of the female sex has two penises inserted any combo of her mouth, anus, or vagina, but is most commonly done in the anus and vagina. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Dvojitá penetrace

Example Double penetration could almost be viewed as the top taboo which has gained supreme and unchallenged popularity among viewers of pornography, and to a lesser extent, the bedrooms of everyday sex partners. (Duncan 2019)

Word origin 1610s (http://etymonline.com)

General language No additional meaning in general language.

Stylistic tendency Double spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Penetration Frequency 0 0 2 0 0 Per mil 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00

Graph no. 39: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

100%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 0 0 0 0 2 Average per 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 year Per mil 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02

Graph no. 40: Time tendency

0,45

0,4

0,35

0,3

0,25 Avarage per year 0,2

0,15

0,1

0,05

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Double penetration is a pornographic subgenre and a sex position which has been gaining its popularity in the last two decades. The first attestation of this two words collocation is unknown but the word penetration, originally from Latin penetrationem, was used for the first time in sexual sense in 1610s. Double penetration is a sexual activity in which a woman is penetrated by two men simultaneously. Such a multiple penetration, commonly presented in pornography, might be a combination of vaginal, oral and anal sex. Double penetration emerged twice in the last period 2015-2019 in magazines where enhanced the terminology referring to sex and sexual activity. General language does not involve the term double penetration in contexts differing from the sexual activity. To answer the question why is double penetration and identical positions so popular we have to look at the practice of these activities as sexually liberating, enjoyable and experience rejecting social norms based on results of up-to-date surveys. (Duncan 2019)

2.5 Types of Sexual Climax

This part focuses on male and female sexual climaxes including Creampie, Cumshot, Facials, Female Orgasm and Squirting. Sexual orgasms are commonly portrayed in pornographic industry to attract viewers’ attention and to make viewers feel that what he is watching is absolutely real and trustworthy. The first three terms depicts male semen and depending on what part of the body the semen is aimed are called Creampie, Cumshot or Facials. Female orgasms, habitually faked in adult movies, are very popular among male viewers and take part in another subgenre named Squirting, characterized as an expulsion of fluids from the vagina.

2.5.1 Creampie

CREAMPIE (n.)

Meaning Semen seeping from vagina, anus or mouth (Dalzell and Victor, 2006, 507)

Czech equivalent Vnitřní výstřik; creampie

Example According to Madison, female porn performers generally get paid more for creampie scenes and some will turn them down. (Surnow 2016)

Word origin Early 2000s (Dalzell and Victor, 2006, 507)

General language No additional meaning in general language

Stylistic tendency Creampie spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 0 0 0 0 0 Per mil 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 0 0 0 0 0 Average per 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 year Per mil 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Creampie is a sexual act in which a man ejaculates inside his partner’s anus or vagina. The act of creampie is in pornography commonly featured since early 2000s and is preferred by viewers for presenting an unprotected sexual act. Creampie scenes have a sense of danger since the unprotected sexual intercourse increases the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. In 2004, a porn actress Lara Roxx got HIV positive after shooting an anal creampie scene with on-screen partner Darren James. (Surnow 2016) The term creampie apparently penetrated from a dessert named cream pie (a type of dessert filled with a rich custard or pudding) because of the resemblance between the filling of the cream pie and the semen dripping from a vagina or anus. English has not adopted any additional meaning in general and casual language. This circumstance affects the data from COCA where no entry has been registered for the term creampie since the inception of the corpus.

2.5.2 Cumshot

CUMSHOT (n.)

Meaning Human ejaculation. Typically on a part of the body. For example, on the face (i.e. facial), in the mouth, on the breasts, on the legs or buttocks. Some fetishes even shown 'cumshots' on leather boots. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Výstřik; cumshot

Example My most exciting experience being on the receiving end of a cumshot happened when I was in my mid-twenties. (“Cum Fetish” 2015)

Word origin Unknown

General language No additional meaning in general language.

Stylistic tendency Cumshot spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 0 1 1 0 0 Per mil 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00

Graph no. 41: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

50% 50%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 0 1 4 1 0 Average per 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.0 year Per mil 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.00

Graph no. 42: Time tendency

0,9

0,8

0,7

0,6

0,5 Avarage per year 0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

A cumshot or cum shot (sometimes called as cum blast, money shot or pop shot) is a human ejaculation ordinarily featured in pornography from 1970s, when pornographic industry started displaying male ejaculation with maximum visibility (Aydemir 2007, 95). Cumshot is typically directed at female breasts, mouth, face or legs and buttocks and in homosexual pornography involves ejaculation onto another male actor. Since cumshot involves contact of seminal fluids with body of another person, such a type of ejaculation may cause an allergic reaction or the transmission of sexual diseases. Origin of the word cumshot is unknown but the noun cum, meaning semen, arose in 1973 as a possible variant of the word come in its sexual sense. (http://etymonline.com) The compound word cumshot does not possess any other meanings in general language apart from the one emerging in pornography which makes the word cumshot authentic part of the pornographic terminology. The data from COCA is a combination of the words cumshot and cum shot. Most entries are displayed in the period 2005-2009 with the average of 0.8 words per

67 year and according to stylistic tendency graph is the cumshot/cum shot applied merely in fiction and magazine.

2.5.3 Facials

FACIAL (n.)

Meaning A sexual act in which hot, sticky man-juice is spewed unto a girl's face. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Facial

Example I’m single right now, but when you’re with a guy, and they find out you’re into stuff like facials or anything remotely freaky, they love it. (Hsieh 2017)

Word origin 1786 (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. A treatment to improve the condition or appearance of the facial skin. (Noun) 2. Of or relating to the face (Adjective) 3. Concerned with or used in improving the appearance of the face. (Adjective) (http://merriam-webster.com)

Stylistic tendency Facial spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 561 867 1915 702 2419 Per mil 4.45 7.33 15.19 5.77 20.19

Graph no. 43: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

8% 14% 38%

29% 11%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 1182 1489 1340 1154 1464 Average per 236.4 297.8 268.0 230.8 292.8 year Per mil 8.00 10.16 9.24 7.94 10.11

Graph no. 44: Time tendency

350

300

250

200

Avarage per year 150

100

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Doing research in the data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English specified on the word facial, reaching the average of 2-3 hundreds of words per year, it is clearly visible that this word bears a variety of meanings.

The term facial applied in pornographic terminology describes a sexual act in which a sperm is ejaculated onto a female or male face. This technique is a part of cumshot but is specifically directed onto the face, whereas cumshot can be pointed at several body parts. Facial is a form of non-penetrative sex, though pornographic films display facials after some type of the sexual stimulations. General language notices facial as a noun meaning a treatment for improvement of the condition of the facial skin or as an adjective in the sense of or relating to the face. The sense “pertaining to the face” dates back to 1786. The word facial emerges predominantly in academics and magazines with the peak of 1489 entries in the period 2000-2004. Researching further through the amount of entries, we can identify the vast majority of records are employed in the sense of the word facial used in general language and the records applied in pornographic terminology form a limited minority.

2.5.4 Female Orgasm

FEMALE ORGASM (n.)

Meaning The rapid pleasurable release of neuromuscular tensions at the height of sexual arousal that is usually accompanied by vaginal contractions in the female. (http://merriam-webster.com)

Czech equivalent Ženský orgasmus

Example Some researchers argue that female orgasms exist because as fetuses, we all start out with the same basic parts, regardless of sex. (Whitcomb 2020)

Word origin 1680s (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. Intense or paroxysmal excitement. (Noun) 2. To experience orgasm. (Verb) (http://merriam-webster.com)

Stylistic tendency Female spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic orgasm Frequency 2 5 23 2 0 Per mil 0.02 0.04 0.18 0.02 0.00

Graph no. 45: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

8% 8% 15%

69% Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 12 8 5 7 6 Average per 2.4 1.6 1.0 1.4 1.2 year Per mil 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.04

Graph no. 46: Time tendency

2,5

1,5 Avarage per year

0,5

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Female orgasm is not a rare collocation which emerges exclusively in pornographic terminology. This collocation, describing sexual climax which is characterized by an intense sensation of pleasure, is widely used in casual and general language on daily bases. Pornographic films regularly depict female orgasm to gain credibility of performed sexual acts and to increase delight of following videos with pornographic content, even though female performers frequently fake such a sexual climax. The noun orgasm, originally from Greek orgasmos meaning excitement or swelling, arose in English in 1680s. The 17th century English also applied the word orgasm for “other violent excitements of emotion or other bodily functions and broader sense of immoderate excitement or action is from 1763.” (http://etymonline.com) The noun orgasm collocating with the adjective female is, according to COHA, registered for the first time in 1970s. Based on the COCA, this collocation is adopted most frequently by magazines and, as visible from time tendency graph, has gone into gradual decline, apart from the period 2005-2009 where is recorded its minimum of entries.

2.5.5 Squirting

SQUIRTING (n.)

Meaning When a female ejaculates a clear, odorless, liquid from her urethra due to stimulation of the "g-spot" to orgasm. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Mokrý orgasmus; fontána; ženská ejakulace; squirting

Example It’s as if my squirting is an accomplishment for him, which makes me feel incredibly sexy and celebrated. (Hsieh, Hills and Andrews 2019)

Word origin 1803 (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. A thin stream or small quantity of liquid squirted from something. 1.1. A small device from which a liquid may be squirted. 2. A puny or insignificant person. 3. A compressed radio signal transmitted at high speed. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Squirting spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 18 143 65 24 12 Per mil 0.14 1.21 0.52 0.20 0.10

Graph no. 47: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 5% 9% 6%

24%

56%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 66 65 57 52 35 Average per 13.2 13.0 11.4 10.4 7.0 year Per mil 0.45 0.44 0.39 0.36 0.24

Graph no. 48: Time tendency

Avarage per year 6

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Squirting is a slang term for female ejaculation which is an explosion of fluid from the vagina during an orgasm, sometimes wrongly confused with coital incontinence. Squirting is frequently portrayed phenomena in pornography due to its credibility and trustworthiness of the climax and sexual satisfaction during the performance. General language possesses a variety of meanings for the word squirting. For example a thin stream or small quantity of liquid squirted from something; a small device from which a liquid may be squirted; a puny or insignificant person; or a compressed radio signal transmitted at high speed. Such a variety of meanings affects the occurrence of the word squirting in COCA where approximately 15 out of a hundred entries are adopted in the context of female ejaculation. Most data depicts the word squirting in the verb form describing a liquid ejected from something in a thin, fast stream, often in the collocation with the blood - blood squirting. The majority of entries emerge in fiction and magazines and the smallest amount of entries is recorded in academic section. The time tendency graph shows gradual drop from the peak of 66 to the bottom of 35 records per a period.

2.6 Same Sex or Solo

Same sex or solo category focuses on sexual intercourses performed between homosexual partners, transgender people or solo scenes. This category includes subgenres such as Gay, Lesbian, Solo (both male and female), Transgender and Striptease. Gay and Lesbian porn is characterized by sexual intercourse (penetrative or non-penetrative) between female and male homosexuals. The term Transgender is adopted for pornographic content in which one of the participants underwent full or partial medical transition from one sex to another and last members of this category called Striptease and Solo depicts scenes of only one person participating.

2.6.1 Gay

GAY (adj.)

Meaning A pornography of 2 or more males having sex. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Gay porno; homosexuální porno; teplouši; bukvice; etc.

Example Bi men, meanwhile, reported watching gay porn at a rate of 96% (nearly as much as the 98.3% of gay men who reported watching gay porn) and straight porn at a rate of 88.3% (a little lower than the 98.5% of straight men who reported watching straight porn). (Macmillen 2016)

Word origin 1940s (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. (of a person) homosexual (used especially of a man) 1.1. Relating to or used by homosexuals. 2. Light-hearted and carefree. 2.1. Brightly coloured; showy. 3. Foolish, stupid, or unimpressive. 4. A homosexual, especially a man. (Noun) (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Gay spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 8201 2227 5589 8181 5346 Per mil 65.02 18.82 44.33 67.20 44.63

Graph no. 49: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

19% 27%

8% 28%

18%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 5858 7117 6914 8334 5916 Average per 1171.6 1423.4 1382.8 1666.8 1183.2 year Per mil 39.64 48.56 47.70 57.37 40.87

Graph no. 50: Time tendency

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800 Avarage per year

600

400

200

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Gay is a word with fabulously rich history which dates back to the late 14th century from Old French gai. Original meaning of this adjective described someone or something full of joy, carefree or light-hearted. During the time the word developed meaning such as sumptuous, showy, rich or ornate and “by the 1890s had an overall tinge of promiscuity - a gay house was a brothel.” The word gay in homosexual meaning started arising in 1940s in psychological writings. (http://etymonline.com) Pornographic gay scenes display homosexual intercourse of 2 or more males who indulge in sexual activity involving oral or anal penetration. General language adopts multiple meanings not only as an adjective but also as a noun, such as homosexual or relating to homosexuality, light-hearted and carefree (more common for the archaic language), brightly coloured and showy or modern concept of the adjective gay describing something or someone foolish, stupid or unimpressive. According to the COCA, the amount of records for the word gay is astonishing considering that the corpus registers more than 60 thousand of entries. Highest percentage of applications bears spoken language and newspapers. The collocation of the words gay and porn notices 156 records in COCA.

2.6.2 Lesbian

LESBIAN (adj.)

Meaning Pornographic images/recordings containing two women posing as lesbians having sex. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Lesbičky; lesbické porno; etc.

Example There's a ton of lesbian porn on the Internet, but most of it is the "Oh, what's this? A vagina? I've never seen one of these before! (More and Adwards 2018)

Word origin 1890 (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. Relating to homosexual women or to homosexuality in women. 2. From or relating to the island of Lesbos. 3. A homosexual woman. (Noun) (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Lesbian spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 1322 718 1105 1488 1974 Per mil 10.48 6.07 8.76 12.22 16.48

Graph no. 51: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

31% 19%

11%

16%

23%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 1526 1273 1110 1518 997 Average per 305.2 254.6 222.0 303.6 199.4 year Per mil 10.33 8.69 7.66 10.45 6.89

Graph no. 52: Time tendency

350

300

250

200

Avarage per year 150

100

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

The adjective of the word Lesbian comes from the 1590s, originally pertaining to the ancient island of Lesbos in north-eastern Aegean Sea. Lesbos was the home of Sappho – a “great lyric poet whose erotic and romantic verse embraced women as well as men.” (http://etymonline.com) The meaning of the word lesbian relating to female homosexual relations arose in 1890, as a continuity of the word lesbianism. The noun form, characterizing a homosexual woman, was attested in 1925. Pornographic recordings involving Lesbian scenes depict a female couple of 2 or more women engaging in a sexual activity. Such an activity may consist of oral stimulation or sexual penetration involving so called sex toys (vibrators, silicone dildos, etc.). The actresses performing in the lesbian porn are not necessarily identified as homosexual since the scenes might be performed as well by heterosexual or bisexual females. Curiously, the word lesbian most frequently occurs in the academic section and the top number of entries is recorded in the period of 2010-2014 and 1995-1999. The collocation of lesbian with porn is registered in 20 entries of the total amount of 10 and a half thousand records.

2.6.3 Solo

SOLO (adj.)

Meaning Porn film or part of a porn film in which an only actor or actress masturbates. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Sólo; sólo žena/muž; masturbace; honění/prstění; etc.

Example As foreplay to solo sex, open your knees as wide as you can, then take a clean blusher brush and, using barely-there stokes, slowly move the brush between the divide of your labia - your clitoris will soon be craving more. (“Solo” 2011)

Word origin 1712 (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. Done by one person alone; unaccompanied. (Adjective) 2. For or by one person alone. (Adverb) 3. A piece or passage of vocal or instrumental music for one performer. (Noun) 4. An unaccompanied flight by a pilot in an aircraft. (Noun) 5. A motorbike without a sidecar. (Noun) 6. Perform a piece or passage of music unaccompanied or as the featured musician. (Verb) 7. Fly an aircraft unaccompanied. (Verb) 8. Undertake solo climbing. (Verb) (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Solo spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 1035 955 3196 2731 1092 Per mil 8.21 8.07 25.35 22.43 9.12

Graph no. 53: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 12% 11% 11%

31%

35%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 1638 1862 1864 1829 2020 Average per 327.6 372.4 372.8 365.8 404.0 year Per mil 11.08 12.70 12.86 12.59 13.96

Graph no. 54: Time tendency

450

400

350

300

250 Avarage per year 200

150

100

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Solo in adult movie terminology describe scenes or videos where a male or a female engages in sexual activity or masturbation and frequently involves sex toys and aids. The adjective penetrated in 1690s from Italian solo, meaning a piece of music for one voice or instrument and in 1712 was attested in its non-musical sense meaning alone or unassisted. (http://etymonline.com) The word solo can be as well used in its adverb form meaning for or by one person alone and as a noun and a verb appears in aviation terminology describing an unaccompanied flight and recently developed huge popularity among climbing club members where reflects a climbing without the assistance of a belay. The word solo is most frequently employed in general language at magazines and newspapers and since 1995 has been recording a slow increase in use, apart from the period 2010-2014 where rarely dropped. The word solo collocating with sex, masturbation and porn adopts 25 entries.

2.6.4 Transgender

TRANSGENDER (adj.)

Meaning Porn films or scenes portraying people who do not identify with their sex assigned at birth.

Czech equivalent Transgender; trans; transky

Example Yes, the orgasms. There’s a big misconception about how transgender people have sex. (Rae 2016)

Word origin 1974 (http://etymonline.com)

General language Denoting or relating to a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not correspond with their birth sex. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Transgender spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 542 16 519 842 440 Per mil 4.30 0.14 4.12 6.92 3.67

Graph no. 55: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

19% 22%

22%

36%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 16 53 194 442 1763 Average per 3.2 10.6 38.8 88.4 352.6 year Per mil 0.11 0.36 1.34 3.04 12.18

Graph no. 56: Time tendency

400

350

300

250

200 Avarage per year 150

100

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Transgender category in adult movies displays people who have a gender expression different from their anatomical sex assigned at birth. This category generally involves a male couple engaging in a sexual activity where one of the partners is considered as so called shemale or ladyboy, a male transgender person with a penis and woman breasts who has not undergone full medical transition from one sex to another. Shemales and ladyboys have recently gained considerable popularity among transgender community in Asian countries. The adjective transgender, considering its etymology, is relatively modern component of English language. The word transgender was attested for the first time in 1974. The tendency of increasing popularity in use of the word is fairly depicted in the second graph where in the last period 2015-2019 adopted four times more entries than in the previous one documenting the years 2010-2014. Based on the data from the COCA, the use of transgender is intensely shared in newspapers and is rather limited in fiction.

2.6.5 Striptease

STRIPTEASE (n.)

Meaning A form of entertainment in which a performer gradually undresses to music in a way intended to be sexually exciting. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Czech equivalent Striptýz; erotický tanec

Example Part of a strip tease is the stripping, and stripping requires layers that can be taken off in a sexy manner. But don't worry about it too much. (“Strip tease” 2018)

Word origin 1936 (http://etymonline.com)

General language No additional meaning in the general language.

Stylistic tendency Striptease spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 67 43 59 41 13 Per mil 0.53 0.36 0.47 0.34 0.11

Graph no. 57: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 6% 19% 29%

20% 26%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 72 50 58 42 21 Average per 14.4 10.0 11.6 8.4 4.2 year Per mil 0.49 0.34 0.40 0.29 0.15

Graph no. 58: Time tendency

8 Avarage per year 6

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Striptease is an atypical category in pornographic industry. Such a subgenre portrays a single female show in which is performed a sexually exciting gradual undress, occasionally accompanied by a female masturbation. Striptease can be employed as foreplay before the essential sexual activity in full length pornographic records or as a short broadcast at the pornographic websites on the internet. The word striptease or strip-tease penetrated from the verbs strip + tease in 1930s and the noun burlesque in the sense of "variety show featuring striptease" can be considered as a forerunner. (http://etymonline.com) Striptease, according to the COCA, is most frequently adopted in the oral expressions of the English language and rarely visible in academic section. The word registers decline from 72 entries in the period 1995-1999 to 21entries in 2015-2019. Striptease can be also seen as an adjective which most frequently collocates with the noun dancer – striptease dancer, or show – striptease show.

2.7 Modern Pornography

The last puzzle piece with categories of terms used in adult movies is named Modern Pornography. This category represents modern subgenres including Hentai, Fetish, Bondage, POV, SFW, Pissing and Milf, which started appearing on the turn of 21th century and gained its popularity in the last decade. Such categories depict some forms of sexual fetishism, dominance and submission, uncommon sexual behaviour or animated pornography.

2.7.1 Hentai

HENTAI (n.)

Meaning A genre of Japanese manga and anime characterized by overtly sexualized characters and sexually explicit images and plots. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Czech equivalent Hentai

Example Certain types of hentai can involve things like women abruptly sprouting penises, animals (or anthropomorphic animals), rape, incest, and sex acts conducted by or with underage participants. (Cosmo 2015)

Word origin 1990s (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

General language No additional meaning in general language.

Stylistic tendency Hentai spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 0 1 1 0 5 Per mil 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.04

Graph no. 59: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

14%

72%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 0 1 1 2 5 Average per 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.0 year Per mil 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03

Graph no. 60: Time tendency

1,2

0,8

0,6 Avarage per year

0,4

0,2

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Hentai is a Japenese compound of words hen (weird, strange) + tai (appearance, condition). In adult movie terminology Hentai represents a category of animated pornography which displays abnormal body proportion such as breasts and gluteus maximus. Hentai involves a variety of subgenres including fetish, homosexuality and is generally characterized by bizarre sexual desire and female submissive behaviour. Despite the fact that Hentai gained huge popularity after the World War II, the term in English language thereafter arose in the early 1990s. COCA notices 42 records for the term hentai and the peak with the average of 1 word per year is registered in the last period 2015-2019. The data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English reflects the authenticity of the meaning of the word hentai in its sexual sense and does not register any additional interpretation.

2.7.2 Fetish

FETISH (n.)

Meaning A form of sexual desire in which gratification is linked to an abnormal degree to a particular object, item of clothing, part of the body, etc. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Czech equivalent Fetiš

Example And while the pleasure is most commonly derived from watching others, the fetish could also include hearing others engage in sexual acts, or even being told about other people’s sexual experiences. (Thomas and Andrews 2020)

Word origin 1897 (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. An inanimate object worshipped for its supposed magical powers or because it is considered to be inhabited by a spirit. 2. An excessive and irrational devotion or commitment to a particular thing. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Fetish spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 83 165 196 96 204 Per mil 0.66 1.39 1.55 0.79 1.70

Graph no. 61: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

28% 11%

23%

13%

25%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 155 204 175 175 171 Average per 31.0 40.8 35.0 35.0 34.2 year Per mil 1.05 1.39 1.21 1.20 1.18

Graph no. 62: Time tendency

25 Avarage per year 20

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Fetish is a Portuguese word known from 1610s as the title for a material object with mysterious power used for religious worshipping. The word is said to be brought by Portuguese sailors and traders. During the development the noun underwent apparent development in meaning from a religious talisman worshipped by the inhabitants of the Guinea coast of Africa towards the modern psycho-sexual sense, in which was recorded for the first time in the writing of Henry Havelock Ellis. (http://etymonline.com) Erotic fetishism is a form of sexual desire in which a particular nonliving object, body part or specific activity, is an object of a fetishist interest. According to websites with pornographic content, the most popular fetishes are podophilia (feet fetishism), fixation to body fluids or clothing and attraction to sexual intercourse with gravid females. Since fetishism may cause significant psychosocial distress in a particular person or worse can be diagnosed as a mental disorder, it is understandable that the academic section embraces the term most frequently. The frequency of use ranges from 155 to 204 records per a period and the average of 175 entries are documented in 2005-2009 and 2010-2014. Fetish, based on the data from COCA, generally collocates with the noun foot, the adjective sexual or the verb indulge. The collocation of fetish + porn bears 9 entries.

2.7.3 Bondage

BONDAGE (n.)

Meaning Sexual practice that involves the tying up or restraining of one partner. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Czech equivalent Bondage; bondáž; svazování

Example Although it's often more tempting to play sex games when you're feeling a bit tipsy, it's best not to try bondage when you're under the influence of alcohol, as you might misjudge how tightly to tie the knots. (“BDSM” 2018)

Word origin 1966 (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. The tenure or service of a villein, serf, or slave. 2. A state of being bound usually by compulsion (as of law or mastery). 3. Servitude or subjugation to a controlling person or force. (http://merriam-webster.com)

Stylistic tendency Bondage spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 123 211 234 138 259 Per mil 0.98 1.78 1.86 1.13 2.16

Graph no. 63: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

27% 12%

23%

14%

24%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 217 174 210 173 169 Average per 43.4 34.8 42.0 34.6 33.8 year Per mil 1.47 1.19 1.45 1.19 1.17

Graph no. 64: Time tendency

25 Avarage per year 20

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

Bondage is one of the oldest words covered in this corpus. Its history can be traced back to the 13th century when described a legal condition of a serve or slave. The Middle English word bond represented a serf or tenant farmer and derived from Old English word bonda, translated as a householder. The sexual sense with sado-machistic context was attested in 1966. Bondage is the practice of physical tying, binding, or restraining a partner for sexual stimulation. This practice is a part of BDSM (where the letter B comes from the word bondage) subculture and includes the use of rope, tape, or cuffs. The reason for indulging in such a practice is the feeling of partner’s submission, dominant control and power. In general language may refer to a condition of being bound by compulsion, for example subjugation to a controlling force – bondage to drugs. The zenith of entries was recorded in the first period in 1995-1999 and bondage is most frequently adopted in academic sphere. Data collected in the COCA shows that bondage collocating with the adjective sexual possesses the third post and the best collocates for this term is the noun debt, adjective human, or the verb free.

2.7.4 POV

POV (n.)

Meaning Short for "point of view". Commonly refers to a category of porn that specializes in first person point of view. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent POV; porno z vlastního pohledu

Example “To make this type of POV VR the camera rig is placed over the male performers’ head, so they can't move properly and it's impossible for the performers to kiss or even just look at each other in the eyes,” Erika says. (Bassi 2019)

Word origin 1973 (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. A particular attitude or way of considering a matter. 1.1. The narrator's position in relation to a story being told. 1.2. The position from which something or someone is observed. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency POV spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 36 2652 76 10 40 Per mil 0.29 22.41 0.60 0.08 0.33

Graph no. 65: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 1% 3% 1%

95%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 758 777 238 45 76 Average per 151.6 155.4 47.6 9.0 15.2 year Per mil 5.13 5.30 1.64 0.31 0.53

Graph no. 66: Time tendency

180

160

140

120

100 Avarage per year 80

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

POV is an acronym standing for the words point of view. POV is in pornography terminology a category in which the person receiving sexual gratification holds the camera and aims it at the person who is performing the sexual act. Such a shooting style should evoke in the viewer a feeling of experiencing the sex act by themselves. POV is a subgenre of pornography named Gonzo that attempts to place the viewer directly into the scene. The noun point of view in general language adopts the meaning of a particular attitude or way of considering a matter and was attested in 1727 from French point de vue and the acronym POV followed in 1973. The data acquired from COCA are exceptional since fiction gathers 95% of entries with the total of 2652 records compared with the rest of the segments where is noticed less than a hundred of entries per a section. The period 2005-2009 documents considerable drop and in the last two periods the frequency of use kept below 20 entries per a years. The collocation of POV and porn is in COCA registered merely in 3 instances.

2.7.5 SFW

SFW (n.)

Meaning Porn that was edited by using Photoshop or MS Paint to cover up anything that would be NSFW, usually in a comical manner. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent SFW

Example The film is titled SFW XXX - short for "safe for work"- which is the opposite of NSFW or "not safe for work" - an acronym used to alert internet surfers to prurient content. (Martin 2008)

Word origin Unknown

General language 1. Safe for work; suitable for work —used to tell someone that a website, attachment, etc. is suitable for viewing at most places of employment. (http://merriam-webster.com) 2. To "Smash Fucking Weights". Popularized by Vincent Dizenzo, an 800 lbs. bencher who wanted to quickly settle a dispute about training methodologies. (Powerlifting terminology) 3. "So fucking what?" (Acronym) (http://urbandictionary.com)

Stylistic tendency SFW spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 0 0 6 0 16 Per mil 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.13

Graph no. 67: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic

28%

72%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 1 3 6 11 1 Average per 0.2 0.6 1.2 2.2 0.2 year Per mil 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.01

Graph no. 68: Time tendency

2,5

1,5

Avarage per year 1

0,5

0 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

SFW stands for the words safe for work. This category in adult movies displays a scene typically edited by particular graphic software in a comical manner. General language uses this acronym to tell an employee that a website or an e-mail attachment is suitable for viewing or opening at a workplace, which makes the use of SFW in pornographic context to some extent an oxymoron. SFW is also used in vulgar bodybuilding terminology, standing for smash fucking weights, popularized by Vincent Dizenzo, or as an abbreviation for vulgar expression so fucking what?. According to online etymology dictionary, neither the etymology of the acronym nor the phrase safe for work is known. Approaching the acronym from corpus linguistics, the data from COCA shows that SFW is mainly adopted in chemistry, standing for the synthetic freshwater, in NASA mechanical engineering as an initials for Subsonic Fixed Wing, or SFW - a group of wildlife hunters called Sportsmen for Fish and Wildlife. General use of SFW is with the top average of 2.2 words per year quite low and predominantly emerges in academic section.

2.7.6 Pissing

PISSING (n.)

Meaning Pornography involving acts of urination. Usually people peeing on other people, drinking pee, peeing in the shower. (http://urbandictionary.com)

Czech equivalent Močení; zlatý déšť

Example The theme of the site should be pretty obvious, pissing is the kink of choice and the girls that you get to see here range from total amateurs to experience piss loving sluts! (“Golden Passion” 2011)

Word origin Late 14th century (http://etymonline.com)

General language 1. Urine (Vulgar) 2. An act of urinating —often used with take. 3. To urinate in or on. (Verb) (http://merriam-webster.com) 4. (of rain) heavy. 5. Used for emphasis or to express annoyance or contempt. (http://en.oxforddictionaries.com)

Stylistic tendency Solo spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic Frequency 29 421 78 15 4 Per mil 0.23 3.56 0.62 0.12 0.03

Graph no. 69: Stylistic tendency

spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 3% 1% 13% 5%

78%

Time tendency Period 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 Frequency 210 236 216 204 224 Average per 42.0 47.2 43.2 40.8 44.8 year Per mil 1.42 1.61 1.49 1.40 1.55

Graph no. 70: Time tendency

42 Avarage per year

36 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019

100

Pissing is a taboo word commonly known in general language as the vulgar synonym for urine or the act of urinating. Irish slang uses this term to describe heavy rain and vulgar slang uses pissing to express annoyance or contempt. Category with pornographic content called pissing, also known as golden showers, depicts the act of urinating, consummation of such liquid or another types of urolagnia (fetish associated with urine or urination). Pissing is the gerund of the noun piss attested in late 14th century. The verb piss penetrated from French word pissier meaning “urinate” or from vulgar Latin pissiare. The frequency of the word pissing, presenting the average between 40 to 50 words per a year, is relatively stable and nearly 80% of entries are applied in fiction. According to the data from COCA, the best collocates for the word pissing are the noun contest, the adjective online and the verb moan. Regularly is the word pissing adopted as the act of urinating or as a phrasal verb piss off meaning “go away”.

101

Table 3: Synonyms, Euphemism and Collocations

Top Collocations Term Synonym Euphemism Noun Verb Adjective

Fifth base; Anal Unprotect Anal Butt fuck; Sex Engage intercourse ed Fudge packing Momo; Big fat Big beautiful BBW woman; - - - woman Well nourished Big booty; Big Ass Large keister; Large buttock - - - Big rear end Huge cock; Big schlong; Big Dick Large penis - - - Bargaining chip Big boobs; Massive Big Tits hooters; Large breasts - - - Large knockers Cock sucking; Carpet munching; Knob job; 7 digits; Fellatio; Oral Blowjob Bullshit Give Sloppy Learned the sex clarinet at school; Giving head; Sucking off

Bondage Imprisonment - Debt Free Human

Blast; Ghost Bukkake load; - Money shot Draw Comic Money shot Breeding; Internal Creampie - - - Seeding ejaculation

102

Greedy wife; Cuckold Queen of - Horn Make Old spades Vanilla Human Cumshot steamer; Jizz Volume Shoot Hardcore ejaculation shot; Payload Mouth Fellatio; Oral Deepthroat congress; - - - sex Gobby Two’s-up; Double Multiple Darryl powers; Vibrators Give Clitoral penetration penetration Cubical time Cherokee; Ethnic Ebony Ivory Carve Black Black mama pornography

Facial - - Expression Exhibit Severe

Clitty slicker; Female Make my love - Case Transfer Human Orgasm come down; Squontch

Fetish - - Foot Indulge Sexual Middleschooli Digital ng; Kit kat Fingering penetration; Recorded Learn Correct shuffle; Masturbation Second base Giving a muppet; Brachiovagi- Sadomasoc Strike Fisting Vaginal Handballing; nal insertion hism out Omegladon Boozy session; Gangbang - Music Star Interracial Wild party; Fruit; Boner bouncer; Ricky Homosexual Gay Marriage Oppose Lesbian Martin; man Finocchio Suckatorium; Glory Hole - Place Suck Free Orrin hatch Ecchi; Toon Anime Hentai Fans Watch Japanese poon pornography

103

Zebra fuck; Blanda upp; Ethnic Interracial Marriage Ban Black Salt and pornography pepper Clam bumper; Homosexual Lesbian Lingo; Girl on Gay Marry Gay woman girl

Arm cardio; Masturbation Selfie; Wank; - Sex Engage Mutual Fap Sexually Sexy mother; MILF attractive Members Call Favorite Hot mom woman Team cream; Particip- Orgy Binge; Fuck- Group sex Sex Drunken ate fest Golden shower; Pissing Urination Contest Moan Online Lemonade stand Point of view POV - Shot Look Deep pornography SFW - - - - - Arm cardio; Solo Selfie; Wank; Masturbation Album Tackle Flying Fap Rain dance; Female Vigorous- Squirting Water Start Muff cannon; ejaculation ly Striptease Table dance Erotic dance Dancer Perform Sexy Trippit; Jane fonda; 3way; Threesome Ménage à trois Group sex Sex Engage Sexual

Ladyboy; Transgender shemale; - People Allow Bisexual Binder

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Conclusion

This master thesis introduced pornography terminology, described individual terms and offered the reader and learner of English language a small dictionary of terminology used in a specific environment. Last but not least, the thesis provides an opportunity to all linguists interested in terminology for further analysing and studying this specific language. The corpus focused on terminology used for categorization of pornographic movies and videos and the practical part analysed terms gathered from popular pornographic websites RedTube (www.redtube.com) and PornHub (www.pornhub.com). The first part, concentrating on theory, presented pornography as the business phenomenon of the 21st century, history of erotic depiction and briefly introduced the most popular channels of such a form of entertainment. Besides introduction of pornographic business, which created useful background for familiarization with this topic, the theoretical part in turn covered corpus linguistics, the Corpus of Contemporary American English, terminology, its history and limitations, which may emerge when terminology and corpus analysis is in the process of composing, word formation processes and taboo words. The theoretical part was essential and necessary for presenting the basic knowledge on the subject of subsequent analysis in the practical part. The second part carried out the analysis of terms gathered from the website pages RedTube and PornHub. The corpus provided vocabulary definitions appearing in the general language and the definitions belonging to the context of pornography were presented as well. The readers, whose native tongue is Czech, found a Czech equivalent for all of the analyzed terms. The practical part also offered etymology of individual terms and tracked their origin and development. The crucial part of the thesis was represented by the analysis itself, which was based on the data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. The corpus analysis presented comprehensive data on frequency of the general use of each term, frequency of use in specific sections (spoken language, fiction, magazine, newspaper and academic) and finally included graphs of stylistic tendency and time development according to 5 year periods (from 1995 to

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2019). The analysis tried to distinguish the differences between the occurrences in general language and pornography terminology, and searched for the top collocations, synonyms and euphemisms for all of the analysed terms. Based on the data and information collected from COCA, the most crucial conclusion is the fact that nearly all of the terms emerge more frequently in the general language and only a small fraction of the terms is applied exclusively in pornography terminology. Although dictionaries provide several definitions for the terms analysed in the practical part, it is necessary to bear in mind that there is a profound difference between the definitions applied in the general language and the meanings employed by specific terminology.

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