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Navigating Ethnicity: Segregation, Placemaking, and Difference

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Navigating Ethnicity: Segregation, Placemaking, and Difference The AAG Review of Books ISSN: (Print) 2325-548X (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rrob20 Navigating Ethnicity: Segregation, Placemaking, and Difference Emily Skop, Pablo Bose, Jason Hackworth & David H. Kaplan To cite this article: Emily Skop, Pablo Bose, Jason Hackworth & David H. Kaplan (2019) Navigating Ethnicity: Segregation, Placemaking, and Difference, The AAG Review of Books, 7:1, 68-76, DOI: 10.1080/2325548X.2019.1546037 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/2325548X.2019.1546037 Published online: 15 Jan 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 14 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rrob20 The AAG Review OF BOOKS BOOK REVIEW FORUM Navigating Ethnicity: Segregation, Placemaking, and Difference David H. Kaplan. Lanham, MD: The commentaries that follow pick up Rowman & Littlefield, 2018. on this theme and all agree that the xiii and 243 pp., maps, tables, social constructivist argument used bibliography, index. $79.00 by the author is a theoretical framing paper (ISBN 978-1-5381-0188-9); that stands up to most critiques. This framing moves away from essentialism, $32.00 cloth (ISBN 978-1-5381- which limits ethnicity to hereditary, 0189-6); $30.00 electronic (ISBN biology, and primordial ties, toward 978-1-5381-0190-2). an understanding of ethnicity as both situational and dynamic—with indi- vidual group members sustaining and Introduction by Emily Skop , asserting their ethnic identities in un- even and differential ways, depending Department of Geography on the social and political environ- and Environmental Studies, ment that surrounds them. As Skop University of Colorado, Colorado and Li (2017) contended, ethnic groups Springs, Colorado Springs, CO. caught in this system of ascriptive cat- egorization might be the result of a This book review forum on David H. group’s attempts to withstand struc- Kaplan’s Navigating Ethnicity: Segrega- tural disparities or to gain privileges tion, Placemaking, and Difference brings together com- that might otherwise be denied to them based on some mentaries by Pablo Bose, Jason Hackworth, and myself. other social identifiers. These are followed by David H. Kaplan’s response and engagement with his critics. As the commentaries reveal, Kaplan’s book emphasizes the role of agency while navi- Navigating Ethnicity is a thought-provoking and important gating the structural dynamics of ethnic identity for- contribution that tackles the extremely complicated ter- mation, thus the title, Navigating Ethnicity. Social con- rain of ethnicity using a global perspective. The author structionists, like Kaplan, argue that ethnic identities does an exemplary job exploring the “frustrating richness” can be self-claimed or externally imposed, depending of ethnicity (p. 18). Worthy of note is that the author on circumstances. Throughout the text, Kaplan suggests promises to do this “across the world” (p. 19), and, indeed, that individuals typically self-identify as a member of a he does bring up dozens of examples of how ethnicity is particular ethnic group to assert their sense of belonging, manifested in multiple and different contexts. This is the to maximize the benefits associated with this identity, to most valuable element of the book, as the reader learns retreat from a group to minimize the disadvantages, or how the concept of ethnicity shifts across borders and to disavow an ethnic identity due to fear of persecution. between and within places. The overall conclusion from The end result is examples of ethnic identity formation as reviewers is that the book is excellent in explaining key an embodied process, that is often subject to segregation, concepts and providing informative examples of how eth- exploitation, and conflict, but that is also the result of nicity plays a role in everyday geographies. celebration, resilience, and place making. The AAG Review of Books 7(1) 2019, pp. 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/2325548X.2019.1546037. ©2019 by American Association of Geographers. Published by Taylor & Francis, LLC. Because of its reliance on the social constructionist fram- comes with using terms like “ethnics” “co-ethnics” and ing, there are some concepts in geography, sociology, and “nonethnics.” After all, who is a “nonethnic”? ethnic studies that do not appear in Navigating Ethnicity, as identified in the reviews that follow. Bose suggests that Whether a curious student or a seasoned scholar, every the dynamic of contested place making, especially as it reader will find a great deal to learn fromNavigating Eth- relates to transnationalism, could be further developed. nicity: Segregation, Placemaking, and Difference. The sub- Hackworth recommends further engagement with how ject of ethnicity is presented in all of its richness, and ethnicities interact with hegemonic whiteness. I contend draws on much of the relevant scholarship. The author that a more in-depth exploration of intersectionality has done an impressive job covering the massive literature might prove very useful, as it conveys the critical idea that that has been written on this subject. The contributors to many systems interact to put people in multidimensional this forum challenge David H. Kaplan to think beyond disadvantage or advantage. what is already written on the pages of Navigating Ethnic- ity, and he tackles some of these issues in his thought- In my work with migrants, refugees, and their children, ful response. Taken as a whole, however, the reviewers I find that using an intersectional framework helps me all agree that readers will truly appreciate this expansive recognize how race, ethnicity, class, gender, and other text, especially because it is written by one of the most markers of difference intersect and inform one another well-respected scholars in the discipline of geography. when it comes to identity formation. There is no hierar- chy of ethnicity over other markers of difference; rather, a person experiences life through the intersection of a Commentary by Pablo Bose , Department variety of identities that result in varying systems of in- of Geography, University of Vermont, equality. For example, using “Asian Indian” as the ba- Burlington, VT. sis for categorization might result in “racial lumping” by the dominant society, which in turn reinforces the David H. Kaplan’s Navigating Ethnicity is a fascinating “model minority” status and myth of this migrant group book. It offers a richly detailed, nuanced, and histori- (Skop 2016). Yet Asian Indian migrants and their chil- cally grounded engagement with the concept of ethnicity dren experience different points of entry into the United that is refreshing—rather than simply operating with the States, endure legal classifications that vary consider- fixed, rigid, and simplistic assumptions regarding identity ably, and traverse dramatically differential sociopoliti- that the term often connotes. Such assumptions are espe- cal terrain (Skop 2012). The combined aspects of one’s cially true in the conceptualization of ethnicity vis-à-vis identity can either intensify (through multiple forms of “race,” at least in the United States. The term has often oppression) or buffer (via other forms of privilege) the been operationalized as a marker for the domain of cul- full force of inequality that individuals and groups of ture rather than that of specious biologization or alterna- people experience. tively as a legacy of the “whitening” process of European working classes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth The focus of this text is on ethnicity, but the reality is centuries. Kaplan’s book suggests a much more complex that ethnicity cannot be as easily separated from other dynamic in the formation and evolution of ethnicity than identity markers, and especially the markers of race and the insular notions that are signaled in the idea’s usage in class. To be sure, the author does not steer away from both the popular press and in many corners of the acad- these identity markers; on the contrary, he tackles the emy as well. I am thus very appreciative of the attention role of race and class throughout the text, and especially to historical detail and—especially as someone interested in chapters 4, 5, 7, and 9. Nonetheless, these identity in urban formations of the so-called Global South—all markers are often treated separately, rather than ho- the variations and different examples used in the book listically as a system of social differentiation and social to explore ethnicity; a wide array of contexts, cultures, stratification, which creates unequal access to valued re- cities, and cases. sources, services, and positions in society. Turning to the intersectionality literature would provide the author with There is, of course, a voluminous extant literature on an opportunity to explore the critical concept of privilege ethnicity and identity in the United States, especially (and its connection to whiteness) more deeply. There is a in disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, and his- wealth of literature on whiteness and privilege that would tory. Within geography there has also been considerable provide further complexity to the author’s treatment of work on the ways that immigration, for example, or race ethnicity. It would also help with the awkwardness that have structured spatial relations and formations. Teixeira, WINTER 2019 69 Kobayashi and Li’s (2011) Immigrant Geographies of North fying neighborhood
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