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In the Shadows of the Himalayan Mountains: Persistent Gender and Social Exclusion 14 in Development

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In the Shadows of the Himalayan Mountains: Persistent Gender and Social Exclusion 14 in Development In the Shadows of the Himalayan Mountains: Persistent Gender and Social Exclusion 14 in Development Coordinating Lead Authors Bernadette P. Resurrección, Stockholm Environment Institute, Bangkok, Thailand, e-mail: [email protected] Chanda Gurung Goodrich, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal, e-mail: [email protected] (corresponding author) Yiching Song, Centre for Chinese Agricultural Policy (CCAP), Chinese Academy for Science, Beijing, China, e-mail: [email protected] Lead Authors Aditya Bastola, South Asia Consortium for Interdisciplinary Water Resources Studies (SaciWATERs), Hyderabad, India, and International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal, e-mail: [email protected] Anjal Prakash, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal, e-mail: [email protected] Deepa Joshi, Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, e-mail: [email protected] Janwillem Liebrand, Water Resources Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, e-mail: [email protected] Shaheen Ashraf Shah, USAID-funded Pakistan Reading Project (PRP), Islamabad, Pakistan, e-mail: [email protected] Review Editor Sara Ahmed, Centre for Heritage Management, Ahmedabad University, India, e-mail: [email protected] Corresponding Author Chanda Gurung Goodrich, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal, e-mail: [email protected] © ICIMOD, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 491 P. Wester et al. (eds.), The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_14 492 B. P. Resurrección et al. Contents Chapter Overview........................................................................................................................................ 492 14.1 Context and Particularities to Gender and Social Inclusion in the HKH ................................. 495 14.2 Climate Change and Gender: Experiences from Below .............................................................. 496 14.2.1 Case Studies............................................................................................................................ 497 14.2.2 Social Structure, Gender, and Climate Change: Differential Vulnerabilities........................ 503 14.3 Environmental Governance and Gender in the HKH: A Cautious View on Green Growth Visions ................................................................................................................................................ 504 14.3.1 Gender Mainstreaming Policies and Institutions ................................................................... 505 14.3.2 How Policies for Gender Mainstreaming and Social Inclusion Unfold on the Ground....... 506 14.3.3 Professionals, Knowledge, and Masculinities: A Scale Challenge in NRM Governance.... 510 14.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 511 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 512 Chapter Overview Key Findings productive and reproductive workloads and responsibilities. This results in undervaluation of 1. Polices and responses in HKH countries over- their work in society and therefore not taken into look women’s multiple forms of oppressions and account in most policy making processes and exclusions. Since women and men in the region are outcomes. a heterogeneous group, they have overlapping ethnic, class, and caste identities that result in multiple forms of marginalization and exclusion. However, too many simplifications and one-dimensional framings around women’s iden- Policy Messages tities—and people—persist, and policies and responses end up overlooking multiple forms of 1. Policies that support adaptation to climate oppression and exclusions. change will not succeed unless they consider 2. Existing laws and policies do not support the gender and how it interacts with other factors multiple ways in which women negotiate their such as class/caste, ethnicity, and geography, roles in households, communities, and the which will require disaggregated data. The market. This is because men from the mountain available national data on women in HKH coun- regions are out-migrating in large numbers leaving tries does not reflect the diversity and intersec- women to manage not just household work but also tionality, because they rely on aggregate other work related to agriculture, natural resource measurements and aggregated country data that management, community and even other public may not be representative of the mountain areas. It sphere related work—markets or public institutions is critical that disaggregated mountain specific data —that were traditionally men’s role. As an exam- be collected and analysed to inform policies that ple, land tenure and employment policies under- are suitable. value rural women’s critical roles in food security, 2. Policies to improve women’s participation in sustainable agriculture, and natural resource man- decision making and climate governance must agement despite women taking on the major role in go beyond numbers and quotas to create these sectors. mechanisms that ensure empowerment and 3. Women throughout the HKH do not have cor- promote women’s rights and agency. Given the responding decision-making rights or control fragile and dispersed nature of settlements in the over resources despite shouldering both HKH, facilitating women’s active voice and 14 In the Shadows of the Himalayan Mountains: Persistent Gender … 493 Problematic understanding of gender agency will equally require working with gender responsive grassroots organizations and nurturing Most often, understandings of gender are simplistic: Gender local and inclusive leadership, (i.e. top-down and is equated with women, particularly poor rural women. bottom up approaches). Notions of gender are simplified in policy making, and 3. All levels of government must allocate resources reduced to the inclusion of some “poor women”. This sim- —financial and human—for gender responsive plistic and apolitical interpretation and way of integrating interventions at scale and adopt clear account- gender into climate interventions and policies poses large ability mechanisms, such as gender budgeting, to problems, which manifests in the assumption that engaging demonstrate their commitment to gender equal- women on projects is taking care of women’s needs and will ity as indicated in the SDGs. Most countries in the lead to women’s empowerment (well-established). HKH lack gender budgeting and accountability Furthermore, there is the paradoxical positioning of mechanisms on gender—almost all government homogenous categories of “mountain women” as being both agencies are male-dominated and gender neutral. “vulnerable victims” of climate change as well as “formid- able champions” of climate adaptation. This has led to extreme approaches in policies: from a welfare approach in which women are taken as passive beneficiaries to one Climate change and extreme weather events in combination where they are seen as “fixers” of environmental problems with socioeconomic processes and opportunities have an based on assumptions about their “volunteer” time in pro- especially severe impact on people living in remote moun- jects as “natural care-givers” (well-established). tain areas of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH). For instance, This dichotomization of women into one of two identi- growing urbanisation of mountain towns and cities and fiers creates policymaking foci on numbers and quotas as globalisation has led to aspirations and consumerism, which measures of change and progress, rather than on the struc- fi is a signi cant push factor in migration. At the same time, tural issues of inequality and discrimination. A major unreliable rural and agricultural outcomes are seen as problem is the overlooking of gender relations between increasing outmigration of men seeking better livelihoods women and men, between women, and between men (well- for their families. This situation can leave women with established). heavier work burdens, but might also provide women with a Related to the above is the focus on numbers and quotas ‘ ’ well established complex, newfound independence ( - ). as measures of change and progress, rather than on the ’ ’ This shift in women s and men s responsibilities has not structural issues of inequality and discrimination. A major been matched by a corresponding shift in policies and atti- problem is the overlooking of gender relations between tudes about gender. For example, policies on land tenure and women and men, between women, and between men (well- — employment disadvantage rural women and men especially established). those in poor remote mountainous areas—by undervaluing their critical roles in food security, sustainable agriculture, and The empirical problem: How data aggregation obscures established but incomplete natural resource management ( ). women’s complex experiences in the HKH? Furthermore, even as gender inequalities develop in an increasingly complex manner with contextual political and Gender differences intersect with other dimensions of social economic situations intersecting with class, caste, religion, and geographical differentiation. Class,
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