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Application of Lasers in Treatment of Oral Premalignant Lesions Symbiosis www.symbiosisonline.org www.symbiosisonlinepublishing.com Review article Journal of Dentistry, Oral Disorders & Therapy Open Access Application of Lasers in Treatment of Oral Premalignant Lesions Amaninder Singh*1, Akanksha Zutshi2, Preetkanwal Singh Ahluwalia3, Vikas Sharma4 and Vandana Razdan5 1,4oral and maxillofacial surgery, reader, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Punjab 2oral and maxillofacial surgery, senior lecturer, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Punjab 3oral and maxillofacial surgery, professor, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Punjab 5Pharmacology, professor, Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Jammu Received: April 03, 2018; Accepted: June 04, 2018; Published: June 11, 2018 *Corresponding author: Amaninder Singh, House No- 620, Phase- 6, mohali, 160055, E-mail address: [email protected] Abstract radiation. Laser systems and their application in dentistry and especially the basis of energy of the beam and wavelength of the emitted oral surgery are rapidly improving today. Lasers are being used as a niche tool as direct replacement for conventional approaches ClassificationGas lasers of lasers [6] CO advantages of lasers are incision of tissues, coagulation during Argon like scalpel, blades, electro surgery, dental hand piece. The specific Liquid Dyes2 canoperation be used and for treatmentpostoperative of conditions benefits likesuch lowas premalignant postoperative lesions, pain, better wound healing. For soft tissue oral surgical procedures lasers Solid Nd:YAGDiode frenectomy, epulis fissuratum, fibroma, vascular lesions, excision of Laser; premalignant lesions; electro surgery; exophyticKey words:lesions etc. Semi conductor SiliconeEr:YAG lasers coagulation Excimers Introduction Argon-F Xenon-F by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser energy released The word laser is an acronym for Light Amplification co The most common surgical lasers emit wavelength in infrared part of the spectrum Nd: YAG (λ=10,064); Er:YAG (λ= 2.94) and 2 is based on the concept of Albert Einstein (1917) quantum laser (λ= 10.6). In visible spectrum, argon laser emit light theory of stimulated emission [1]. In 1960, Theodore Maiman between 458-515nm and excimer lasers are located in U.V part of spectrum (100-400nm). COdemonstrated the first practical laser by exciting ruby rod with pulse mode and can be used as a possible modality for soft tissue intense pulses of light by flash lamp [2]. In 1964 Patel developed Diode lasers emit wavelength 810-980nm in a continuous or 2 Lasersgas arelaser, being the firstused laser as a usedniche in tool oral as and direct maxillofacial replacement surgery for conventional[3]. Use of laserapproaches system likein dentistryscalpel, blades, is rapidly electro improving. surgery, surgicalOral procedurespremalignant in oral lesions cavity [7].of the oral cavity such as leukoplakia and erythroplakia remain a diagnostic and treatment challenge as they have a potential for malignant transformation. dental hand piece. The specific advantages of lasers are incision of tissues, coagulation during operation and postoperative benefits hyperplasia, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia, like low postoperative pain, better wound healing and reduced Such lesions may harbor histological changes such as squamous cicatrization[4]. Reduction in the number of myofibroblasts and and carcinoma in-situ. Patients with this condition experience formation.eosinophils on the wound surface during the healing process after laser surgery is thought to be associated with reduced scar beena 50-60-fold described greater for oral risk premalignant of developing lesions. oral Theycancer can than broadly the Lasers emit coherent, monochromatic and collimated remainder of the population. Various treatment modalities have surgical treatments include photodynamic therapy and topical orbe dividedsystemic into medical surgical treatment and nonsurgical using carotenoids, treatments. retinoids,The non- electromagnetic radiation with high intensity and thus can bleomycin, etc. There are different kinds of surgical treatment deposit a lot of energy within a small area and are considered better than other light sources [5]. Lasers can be divided on Symbiosis Group * Corresponding author email: [email protected] Application of Lasers in Treatment of Oral Premalignant Lesions Copyright: © 2018 Amaninder S, et al. cryosurgery, laser surgery. The gold standard for management of because of its ability to decontaminate and bactericidal property for these lesions including scalpel excision, electro cautery, excision of such lesions. Diode lasers have been used mainly or laser ablation. The importance of using laser for biopsy and the clinically evident high-grade premalignant disease is excision which is responsible for lesser pain and lesser inflammatory signs, for example, swelling and postoperative analgesia. vaporization of extensive, diffuse mucosal lesions lie in the of oral leukoplakia and found less postoperative pain and no to other surgical modalities. The mucosa of entire oral cavity can Vatsal et, al. studied the effect of diode laser in management incomparable speed, efficacy and overall tolerability as compared recurrenceKharadi in et1 yearal. ofevaluated follow up periodthe safety, [15]. convenience and be vaporized without significant patient morbidity and major asproblem ablation. in feeding and hydration. However, moderate and low- grade pre-malignancy may be treated with observation as well complicationeffectiveness ofand 940nm diode diode lasers laser can befor used treatment as a better of homogenous treatment Lesions of the oral mucosa can be removed by ablation leukoplakia and concluded that healing was perfect without any or vaporization procedures. Lasers transmit energy to the modalityDragana [16]. et, al. compared diode laser and conventional scalpel surgery for surgical treatment of oral soft lesions and found advantagecells causing of usingwarming, diode coagulation lasers are (above minimal 1000C), postoperative protein denaturation, vaporization and carbonization [8]. The main that patients treated with laser had significantly lower scores of swelling, improved wound healing and decreased postoperative oedema, hematoma and pain as compared to scalpel group [17]. pain, it offers bloodless surgical field with minimal trauma to laser in treating oral leukoplakia and concluded that diode lasers the ability of laser photons to alter cellular metabolism after its Sarkar et al. compared efficacy of diode lasers and Er:YAG tissue [9]. The mechanism responsible for the effect of laser is increased and this causes increased function of cells that are (940nm) was superior to Er:YSG (2780nm) as with diode laser absorption by cytochrome C oxidase. As a result ATP release is there was minimal pain, excellent hemostasis and good wound CO healing with no postoperative complications [18]. poorly perfumed or intoxicated [10]. cryosurgery, diode lasers and co lasers for treatment of oral 2 leukoplakiaMadukar and et, al. found evaluated that laserthree therapy surgical offeredtreatment better modalities- clinical provides lasers ease produce of cutting a beam and ofcoagulation infrared light of soft having tissue wavelength thereby 2 10,600nm and is well absorbed by water. This wavelength results than cryotherapy and absence of scar formation at the providing clean operating field but has got limited depth wound site [19]. penetration [11]. of oral premalignant lesions like leukoplakia, erythroplakia, sub made from combination of aluminium or indium gallium and Fahim et, al. evaluated the efficacy of lasers in the management arsenic.Diode They lasers penetrate are manufactured deep into mucosafrom solid and semi-conductor attenuated by mucous fibrosis and concluded that laser therapy is effective in overallSarkar management et, al. compared of oral premalignantthe effectiveness lesions of diode [20]. laser and pigmented tissue. These are excellent soft tissue surgical lasers treatment[12]. Diode of lasers oral seemleukoplakia, to be of erythroplakia, increasing interest oral submucousin surgical field. For soft tissue oral surgery, diode lasers can be used for Er:YSG laser in treating oral leukoplakia and found that diode lasers caused no pain, excellent hemostasis and better wound fibrosis, frenectomy, epulis fissuratum, fibroma, vascular lesions, healing with no postoperative complications. excisionDarcangelo of exophytic et, al. lesions compared etc. [13]. diode lasers vs. conventional scalpel and concluded that diode lasers offer numerous Ishii et, al. concluded that healing of premalignant lesions like leukoplakia after laser surgery is satisfactory with lesser chances of recurrenceSingh et, al. rate conducted [21]. a study on treatment of oral leukoplakia coagulationadvantages andas compared no scarring, to noconventional need for sutures, scalpel reduction like lower of intraoperative bleeding, lower swelling of the area, better 2 with CO laser vaporization and found only 9.10% recurrence and 2.27% malignant transformation with satisfactory wound surgicalLaser Treatmenttime and lesser of postoperative Oral Premalignant pain [14]. Lesions healingHorch [22]. et, al. conducted a study for treatment of precancerous Oral leukoplakia: According to World Health Organization lesions- 50 patients of leukoplakia, 7 patients of lichen planus months suggesting that laser therapy2 can be considered as better 2005, oral leukoplakia can be defined as “a white
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