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Can Military Veterans Interact and Properly Engage the Public? City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects by Program 9-2020 A Study of Police Officers with Military Service Backgrounds Compared to Police Officers without Military Service: Can Military Veterans Interact and Properly Engage the Public? John F. Hussey The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3966 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] A STUDY OF POLICE OFFICERS WITH MILITARY SERVICE BACKGROUNDS COMPARED TO POLICE OFFICERS WITHOUT MILITARY SERVICE CAN MILITARY VETERANS INTERACT AND PROPERLY ENGAGE THE PUBLIC? By John F. Hussey A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The City University of New York 2020 © 2020 JOHN .F HUSSEY All Rights Reserved II A STUDY OF POLICE OFFICERS WITH MILITARY SERVICE BACKGROUNDS COMPARED TO POLICE OFFICERS WITHOUT MILITARY SERVICE CAN MILITARY VETERANS INTERACT AND PROPERLY ENGAGE THE PUBLIC? By John F. Hussey This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Criminal Justice in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date Professor Brian Lawton Chair of Examining Committee Date Professor Valli Rajah Deputy Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Professor Brian Lawton Professor Gohar Petrossian Professor Hung En-Sung Professor Stephen Bishopp THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK III A STUDY OF POLICE OFFICERS WITH MILITARY SERVICE BACKGROUNDS COMPARED TO POLICE OFFICERS WITHOUT MILITARY SERVICE CAN MILITARY VETERANS INTERACT AND PROPERLY ENGAGE THE PUBLIC? By John F. Hussey Advisor: Professor Brian Lawton Abstract The purpose of this research was to determine if police officers with military experience are less likely to receive civilian complaints for use of force and unprofessional behavior than police officers without military experience. The research consisted of eight research questions that the dissertation attempted to answer. From these eight research questions, three hypotheses were established. To facilitate the research a mixed-methods approach was utilized to compare whether police officers with military experience accrued more or less civilian complaints than police officers without military experience. The initial portion of the dissertation utilized quantitative data collected from three police departments in the state of Florida to compare the number of civilian complaints filed against police officers between the years 2014-2016. The qualitative portion of the research consisted of data which was gathered from twenty in-person interviews and telephonic interviews. The initial interviews consisted of a cohort of ten police supervisors having personal military experience, including combat deployment experience. A second cohort of ten police supervisors was also interviewed. These supervisors did not have military experience or combat deployment experience however, they had experience with recruiting, training, or supervising police officers with military experience. The qualitative information provided supervisor’s perceptions of police officers with military experience IV compared to police officers who did not have military experience with regard to overall performance in their role as police officers. The qualitative data served to provide additional insight beyond the quantitative data of civilian complaints regarding the excessive use of force and complaints concerning unprofessional behavior filed against police officers with and without military experience. Lastly, a second qualitative portion utilized a survey using the service of Survey Monkey to query police officers who are military veterans. The Survey Monkey responses determined if their military service and combat experience influenced their law enforcement capabilities and civilian interactions. The quantitative research concluded that police officers with military experience are less likely to have civilian complaints filed against them for unprofessional behavior than police officers who do not have military experience. The qualitative data provided a positive perception of police officers with military experience regarding their ability to serve as police officers and interact with the community. Lastly, the qualitative data as provided by police officers who have military experience via Survey Monkey concluded that military experience was beneficial to their service as police officers. There are significant policy implications which may be garnered from this dissertation. Many agencies, including the federal government, allocate money for recruiting military veterans. Numerous police departments waive certain requirements and give preference points to military veterans. Based on the findings in this research, it is recommended that police agencies continue to seek military veterans to hire as police officers and in difficult recruiting areas offer incentives to those with military experience to become police officers. Keywords: police veterans, police combat deployments, military law enforcement V Acknowledgements & Dedication Perseverance is defined as the continued effort to do or achieve something despite difficulties, failure, or opposition. For anyone who has achieved the distinction of earning a Ph D the word perseverance is not foreign. For me, it is the norm of my existence. I applied to the Ph D program at John Jay College while on my second tour to Iraq in 2008. I did not gain acceptance to the program on my initial application. It took me seven attempts to finally get into the program. I met two professors from the United State Military Academy in Afghanistan in 2014. LTC David Borowicz and LTC Sean Cleveland; both graduates and professors at the United State Military Academy. Each of them wrote me remarkable letters of recommendation to gain entrance into the Ph D program. I thank each of them for their assistance. Once into the program it was then on me. I thank my wife Janice who has been the most positive supporter of my desires and goals for over thirty years. She has stood with me, and our nation, during the course of six deployments, four to combat zones, and a long arduous career in the NY State Unified Court System and the United State Army Reserve. She supported my endeavors, all to make me a more educated, understanding, and rounded person to serve at the senior level of two extremely important government positions. My children Kaitlyn, Erin, and Brian are all equally deserving of this praise. They sacrificed many hours away from a father who was determined to improve on his position in life in an effort to provide for them and to support the nation through military service. VI I wish to thank my each of my committee members who provided great mentorship to me during the course of this dissertation. I come from a background that is different from them and I must state unequivocally that each of them were fair, informative, and collectively left me in awe of their professionalism. I wish to thank Dr. Gohar Petrossian, Dr. Hung En-Sung, and Dr. Stephen Bishopp. A special thank you to Dr. Brian Lawton who worked tirelessly to keep me on track and focused after my original committee dissolved. Each of my committee members demonstrated the traits and characteristics of the professor that I would like to become. Lastly, as I complete this dissertation in the summer of 2020, our nation is dealing with the topic of police reform and social justice within the criminal justice system. Presently, I serve as the commander of the 200th Military Police Command of the United States Army Reserve. The Command is comprised of all Military Police in the United States Army Reserve. In my command I have many Soldiers who work as civilian law enforcement officers. Additionally, as a Bronx born Irish American I have many family and friends that have served in law enforcement. I would like each of them to know that I am proud of the work they have done to keep American citizens safe. These law enforcement officials ran into burning buildings on September 11, 2001. Many have served with me overseas in Desert Storm, Bosnia, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Guantanamo Bay. They are my friends, relatives, and fellow law enforcement officials. To each of them I dedicate this work and want them and their families to know how appreciative Americans are for the work that they do on a daily basis and the sacrifices that they make. VII Contents CHAPTER I Introduction 1 Problem Statement 3 Significance of the Problem 4 CHAPTER II Key Terminology 5 Military Service and Veteran’s Status 6 Recruitment of Veterans 7 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 12 Stress Endurance 13 Using the present day conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan 18 Resiliency 19 Civilian Complaints 20 Final thoughts on the literature review 26 Theoretical Application 30 Social Learning Theory: The Main Theoretical Assumptions 31 Understanding social learning theory as its relates to police misconduct 33 General Strain Theory (GST) 39 Understanding General Strain Theory as its relates to police misconduct 41 Social Learning Theory and General Strain Theory as they relate to the Research Questions and Hypotheses 42 CHAPTER III Methodology
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