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ED366866.Pdf DOCUMENT RESUME ED 366 866 CG 025 212 AUTHOR Cohen, Lee M., Ed. TITLE Justice across Generations: What Does It Mean? A Publication of the Public Policy Institute. INSTITUTION American Association of Retired Persons, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO D15304; LP-5163-1293 PUB DATE 93 NOTE 308p.; A compilation of papers from the conference (Washington, DC, April 15, 1992). PUB TYPE Books (010) Collected Works - General (020) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC13 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Adolescents; Children; *Human Services; *Intergenerational Programs; *Justice; *Older Adults ABSTRACT In the introduction to this book, Lee Cohen notes that difficulties in allocating resources are as old as recorded history, and that just solutions must evolve and adapt with the changing society. The concluding statement that only with a full understanding of the divergent approaches to justice can intergenerational policies be forged leads to the papers which comprise the major portion o* the book. The papers, which are organized under five sections providing historical, whole-life economic, sociological and anthropological, philosophical, and additional economic perspectives on justice across generations, are as follows: (1) "The View of Rabbinic Literature" (Wechsler); (2) "Age versus Youth in U.S. History: Do Depression-Era Patterns Presage Trends in the 1990s?" (Achenbaum);(3) "Measuring Intergenerational Equity" (Moon); (4) "Justice and Generational Accounting" (Kotlikoff); (5) "'Justice' across Generations (and Cohorts): Sociological Perspectives on the Life Course and Reciprocities over Time" (Bengtson and Murray); (6) "Cultural Frameworks and Values in Intergenerational Justice" (Rubinstein); (7) "Japan's Debates about an Aging Society: The Later Years in the Land of the Rising Sun" (Kelly);(8) "The Prudential Lifespan Account of Justice across Generations" (Daniels); (9) "Justice between Neighboring Generations" (McKerlie); (10) "Majority Vote and a Just Age for Greed" (Cohen); (11) "Expectations of Well-Being across and between Generations" (Hushbeck); and (12) "We Should Save More in Our Own Economic Interest" (Buchanan). In addition to the 12 major papers, discussions of the papers are included in each of the five sections. Closing remarks are provided by John Rother. (NB) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** 1.7 -r ; :. , ,,, ..,,,,;" 4S I. J.. , , V.., .. , . ' , '" - '. A ,,,er? : '- P . 43;p1,,,, '"1 '....v.,'" 1;''''4 .AP 7 C.,.,,..1 1 . 'A 1; 4,4.4 ,-.J,' f ' ,' e'..' 40-1 - r ,,.14)' ,-,V.'--0 4), .. , ,,,,o.' . ,4, ,,27,,. ;', ); .,0, : ." 9,470 ,-,"6.-,4 .,`4tse -.., '?., ,:.-,1_..s±,'" AgiL._.,':,..iifir,V)...1-7,,' ...:,-iN V""ke' A Publication of the Public Policy Institute AIRP BEST COPY MA U.S DEPARTMENT OF EDU "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS or e of Educattonal ResearCh and MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY EDUCATIONAL RE SOURCES IN CENTE R 'ERIC! r Insdocument haS been r( (mewed from the person or oncpnattng tt C` Motor changes have been ota reproductIon duality Pornls of crow or opt-lions slat TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES mem do not necessooly rot INFORMATION CENTER IIRICI 2 OE RI postbon or WIC,/ CG Justice .Across Generations What Does ItMean? Edited by Lee M. Cohen A Publication of the Public Policy Institute AMP 01.00%'sonorvog American Associationof Retired Persons © 1993, American Associationof Retired Persons. 3 The Public Policy Institute was formed in 1985as pFt of the Division of Legislation and Public Policy of the AmericanAssociation of Retired Persons. One of the missions of the Instituteis to foster research and analysis on public policy issues of interestto older Americans. This book represents part of that effort. The views expressed herein by the authorsare their own, and are presented for information, debate and discussion,and do not necessarily represent formal policies of AARP. 4 Justice Across Generations: What Does It Mean? Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 5 FOREWORD Loyola W. Burgess, President, AARP 7 INTRODUCTION Lee M. Cohen 9 SECTION I: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 17 1. The View of Rabbinic LiteratureHarlan I. Wechsler 19 2.Age Versus Youth in U.S. History: Do Depression-Era Patterns Presage 35 Trends in the 1990s?W. Andrew Achenbaum 3.Discussion: Filial Duties, Intergenerational Justice, and the Perils of Age-Based 53 Rationing of Health Care: Extrapolations from WechslerStephen Post SECTION II: WHOLE-LIFE ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES 61 4.Measuring Intergenerational EquityMarilyn Moon 63 5.Justice and Generational AccountingLaurenceKotlikoff 77 6. Discussions: Comments on Moon's "Measuring Ingergenerational Equity" 95 Robert Hayman Comments on Kotlikoffs "Justice and Generational Accounting" 99 Robert Haveman The Building of a Present-Oriented Society: Comment on Kotlikoff 103 David Friedman Comment on Kotlikoff's "Justice and Generational Accounting" 107 Tyler Cowen 1 SECTION HI: SOCIOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL 109 PERSPECTIVES 7. "Justice" Across Generations (and Cohorts): Sociological 111 Perspectives on the Life Course and Reciprocities Over Time Vern L. Bengtson and Tonya M. Murray 8. Cultural Frameworks and Values in Intergenerational Justice 139 Robert L. Rubinstein 9.Japan's Debates About an Aging Society: The Later Years in the 153 Land of the Rising SunWilliam W. Kelly 10. Discussions: Sociological Perspectives on Intergenerational Justice: Comment on 169 Bengtson and MurrayAnne Foner Equity and Distributive Justice Across Age Cohorts 175 A Life-Course Family Perspective: Comment on Bengtson and Murray lames S. Jackson and Iyotsna Kalavar Cultural Perspectives on Intergenerational Justice: 185 Comments on Kelly and RubinsteinDavid I. Kertzer What Helps Who How: Comment on FonerDavid Friedman 191 Rebuttal Vern L. Bengtson and Tonya M. Murray 193 SECTION IV: PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES 195 11. The Prudential Lifespan Account of Justice Across Generations 197 Norman Daniels 12. Justice Between Neighboring GenerationsDennis Mr: Kerne 215 13. Discussions: Comment on Daniels and McKerlieTyler Cowen 227 Equity, Equality, and Identity: Comments on Sections I, III, and IV 237 David Friedman Prudent Allocation to Low-Probability Outcomes: Comment on 241 CowenDavid Friedman The Prudential Lifespan Account: Objections and Replies 243 Norman Daniels 2 SECTION V: ADDITIONAL ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES 249 14. Majority Vote and a Just Age for GreedLee M. Cohen 251 15. Expectations of Well-Being Across and Between Generations 263 J. Clare Hushbeck 16. We Should Save More in Our Own Economic Interest 269 James M. Buchanan 17. Discussions: Comments on Cohen's "Majority Vote and A Just Age for Greed" 283 William G. Gale Comment on Buchanan: Do We Save Too Little?David Friedman 287 CLOSING REMARKS lohn Bother 291 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 293 REFERENCES 299 7 3 Acknowledgments I would like to thank the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) for sponsoring this book and the conference upon which it is based. Special recogni- tion should go to John Gist, who assisted in every stage of this project, and to Robert Friedland, Elizabeth Clemmer, Theresa Varner and John Rother, who helped formulate the conference and secure funding. To be commended also are the conference moderators, Laurel Beedon, John Gist, Barbara Stucki, Sara Rix, and Maxine Forman, who not only kept the discussions lively, but also assisted in identifying researchers for this project. Thanks go to Robin Almen who man- aged the book's production, to Grant Harris who supervised the layout and graphics, and to Editorial Experts who provided expert editorial services. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Cynthia, and children, Sean and An, who taught me that justice between generations begins at home. s 5 Foreword Loyola W. Burgess, President, AARP Every two years when a new AARP president assumes office, he or she selects a theme for his or her term. I have chosen intergenerational action as the theme for my presidency. Our new intergenerational focus builds upon the strong foundation established by the education theme of our previous president, Bob Maxwell. During his term, AARP worked to help combat illiteracy and promote excellence in education for Americans of all ages. I hope that during my term, AARP's special focus on intergenerational action encourages individuals to address the problems that cut across genera- tional lines and affect people no matter where they are in the life cycle. And I hope our intergenerational theme promotes public awareness that older Ameri- cans represent a vast pool of talent which can be tapped in meetingthe needs of younger generations. Actually, our intergenerational focus is not really "new." At AArtP we are guided by a vision statement that says, "Bringing lifetimes of experience and leadership to serve all generations." We realize that as an association, we need to serve people as they grow c der, not just serve the older members of our society. We must serve people throughout the entirety of their life. Our association is active in seeking ways to promote meaningful ties between older Americans and younger generations of Americans. We care deeply about the problems that plague families and communities all across this land. We share their concerns about economic security, health care, edt,:ation, and the environment. After all, the lives of our 33 million members are intricately intertwined with the lives of younger Americans. We
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