Proceedings of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference "The Goals of the World Science 2017" (January 31, 2017, Dubai, UAE)

ISSN 2413-1032

International Scientific and Practical Conference “WORLD SCIENCE”

№ 2(18), Vol.2, February 2017

Proceedings of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference "The goals of the World Science 2017" (January 31, 2017, Dubai, UAE)

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CHIEF EDITOR

Ramachandran Nithya Professor in Finance and Marketing, Oman

EDITORIAL BOARD: Nobanee Haitham Associate Professor of Ovsyanik Olga Professor, Doctor of Psychological Finance, United Arab Emirates Science, Russian Federation

Almazari Ahmad Professor in Financial Temirbekova Sulukhan Dr. Sc. of Biology, Management, Saudi Arabia Professor, Russian Federation

Lina Anastassova Full Professor in Kuzmenkov Sergey Professor at the Department of Marketing, Bulgaria Physics and Didactics of Physics, Candidate of Physico- mathematical Sciences, Doctor of Pedagogic Sciences Mikiashvili Nino Professor in Econometrics and Macroeconomics, Georgia Safarov Mahmadali Doctor Technical Science, Professor Academician Academia Science Republic of Alkhawaldeh Abdullah Professor in Tajikistan Financial Philosophy, Hashemite University, Jordan Omarova Vera Professor, Ph.D., Kazakhstan

Mendebaev Toktamys Doctor of Technical Koziar Mykola Head of the Department, Doctor of Sciences, Professor, Kazakhstan Pedagogical Sciences, Ukraine

Yakovenko Nataliya Professor, Doctor of Tatarintseva Nina Professor, Russia Geography, Shuya Sidorovich Marina Candidate of Biological Mazbayev Ordenbek Doctor of Sciences, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Full Professor Geographical Sciences, Professor of Tourism, Kazakhstan Polyakova Victoria Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Russia Sentyabrev Nikolay Professor, Doctor of Sciences, Russia Issakova Sabira Professor, Doctor of Philology,

Ustenova Gulbaram Director of Education Kolesnikova Galina Professor, Russia Department of the Pharmacy, Doctor of Pharmaceutical Science, Kazakhstan Utebaliyeva Gulnara Doctor of Philological Science, Kazakhstan Harlamova Julia Professor, Russia Uzilevsky Gennady Dr. of Science, Ph.D., Russian Kalinina Irina Professor of Chair of Federation Medicobiological Bases of Physical Culture and Sport, Dr. Sci.Biol., Russia Crohmal Natalia Professor, Ph.D. in Philosophy, National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Ukraine Imangazinov Sagit Director, Ph.D, Kazakhstan Chornyi Oleksii D.Sc. (Eng.), Professor, Kremenchuk Dukhanina Irina Professor of Finance and Investment Chair, Doctor of Sciences, Russian Pilipenko Oleg Head of Machine Design Federation Fundamentals Department, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Ukraine Orehowskyi Wadym Head of the Department of Social and Human Sciences, Nyyazbekova Kulanda Candidate of pedagogical Economics and Law, Doctor of Historical sciences, Kazakhstan Sciences, Ukraine Cheshmedzhieva Margarita Public Law and Public Peshcherov Georgy Professor, Russia Management Department, Bulgaria

Mustafin Muafik Professor, Doctor of Svetlana Peneva MD, dental prosthetics, Medical Veterinary Science University - Varna, Bulgaria

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CONTENTS

ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION

Veselin Rangelov, Veselin Shahanov POSSIBILITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN SYSTEM AND THE LANDSCAPE IN THE MUNICIPALITY SITOVO……………………………….. 4 Belenko V. V. DESIGNING MAPS CLASSIFICATION OF UNDEVELOPED TERRITORIES FOR ENGINEERING-ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH…………………………. 6 AGRICULTURE

Килиди Х. И., Килиди А. И. АСПЕКТЫ ОХРАНЫ И ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА ВОДЫ РЕЧНЫХ СИСТЕМ.. 9 PHILOSOPHY AND PHILOLOGY

Rolik A. V., Plotnikov Y. O. METAPHOR AS A QUALITY MARKER IN LITERARY TRANSLATION: GERMAN INTERPRETATIONS OF NIKOLAI GOGOL’S “DEAD SOULS”………………... 11 Гаранина О. Д. ЭПИСТЕМОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВЫ: ПРОБЛЕМА ИСТИНЫ И РАЗВИТИЕ НАУЧНОГО ПОЗНАНИЯ……………………………………………………... 15 Kasimova R. R., Yaxshieva G. M., Yaxshieva L. M. THE WAYS OF FORMING COOPERATION BETWEEN STUDENT-STUDENT AND TEACHER-STUDENT IN EDUCATION………………………. 17 Akhmedova M. B., Saylieva G. A. SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES OF RENAISSANCE DRAMAS: THEME, STYLE AND CHARACTER DESCRIPTION………………………………………... 20 HISTORY

Lomova E. A. THE IMPORTANCE OF GOTHIC TRADITION IN WESTERN CULTURE…………………. 22 Bedelova G. S., Spankul Askar TAMERLANE’S ROLE ON POLITICAL LIFE OF TRANSOXIANA XIV CENTURY 60-70 YEARS………………………………………………………………….. 25 Өтен Гүлзағира Жақсылыққызы ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ ЭТНОСАРАЛЫҚ ТАТУЛЫҚ - ЕЛ БІРЛІГІНІҢ КЕПІЛІ...... 28 LEGAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

Lisun E. A., Shishchenko E. A. WAYS OF COMMISSION OF ILLEGAL ACCESS TO COMPUTER INFORMATION IN THE RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN CRIMINAL LEGISLATION………… 31 Лачинов Ю. Н. ПОЛИТЭКОНОМИЯ ОТ К.МАРКСА ДО АВТОРОВ РЭУ-ПЛЕХАНОВА И «ГНИЛИТСКОЙ ПОЛИТЭКОНОМИИ» РАН – ТЕРРИТОРИЯ ЗАБЛУЖДЕНИЙ……….. 35 Шеляженко Ю. В. ПРАВОВОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЯ ЛИЧНОЙ АВТОНОМИИ В РЕЙТИНГАХ РАЗВИТИЯ НАЦИЙ…………………………………………………………. 38

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ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION

POSSIBILITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN SYSTEM AND THE LANDSCAPE IN THE MUNICIPALITY SITOVO

Veselin Rangelov, Veselin Shahanov

Bulgaria, Sofia, University of Forestry

Abstract. This article is part of a series of publications on the basis of studies and analyzes in connection with the preparation of the Master Plan of the Municipality of Sitovo (Rangelov, V. 2015). The aim is as a consequence of the analyzes and theoretical justification, to be identified existing problems and to propose measures to resolve them creating prerequisites for development of the Municipality Sitovo. Keywords: landscape, green system, sustainable development

Theoretical base The landscape represents a living system that has three major characteristics - structure, functions and change (Dramstad, W., J. Olson, R. Forman, 1996). Strukturase landscape associated with the organization of landscape elements in space. The operation consists in the movement and transfer of biotic and abiotic elements in the system. The change is associated with the dynamics of the structure over time. Landscape elements are generally divided into Patches, Edges, Corridorsand Mosaics (Dramstad, W., J. Olson, R. Forman, 1996). For the municipality Sitovo are typical linear landscape elements - wind- protecting plant and riparian strips and compact elements arranged around the settlements. Besides its meliorative functio, linear plant formations must be regarded as corridors for movement of animal species. The basic principle by which they perform best features is its commitment. For lawns, woodlands and free natural areas important feature is their accessibility for the local population. Access to the recreation environment developed different standards. For example is citied the English Nature Greenspace standard (Davies, C. et al. 2015.): - No person should live more than 300 m from their nearest area of natural greenspace of at least 2 ha in size; - There is provision of at least 2 ha of Local Nature Reserve per 1000 population; - There should be at least one accessible 20 ha site within 2 km from home; - There should be one accessible 100 ha site within 5 km; - There should be one accessible 500 ha site within 10 km. The development of landscape and green system of Sitovo municipality must comply with the multifunctional approach that can strike a balance between the capacity of the landscape and the needs of the population (Troeva, V., Tzolova, G. 1997). Free natural areas, forest plantations, green spaces and linear landscape elements should be considered as a prerequisite both for the preservation of ecological balance and biodiversity, economic development of the territory, to provide a suitable environment for recreation for the local population (Rangelov, V. 2016). Purpose of the study The aim is as a consequence of the analyzes and theoretical justification to be identified existing problems and to propose measures to resolve them, creating conditions for the development of the Municipality Sitovo. Characteristics of landscape structure In view of the approach analyzed the landscape structure of the municipality. In terms of macro structure can be separated three main formations grouping himself smaller structural elements of the green system in the municipality. - The first one is formed in the direction north - south green wedge, running the entire length of Sitovo Municipality and liaise between the Danube, the area "Garvanski blata" with status of a protected area, village Garvan, village Nova Popina, village Iskra, village Bosna and village Irnik, in whose territory are protected forests Ludogorie 0002067 area of 7.9 ha. - The second formation is green wedge in the direction northeast - southwest that connect the reserve "Srebarna" with the Municipality of Sitovo and implying the protection forests of Ludogorie- Srebarna 000169 in the villages of Sitovo, Qstrebna, Slatina. They occupy a total of 130.2 hectares.

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- The third formation is different than the previous two and covers the island Garvan, protective levee along the Danube river, Baltata and protected natural territory "Garvanski blata", including lands located northeast of the village of Garvan on the dike of the Danube. Opportunities So defined three main formations have their own specificity not only the structure but also the opportunities they create for their use. - The first "green wedge" in the direction north - south, on the one hand is essential for green systems of individual settlements included in the scope. It satisfies the needs of short-term relaxation of their residents while protecting the prevailing northeast winter winds and allows for ventilation of settlements, channeling weaker currents in the direction north - south. Substantial part of it is composed of wind-shelter belts and agricultural land, which will retain its status thanks to the meliorative effects of green belts in relation to reducing the winds and optimizing humidity conditions of soil, will create preconditions for the development of quality, ecological agriculture. This structure gives opportunities to develop cycling tourism, linking included in its settlements between them and the planned European cycling corridor along the river Danube. - Second "green wedge", incorporating the protected forests "Ludogorie - Srebarna" in the past was covered by vast deciduous forests from summer oak, sessile oak, cerris oak. Today they are fragmented as a result of cutting them, but can be divided into a wider structure. The area is rich in big and small game, such as a person and a great bird diversity, which makes it attractive for the development of hunting (located near hunting grounds “Voden” and “Palamara”). The status of protected area there are deposits of wild peony in village Dobrotitca and in village Lyuben. All this combined with the abandoned buildings to small depopulating settlements allows to combine with various forms of eco- and rural tourism. Protected zone "Ludogorie - Srebarna" makes the place attractive for nature-lovers around the world. Numerous uncultivated land included in the boundary of the structure, allowing for significant recovery of carved oak forests. - The third essential structure, as already mentioned, is distinguished from the first two. In its borders is included water - swamp complex "Garvanski blata" with an area of 280 ha, declared a natural landmark and the status of a protected area. In Garvanski blata occur very rare and protected plants such as water lilies, fringed water-lily, marsh iris, etc. Here nest many birds or temporary residents to seek food. There are terns, Coots, wild ducks, mute swans, white storks, herons, whiskered tern and others. One of the most attractive places in this area is a fishing village in the village Garvan. With its colorful fishing bungalows, it is a favorite place for recreation and fishing. Located on the banks of the Danube, with attractively landscaped streets and administrative buildings. From makeshift fishing pier is open a splendid view of the islands of village Garvan. The area of the village of Garvan is defined as an area with suburbs landscape with high nature-aesthetic features, with good inclusion of settlements in the environment, good overall view, a healthy environment, a rich vegetation - presence of protected species swamp snowdrop in the swamps near the village, the available conditions for recreation, etc. Beautiful linden forests near the Danube River, the picturesque coast, convenient beach and especially the two islands opposite the village Garvan, overgrown with forests are attractive to fishermen and nature lovers. This area has been inhabited since the most ancient times, as evidenced by ancient settlements over burial tombs, etc. The connection water area - forests provide favorable conditions for recreation, development of cultural, ecological and river tourism, historical tourism, birdwatching, cycling tourism, fishing, etc. Problems Overall condition of the green system in Municipality Sitovo can hardly be appreciated highly. Forest lands are the smallest share of the municipality - 14.4%, with 21.9% of Silistra and 33.6 percent national average, which is indicative of the quality of the green system. 1. A significant problem of the municipality is to protect the forests from illegal logging. Often phenomenon Gypsy raids and cutting firewood. 2. Arson of stubble near woodland cause irreparable damage and costly municipal restoration work. 3. Improving the quality of plantation building the green system of the Municipality Sitovo. Measures to improve Allowing the first two problems largely depends on the will and determination of the municipal administration, combined with the development of measures and a system of targeted measures together with the State Forestry "Silistra" aimed at reducing the negative trends, resulting mostly in prevention enhanced control (monitoring and alarm) as well as establishing efficient units to combat the effects. Regarding the third issue, efforts should be directed primarily at creating environmentally sound conditions for the development of the structures of the green system, consisting mainly suitable and

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International Scientific and Practical Conference “WORLD SCIENCE” ISSN 2413-1032 appropriate species composition of local origin. In reconstruction of forests, especially in places with steep slopes is planted with acacia, which gives numerous shoots that have a restorative effect and from this perspective, it is used appropriate. Unfortunately, the same tree species is used as predominant in the protective vegetation belts, which, however, he is not particularly suited, given that it is a pioneer, an aggressive form that is easily self spread and can hardly be held within certain limits. From this perspective, it is recommended that in the future gradually be replaced with natural common types of maple, oak, linden or walnut. To improve the quality of wood and perennials is essential and proper use of arable land surrounding them, and in particular rotation of crops to prevent depletion of soil horizons. With the selection of suitable nitrogen-fixing grain legumes and correct interval replacement will be possible to achieve process sideration known in practice as "green manure", which will significantly be increased not only agricultural yields, but the growth rate of permanent forest plantations nearby. To improve the quality of the green system in Municipality Sitovo is essential and implementation of annual monitoring, controlling the implementation of planned measures and planned events, while taking into account time of all positive and negative qualitative and quantitative changes in the structure, which will allow the planning of timely measures . In terms of quantification, we could define the condition at the moment as optimal, given that it was designed for a larger number of people, who due to demographic decline steadily declining. Unfortunately parallel reduces the amount of forest trees due to illegal logging. Optimistic option population in the municipality to surpass 10,000 people, opportunities for the development of the green system are mainly in the restoration of felled forests and afforestation of agricultural land uncultivated. In connection with the social function of the landscape it is advisable to investigate further and deeper accessibility of the local population to elements of the green system in the municipality.

REFERENCES

1. Troeva, V., Tzolova, G. 1997. Landscape Planning. 333 p.). (Bg) 2. Davies, C., R. MacFarlane, C. McGloin, M. Roe. 2015. Green Infrastructure Planning Guide. Version 1.1. 43 p. 3. Dramstad, W., J. Olson, R. Forman, 1996. Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning. 80 p.). 4. Karatoteva, D. 2016 A. Analysis of the Landscape Structure of “Vitosha” Nature Park. International Scientific and Practical Conference “World Science”. Proceedings of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference "Science and Education - Our Future (November 29 – 30, 2016, UAE)". № 12 (16), Vol. 2. 8–10. ISSN 2413-1032. 5. Land Development Handbook. Planning, Engineering and Surveying. 2004. 1121 p. 6. Mell, I. 2008. Green Infrastructure: concepts and planning. Forum Ejournal, 8: 69-80. 7. Rangelov, V. 2015. Master Plan of Sitovo Minicipality. Agency of Sustainable Development and Eurointegration – Ecoregions. 114. (Bg) 8. Rangelov, V. 2016 landscaping of settlements. Guide for the Design. "Avangard Prima" Sofia, ISBN: 978-619-160-698-6 (Bg)

DESIGNING MAPS CLASSIFICATION OF UNDEVELOPED TERRITORIES FOR ENGINEERING-ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH

c. t. s., Belenko V. V.,

Russia, Moscow, Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography

Abstract. The article deals with the problematic issues of classification maps of undeveloped territory for the purpose of engineering and environmental studies conducted for the development and validation of spatial planning documents of capital construction. Upon review of existing maps and classifications identified scientific problem questions the classification of maps undeveloped territory on the subject for the purpose of engineering and environmental studies conducted for the development and validation of spatial planning documents. Keywords: map classification, undeveloped territory, engineering and environmental survey.

Lack of undeveloped territories classification on subjects prevents studying natural, economic and town building conditions of such territories at engineering-ecological works done to develop and

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International Scientific and Practical Conference “WORLD SCIENCE” ISSN 2413-1032 ground the territorial planning papers of capital construction. It is necessary to develop map classification to give scientific grounds for engineering-ecological works. Under undeveloped territories we understand a territory with unchanged or little changed natural environment in the result of human building activity with a few number of buildings, constructions and engineering infrastructure. Maps can be subdivided by the following features: by scale, territorial coverage, subjects, mathematic basis, language, epoch, etc. For our research maps classification by scale, territorial coverage and subjects are of great interest. Choice of the mentioned features is based on the fact that they are the most significant to research undeveloped territories. Other features are less important. It should be noted that existing subject maps of undeveloped and developed territories cannot always be directly referred to definite map group by generally accepted classification features. It causes some difficulty to locate the place in the existing map classifications. That is why it is necessary to develop or improve the existing classification by the features which are characteristic only for developed or undeveloped territories. Having compared and analyzed existing map classifications of well-known scientists [1-15] we can state that there is homogeneity, distinct interconnection and gradual transition from general to specific. In existing typologies the classification features are distinguished for developed (city) territories and because of this they cannot be used for undeveloped territories as a cartography object. That is why we can say that maps of developed territories cannot be used as a town building document at territorial planning of capital construction on undeveloped territories. All said above proves that it is necessary develop an independent map classification of undeveloped territories which will completely and thoroughly reflect natural-economic conditions of the territory. 1) Maps classification of undeveloped territories by scale and territorial coverage. Analyzing maps by scale and territorial coverage and taking into account focus of research themes we can make a conclusion that most classifications under study cannot be applied because they are mainly oriented to study smaller by scale and big by the territorial coverage research character. In this case it is more reasonable to use (with some additions and changes) hierarchic levels given in the work of N.N. Komedchikov and A.A. Liuty [7] and in the work of V.I. Sturman [6]. Moreover, one can speak about uniting classification of maps by scale and territorial coverage. This provision is based on practice to apply geographic images in the Erath studies. So, A.M. Berliant has proved that there is a connection of research space levels with the best diapason of map scales [15, C. 368]. Analyzing the mentioned above classifications we can tell about uniting classification of maps by scale and territorial coverage. Considering the normative regulations to graphic documents at engineering-ecological works to the scale of the developed maps (maps are recommended to develop within scale diapason 1:10 000 - 1:50 000) and also the fact that part of the work on the studied subject is done in the scale diapason from 1:100 000 to 1:200 000 that is at the regional level then we can distinguish the following hierarchy levels of maps of the undeveloped territories: 1) local level (1:10 000 – 1:50 000) – maps of undeveloped territories of town and country settlements; 2) regional level (1:100 000 – 1:200 000) – maps of undeveloped territories of municipal regions and city’s areas. 2) Maps classification of undeveloped territories by subjects. The analysis of home and foreign research on cartography of developed and undeveloped territories and existing classifications of maps by some features allows making the following conclusion. Nowadays there is no maps classification of undeveloped territories by subjects. Moreover, a great number of maps by subjects can be referred to a widely known maps classifications. This in its turn gives no possibility to distinctly determine a list of developed maps at engineering- ecological works and ground documents of territorial planning. In this connection there appears a necessity to develop maps classification of undeveloped territories by subjects. While developing maps classification the author has followed the generally accepted requirements: maps at every level should be characterized by significant features; maps classification should reflect transition from general to specific; only one principle of division should be chosen at every level; separate divisions of maps should cover the whole classification; classification should possess a feature to add new maps types [4]. Moreover, while developing maps classifications the author has used the following principles: - relevance to basics of studying undeveloped territories; - economic development of the territory, ecological and town-building and social conditions of the territory; - correspondence to essence of the reflected objects and phenomena. The developed maps classification developed by us is shown in picture 1.

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Fig. 1. Maps classification of undeveloped territories by subjects

As a feature of maps division of undeveloped territories at the higher levels of classification we have chosen the subject under studying. We have distinguished the maps which reflect how the territory is developed, maps of ecological and town-building conditions and maps of social sphere. At the lower levels the maps of developed territories are divided into maps of development and maps of economic use of the territory. Maps of ecological and town-building conditions are divided into maps of natural systems and town-building maps. As a division feature at this level we have chosen limits for town-building activity. The mentioned types of maps reflect current ecological state of natural systems and limits for town- building activity. Maps of social sphere are divided into maps of population systems, maps of historical- cultural heritage and recreational objects, and maps of danger of pollutants for human health. It should be noted that the developed by us maps classification of undeveloped territories by subjects refer to subject maps of public phenomena to the group of economic maps (national economy) to construction maps type suggested by a noted scientist K.A. Salischev [1].

REFERENCES 1. Salischev, K.A. Kartovedeniie: Uchebnik – 3-e izd. – M.: Izd-vo MGU, 1990. – 400 s. 2. Salischev, K.A. Kartovedeniie. – М M.: Izd-vo MGU, 1982. – 408 s. 3. Bilich, Y.S., Vasmut, A.S. Proiektirovaniie i sostavleniie kart: Uchebnik dlia vuzov. — M.: Nedra, 1984. – 364 s. 4. Berliant, A.M. Kartografiia: Uchebnik dlia vuzov. – M.: Aspekt Press, 2002. – 336 s. 5. Berliant, A.M. Kartografiia: Uchebnik dlia vuzov. – M.: Aspekt Press, 2001. – 336 s. 6. Sturman, V.I. Ekologicheskoie kartografirovaniie. — M.: Aspekt Press, 2003. — 251 с. 7. Komedchikov, N.N., Liuty A.A. Ekologiia Rossii v kartakh: Annotirovanny bibliografichesky ukazatel kart i atlasov. – M.: Izd-vo TsISN Minnauki RF iRAN, 1995. – 569 s. 8. Kurbatova, A.S. Ekologicheskoie kartografirovaniie v gradostroitelnom proektirovanii. — Moskva-Smolensk: NIiPIEG, Mandzhenta, 2006. — 192 s. 9. Ekologiia Rossii: Itogi nauki I praktiki. Vyp 2. Chistov S.V., Florinsky I.V. Ekologicheskia kartografiia. – M.: PEFIA, 1997. –134 s. 10. Kompleksnoie ekologicheskoie kartografirovaniie (Geografichesky aspekt) / Pod red. N.S. Kasimova. Uchebnoie posobiie. – M.: Izd-vo MGU, 1997. – 147 s. 11. Vorobiev, V.V., Batuev, A.R., Belov, A.B. и др. Ekologicheskoie kartografirovaniie Sibiri. – Novosibirsk: Nauka. Sibirskaia izdatelskaia firma RAN, 1996. – 279 s. 12. Smirnov, L.E. Geoekologicheskoie kartografirovaniie// Osnovy geoekologii / A.M. Trofimov [I dr.] / Pod red. V.G. Mocharevskogo. – SPb.: Izd-vo SPbGU, 1994. – S. 55-76. 13. Zarutskaya, I.P., Svatkova, T.G. Proiektirovaniie i sostavleniie kart. Onbschegeograficheskiie karty. – M.: Izd-vo MGU, 1982. – 272 s. 14. Vereschaka, T.V. Topograficheskiie karty: nauchnyie osnovy soderzhaniia. – M.: MAIK «Nauka/Interperiodika», 2002. – 319 s. 15. Berliant, A.M. Kartografiia / A.M. Berliant. – 3-е izd., dop. – M.: KDU, 2011. – 464 s.

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AGRICULTURE

АСПЕКТЫ ОХРАНЫ И ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА ВОДЫ РЕЧНЫХ СИСТЕМ

ст. преп. Килиди Х. И., бакалавр 2 курса Килиди А. И.

Россия, Краснодар, Кубанский государственный аграрный университет им. И.Т. Трубилина

Abstract. The article examines the interrelationship between the major components in agriculture: the ecology of water bodies and protection of fertile land. Given the composition of the river system and the characteristics of the catchments, and their relationship to future analysis of coastal landscapes. Assessment of water regime and water quality is given for the use of rational use of water resources. Proposed restoration water quality and the need to use different processes aimed at the protection of water bodies. Individual items make offers application in agricultural production of traditional technologies. For their improvement consider innovative approaches to degradation of river beds of water bodies in the future and to prevent the occurrence of emergency situations associated with exposure to flood waters. Keywords: water quality, water availability, forming surface runoff, pollution

В состав речной системы входит площадь водосбора и речной сети, которая представляет собой систему, отчетливо выраженных русел постоянных водотоков. В бассейн реки следует включить как структурные единицы для формирования поверхностный и подземный водосборы. Водораздельная линия Поверхностный водосбор каждой реки отделяется от соседнего бассейна водораздельной линией, проходящей по наиболее высоким точкам земной поверхности. Концентрации в воде и у воды разнообразных организмов, минеральных отложений и их регулярные миграции по потоку, вдоль потока и в стороны от него состоят из беспозвоночных животных, рыб, птиц и млекопитающих. Таким образом, формируется открытая природная система Различают физико-географические и морфометрические характеристики водосбора. К физико-географическим характеристикам водосбора следует отнести: географическое положение, геологическое строение, рельеф, климатические условия, растительный покров и почвы, водные поверхности на площади водосбора. Системообразующая роль речного бассейна принадлежит потоку воды. Который, подчиняясь силам гравитации, прокладывает себе путь к низшей из возможных точек. Описать речную систему практически невозможно, поэтому определить множество важнейших свойств. Таким образом получаем не реальную, а формализованную систему. Понятие системы схоже с определением модели. Главным свойством территориальных экологических систем является: наличие единой цели и функции; не сводимость свойств системы к сумме свойств отдельных элементов; обусловленность поведения системы ее структурными особенностями; способность создавать и поддерживать высокую степень внутренней упорядоченности; взаимосвязанность системы и среды система формирует и проявляет свои свойства только в процессе взаимодействия с внешней средой; соподчиненность элементов системы; наличие внешней или внутренней системы управления; стремление к сохранению своей структуры, внутренних и внешних связей; в силу сложности систем и неограниченного количества свойств их познание требует построения множества моделей в зависимости от цели исследования; размещение в пространстве. Восстановление качества воды и защита от деградации малых рек требует постановки таких понятий как: меры, направленные на восстановление водных объектов; охрана водосборов; экологические аспекты. При нормальном состоянии реки необходимо на основании обследования сравнить полученные результаты с нормативными. Все выше перечисленные мероприятия свидетельствуют о том, что большие и маленькие реки, ручьи должны иметь количественные показатели, свидетельствующие о нарушенном текущем состоянии рек и речных систем. Однако подход к выработанным требованиям регламентирующих качество воды накладывает чрезмерные ограничения из-за которых не реальным становится мониторинг с ассимилирующей способности водного объекта. Необходимо определить интенсивность использования человеком водных ресурсов для

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возможности связи потребности в воде и речной системы. Процесс охраны требует постановки целей, которым будет отвечать процесс охраны при управлении качеством воды, конкретного водотока которые будут меняться в зависимости от условий. Процесс охраны может. препятствовать в случае снижения качество воды в реке или ручье. Потребление и регулирование стока возможно и с помощью метода водохозяйственного баланса, который дает возможность оценить и проверить наличие избытков и дефицитов водных ресурсов для контроля за использованием и их наличием. Физико-географические характеристики водосборов, вид и степень развития хозяйственной деятельности являются основой для определения методов оценки влияния антропогенных факторов на гидрологический режим. Регулирование стока на степных малых реках неизбежно. Ввиду большой неравномерности стока внутри года. Сток регулируется в основном прудами. Большое количество прудов при высокой испаряемости с зеркала воды привело к увеличению безвозвратных потерь стока из рек. Поддержание все время наибольшего возможного запаса воды, допуская расходование этого запаса лишь в той мере, в какой это необходимо и увеличивая тем самым потери, мы получаем регулирование, которое, во-первых, не требует для своей реализации превышения стока, во-вторых, искусственно занижаем возможности водотока по удовлетворению потребления. Для ускорения процессов восстановления водной фауны необходимо после оседания взвеси и осветления воды не только обеспечить связь карьеров с рекой, но и попытаться создать в них мелководную литоральную зону, которая в летнее время будет быстро прогреваться и способствовать развитию водной растительности, зоопланктона и зообентоса.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1. Ященко К.В., Килиди Х.И., Килиди А.И. Проблемы экологического состояния водных объектов степной зоны краснодарского края. Альманах мировой науки. 2015. № 2-1 (2). С. 68-71. 2. Килиди Х.И. Обоснование способа расчистки рек для защиты береговых ландшафтов от подтоплений. Наука, образование, общество: тенденции и перспективы Сборник научных трудов по материалам Международной научно-практической конференции: в 5 частях. ООО "АР-Консалт". 2014. С. 53-55. 3. Логвинова М.В., Килиди Х.И. Охрана земель прибрежных ландшафтов рек Научное обеспечение агропромышленного комплекса 2012. С. 409-410. 4. Килиди Х.И., Кузьменко В.А. Охрана прибрежных ландшафтов от техногенных воздействий Политематический сетевой электронный научный журнал Кубанского государственного аграрного университета. 2012. № 82. С. 647-656. 5. Кузнецов Е.В., Хаджиди А.Е., Килиди Х.И., Куртнезиров А.Н. Методика расчета параметров расчистки русел южных степных рек. Труды Кубанского государственного аграрного университета. 2014. № 48. С. 164-170. 6. Гельмиярова В.Н., Гумбаров А.Д., Хаджиди А.Е., Килиди Х.И. Математическая модель распространения влаги при иссушении почвы агроландшафтов. Труды кубанского государственного аграрного университета. 2012. № 36. С. 335-337. 7. Ященко К.В., Килиди Х.И., Килиди А.И. Проблемы экологического состояния водных объектов степной зоны краснодарского края. Альманах мировой науки. 2015. № 2-1 (2). С. 68-71.

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PHILOSOPHY AND PHILOLOGY

METAPHOR AS A QUALITY MARKER IN LITERARY TRANSLATION: GERMAN INTERPRETATIONS OF NIKOLAI GOGOL’S “DEAD SOULS”

PhD Phil, associate professor Rolik A. V. PhD Edu, associate professor Plotnikov Y. O.

Ukraine, Nizhyn, Nizhyn State University named after N. Gogol

Abstract. Metaphor as a complex and widespread phenomenon has already received much attention from different scientific areas. The present contribution aims to analyze metaphor as an example of secondary nomination and to reveal both the peculiarities as well as its place in the language system. The role and place of metaphor in a literary work and also the ways of its translation are described. The theoretical data given in the study is illustrated with the help of metaphors used in several different translations of Nikolai Gogol’s “Dead Souls” into German. Keywords: secondary nomination, metaphor, essence, status, translation, expression, information, association

Introduction Metaphor takes one of the key positions in the lexical-semantic system of any language. The study of this phenomenon provides an opportunity to understand the problems of actualization and decryption of additional, emotional, figurative connotations of metaphors as in-system and expressive units. That’s why it’s natural that the problem of metaphor has become the object of research for representatives of different linguistic schools. Their works provide a thorough and comprehensive analysis of the processes underlying the emergence of metaphors. Metaphor in linguistic and translation studies Research on metaphor has a long and rich tradition. The definitions and suggested classifications of metaphors reveal the methodological approaches of different scientists. For example, Ph. Wheelwright distinguishes between two types of metaphor: epiphora and diaphora. The main meaning in epiphora is concentrated on analogy between two similar objects, while diaphora creates metaphorical meaning through comparison of two completely different objects (Wheelwright 35). According to M. Beardsley (Beardsley 298) metaphor is defined as a sort of conflict which can’t be observed in literal expression. One of the well-known concepts in metaphor research was created by Max Black. It views metaphor as a two component entity: a key, central word with figurative meaning (‘focus’) and the surrounding words with literal meaning (‘frame’). According to Black metaphorical meaning appears as a result of interplay within a system of immediate associations in their relation to a new object (e. g. 'Man is wolf') (Black 39-40). For several decades great effort has been devoted to the study of primary and secondary naming units (Kuznetsova, Mathesius; Stekauer; Telia; Ufimtseva). The term was first coined by V. Mathesius and served as a substitution for terms like ‘word’ (simple or complex), ‘lexical unit’, ‘compound’ or ‘collocation’. The Mathesius’ work and the related references suggest that the use of language for communicative purposes involves the stages of encoding and decoding with the help of naming units for objects in the extralinguistic reality where words are just conventional signs (Mathesius 17). A. Ufimtseva sees the process of lexical naming as a transformation of reality into a language system with the simultaneous identification and generalization of the key aspects of the cognition object. The naming units are a combination of both nominative meaning and sensory perception (auditory, visual and spatial representation) (Ufimtseva 5-85). New naming units are a result of a very specific and real act of naming by a coiner and the naming act in itself is a complex cognitive phenomenon (Stekauer). Thus V. Telia (Telia 159) states that the process of naming always involves interaction of at least four key components: reality – conceptual and linguistic form of its reflection – reframed meaning of a linguistic form that mediates between the new meaning and reality – linguistic form in its naming function. At the same time there

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International Scientific and Practical Conference “WORLD SCIENCE” ISSN 2413-1032 is no fundamental difference between language and speech naming units, but there is a tangible difference in reflections of reality. If we analyze the problem from the functional and semantic perspective, it is possible to distinguish at least four types of metaphor according to its linguistic functions (Arutyunova): 1) nominative (name transfer) consists in replacing one descriptive notion with the other and serves as a source of homonymy; 2) figurative develops through the transition of the descriptive meaning into the predicative one and triggers the development of figurative notions and synonymy; 3) cognitive appears as a result of the shift in the co-occurence of predicate words (meaning transfer) and creates polysemy; 4) generalizing (final result of a cognitive metaphor) removes the borders between the logical sequences in the lexical meaning of a word and stimulates the emergence of logical polysemy. It is known that metaphor is widely represented in the dictionaries. However, as an object of lexicographic description metaphor did not attract enough attention for quite a long time. For that matter an attempt of a systematic description of linguistic metaphors taken by Galina Skliarevskaya (Skliarevskaya) is of a certain interest. She identified six global semantic spheres (representing both real entities and abstractions) of metaphorical transfers: I. Real objects: 1) an array of inanimate objects; 2) the animal world; 3) people in all aspects of their existence. II. Abstract notions: 4) physical phenomena and processes; 5) mental phenomena and processes; 6) abstract categories. It turned out that metaphorical transfer in any language complies with fairly rigid laws and is carried out in certain directions from one semantic field to another. Galina Skliarevskaya discovered the following regular types of metaphorical transfer: 1) object - object (a kennel – a cramped room; a trough – a boat); 2) object –person (a watchtower – a tall man); 3) object –physical phenomenon (a market – noise); 4) object – mental phenomenon (dirt – something sinister); 5) object – abstract concept (brakes – obstacle in the work); 6) animal – person (a sheep – clueless, a cock – a bully). The above mentioned types of transfer give metaphor the properties which are perceived as “common-language”. They are reproducible in the process of communication and because of their regularity can be considered to be semantic models (Skliarevskaya 80-94). However, there still exists a need in additional research of problems related to the functioning of metaphor in literary speech, which in itself is a kind of concentration of language processes, in particular, the problem of the possibility of preserving the artistic value of a source in translation. Primarily literary speech differs from other language activities due to the fact that it serves the task of creating a vivid artistic image. The writer's language is extremely individualized in its attempts to preserve all facets of natural speech, and also in the writer’s narrative, which generally reflects the properties of the language of certain social groups, professions or psychological states using a very subjective approach to different forms of speech. While translating metaphors all the particular translation tasks are concentrated and clearly revealed. Such translation needs to bring a reader closer to the language of the original in order she can learn the full depth of meaning and connections embedded in this or that linguistic unit. As a means of conveying complex information, metaphor requires a full preservation of its informative value in the process of translation, otherwise there is a threat of loss of its semantic complexity. It is necessary to achieve unambiguous narration for foreign-language readers. At the same time all the metaphors entail some inherent ambiguity or secondary meaning, which often dominates all the literal meanings. Moreover, metaphor triggers a certain mental associative chain emanating from the core of the lexical image, and it is not always easy to reconstruct it due to cultural differences and, differences in lexical and semantic meaning of words in the source and target languages. Research Following the above outline of the main difficulties in translation of metaphor let us examine some specific implementations of translation tasks by comparing the German translation of N. Gogol’s "Dead Souls" with the original. According to many studies literary metaphors are often transmitted in four different ways: accurate translation, substitution, paraphrase and compensation (Kyiak et al. 137). Taking this classification as a basis, we have slightly developed and modified it, and thus after analysis of approximately 400 translations of metaphorical expressions identified the following

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International Scientific and Practical Conference “WORLD SCIENCE” ISSN 2413-1032 methods of metaphor transmission used in several translations of Gogol's "Dead Souls" into German, namely by Philipp Lo benstein (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Lo benstein), Michael Pfeifer (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Pfeifer) and Hermann Röhl (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Röhl): 1) an image of the source language is preserved in the target, e. g. “…как канарейка…” “…wie ein Kanarienvogel…“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Röhl 58); “…скотина…” “…das Rindvieh…“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Lo benstein 345); “...да заседателя подмаслила...” “...musste natürlich noch den Kreisassessor ordentlich schmieren...“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Lo benstein 72); “Ты пьян как сапожник!” “Du bist betrunken wie ein Schuster!“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Röhl 34); “…взгляд… сладкий как “...Glanz… süß wie Zucker” (Gogol, Die сахар…” Toten Seelen, Pfeifer 201) “…во все горло…” “…aus vollem Halse…” (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Röhl 57); “...медведь, совершенный “…ein Bär, duch und durch ein Bär!“ медведь!“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Lo benstein 131); 2) replacing a standard image of the source language with a standard image of the target language, e. g. “…ни копейки в кармане…” “…keinen Groschen in der Tasche…“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Lo benstein 98); “Эх, отец мой, …” “Ach, Väterchen,…“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Pfeifer 54); “…плясать под чужую дудку” “…nach einer fremden Pfeife zu tanzen“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Röhl 82); 3) metaphor is translated by means of figurative comparison with the preserved image, e. g. “…дороги везде бархатные…” “die Straßen überall wie aus Samt“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Pfeifer 14); “…высматривает орлом…” “Er blickt wie ein Adler“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Röhl 41); 4) metaphor is translated by means of figurative comparison with the semantic explanation, e.g. “Многие дамы были хорошо “Viele Damen waren gut und der Mode одеты и по моде, другие оделись во что gemäß angezogen, andere dagegen trugen, was бог послал в губернский город ...” Gott weiß wie in die Gouvernementsstadt geraten war“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Pfeifer 16); “День, кажется был заключен “Dann legte er sich nieder, und schlief so крепким сном во всю насосную завертку fest, als ob man einen eichenen Riegel …” vorgeschoben...“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Lo benstein 13); 5) notional translation, e. g. “…такую обузу всегда нужно “...dass man...sich die Bürde rasch von den поскорее с плеч…” Schultern wälzen müsse...“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Lo benstein 197); “… какие ты забранки “ Wie du zu fluchen weißt!“ (Gogol, Die пригинаешь.” Toten Seelen, Röhl 46); “…это выходит избу только “Sie müssen noch einige Zeit hier bleiben“ выхолаживать…” (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Lo benstein 215); 6) omission of metaphor in translation, e. g. “…до самых поздних петухов…” “…bis in den hellen Tag hinein…“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Röhl 20); “Эх, отец мой, да у тебя-то как у “Ach du lieber Himmel, Sie sind ja ganz in борова, вся спина и бок в грязи! Где так Koth! Wo haben Sie sich so beschmutzt?” (Gogol, изволил засалиться?” Die Toten Seelen, Lo benstein 64); “- Какой веселенький ситец! – “Welch eine herrliche Farbe!“ rief die in воскликнула во всех отношениях jeder Beziehung angenehme Dame, das Kleid der приятная дама, глядя на платье просто angenehmen Dame betrachtend“ (Gogol, Die Toten

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приятной дамы” Seelen, Lo benstein 256); “Ну же, ну, ворона! зевай, “Schlafe nicht, du Krähe!“ (Gogol, Die зевай!” Toten Seelen, Röhl 50); 7) translation with the help of an identical metaphor followed by a semantic explanation, e. g. “…многосторонний человек, то “…ein vielseitiger Mensch, das heißt, er есть человек на все руки.“ war zu allem fähig.“ …“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Pfeifer 85) “Не успел он выйти на улицу, “Kaum war er auf der Straße, das Alles размышляя обо всем этом и в то же bedenkend und noch dazu einen mit rötlichem время таща на плечах медведя, крытого Tuche überzogenen Bärenpelz mit sich коричневым сукном, как на самом schleppend, als er mit einem Herrn повороте в переулок столкнулся тоже с zusammenstieß, der auch einen mit rötlichem господином в медведях, крытых Tuche überzogenen Bärenpelz und eine warme коричневым сукном, и в теплом картузе Mütze anhatte“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, с ушами“ Lo benstein 197); 8) translation of metaphor using the language of its origin, e. g. “…на манер “черт меня побери”, “…noch „à la diable“, wie der Franzose как говорят французы…“ sagt…“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Pfeifer 17) “…совершенная бель-фам.” “…so daß es ganz ‘belle femme‘ wird.“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Röhl 165); “Ведь это история, понимаете ли: “Das ist ja eine Geschichte, verstehen Sie, история, сконапель истоар…“ ce qu’on appelle une histoire…” (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Lo benstein 259); “…ну просто оррер, оррер, “…nun, einfach horreur, horreur, horreur!“ оррер!“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Pfeifer 225); 9) translation of metaphor by means of compensation, e. g. “…очень основательны были его “…seine Gedanken gingen nicht ins Blaue мысли…“ hinein…“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Lo benstein 28); “Дайте ему только нож да “Geben Sie ihm nur ein Messer und stellen выпустите его на большую дорогу – Sie ihn an der Poststraße auf, und er wird Ihnen зарежет, за копейку зарежет!“ den Hals abschneiden, wegen einer einzigen Kopeke den Hals abschneiden!“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Pfeifer 116); “…c которым иметь дело было “…mit dem nicht gut Bohnen lesen war…“ совсем невыгодно…“ (Gogol, Die Toten Seelen, Lo benstein 120); “Гостья уже хотела было “Der Gast wollte schon alsogleich die приступить к делу и сообщить Neuigkeit vom Stapel laufen lassen…“ –(Gogol, новость…“ Die Toten Seelen, Lo benstein 256) Conclusion The researchers claim that metaphor usage in translation to a great extent depends upon the personality of the translator and any translated text retains not more than 2/3 of all the original metaphors (Kyiak et al. 138). The most common metaphor types are those marked as 1, 2 and 9 in the above list. One of the most common flaws in translation, which weakens the emotionally expressive power of the metaphor, is the use of comparative structures instead of a metaphor. However, while translating metaphors it is essential not to lose common sense and avoid making up something that is not present in the original text. As for the current research we do not claim it to be exhaustive and complete, rather it is just a preliminary insight into the problem because the specific nature of literary translation implies the necessity to involve an array of sometimes very different factors which cannot be easily generalized into a readymade set of recommendations for further translation practice.

REFERENCES

1. Arutyunova, Nina D. Yazyk i Mir Cheloveka. Moscow, Yazyki Russkoi Kultury, 1998, p. 366. 2. Beardsley, Monroe C. “The Metaphorical Twist.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 22, no. 3, Mar. 1962, pp. 293–307.

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3. Black, Max. Models and Metaphors; Studies in Language and Philosophy. 7th ed., United States, Cornell University Press, 1962. 4. Gogol, Nikolai Wassiljewitsch. Die Toten Seelen. Translated by Philipp Lo benstein, Zurich, Diogenes-Verlag, 1985. 5. Gogol, Nikolai Wassiljewitsch. Die Toten Seelen. Translated by Michael Pfeifer, Berlin, Weimar, Aufbau-Verlag, 1978. 6. Gogol, Nikolai Wassiljewitsch. Die Toten Seelen. Translated by Hermann Ro hl, Frankfurt am Main, Insel-Verlag, 1987. 7. Kuznetsova, Natalia N. “Metafora Kak Odno Iz Osnovnykh Sredstv Sozdaniya Ekspresivnosti”. Filologicheskiye Nauki, no. 1, 2009, pp. 101–108. 8. Kyiak, Taras R., et al. Teoriya ta Praktyka Perekladu: Nimetska Mova. Vinnytsya, Nova Knyha, 2006. 9. Mathesius, Vil m. A Functional Analysis of Present Day English on a General Linguistic Basis. Hague, Mouton, 1975. 10. Skliarevskaya, Galina N. Metafora v Sisteme Yazyka. Saint Petesburg, Nauka, 1993. 11. Steckauer, Pavol. Meaning Predictability in Word Formation: Novel, Context-Free Naming Units. Amsterdam, John Benjamins Publishing Co, 2005, pp. 212–224. 12. Teliya, Veronika N. “Vtorichnaya Nominatsiya i Ee Vidy.” Yazykovaya Nominatsiiya (Vidy Naimenovaniy), edited by B. A. Serebrennikov and A. A. Ufimtseva, Moscow, Nauka, 1977, pp. 129–221. 13. Ufimtseva, Anna A. “Leksicheskaya Nominatsiya (Pervichnaya Neitralnaya).” Yazykovaya Nominatsiya (Vidy Naimenovaniy), edited by B. A. Serebrennikov and A. A. Ufimtseva, Moscow, Nauka, 1977, pp. 5–85. 14. Wheelwright, Philip. Metaphor and Reality. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1962.

ЭПИСТЕМОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВЫ: ПРОБЛЕМА ИСТИНЫ И РАЗВИТИЕ НАУЧНОГО ПОЗНАНИЯ

д. филос. н. Гаранина О. Д.

Россия, г. Москва, Московский государственный технический университет гражданской авиации

Abstract. The methodological variants of decision of problem of truth and factors of development of scientific cognition open up in the article. Two alternative approaches to addressing the problem of truth are distinguished and described: on the one hand, confession of any result of scientific cognition as objective truth, on the other hand, claim of relativity of the got knowledge. A conclusion is reasonable, that different methodological approaches in understanding of truth stipulate distinction of approaches in understanding the factors in the development of scientific knowledge. Keywords: epistemology, scientific knowledge, internalism, externalism, absolute truth, relative truth, absolutism and relativism, science.

Представители современной философии науки, стремящиеся выявить закономерности и тенденции развитии науки, как правило, позиционируют себя как сторонников одного из альтернативных направлений в пространстве проблем истины и факторов развития научного знания. Решение проблемы истины традиционно развертывается в диспозиции «абсолютизм- релятивизм», тогда как проблема факторов развития научного знания породила дилемму «интернализм-экстернализм». Эти противопоставления в решении разных, на первый взгляд, эпистемологических проблем тесно взаимосвязаны. Абсолютизм выступает методологическим принципом, утверждающим существование объективной истины как результата научного познания. Если научное знание обосновано и доказано – оно соответствует реальности и потому истинно. Признание абсолютности объективной истины характерно для эволюционной эпистемологии К. Поппера и методологической позиции И. Лакатоса. Придерживаясь абсолютистского подхода к проблеме истины, Поппер исследовал как инструментальный, так и онтологический аспекты развития науки, признавая возможность совершенствования знания о предмете, в результате которого появляются более универсальные теории, позволяющие расширять эмпирическое содержание научного знания о все более глубоких свойствах мира [4, с.104]. Защищая абсолютизм, Поппер не игнорировал вопрос о критериях отнесения полученного научного знания к истинному, объективному, то есть научному знанию.

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Утверждая наличие объективной истины (в попперовском толковании – общезначимой), английский методолог давал критику противоположного методологического принципа, выступающего в образе релятивизма, полагая, что релятивизм – это «воззрение, отрицающее существование абсолютной или объективной истины и признающее существование одной истины для греков, другой - для египтян, третьей – для сирийцев и так далее» [4, c. 345]. Релятивизм снимает проблему критериев истинности знания, что ведет к отрицанию сопоставимости и соизмеримости теорий, а также целесообразности научных дискуссий. Релятивисты считают, что конструктивный потенциал научных дискуссий близок к нулю, стремление обратить противника в свою веру посредством дискуссии остается безрезультатным из-за несоизмеримости и несопоставимости теорий. Т. Кун объяснял несоизмеримость конкурирующих парадигм следующими причинами [3, c. 195-198]: 1.несоизмеримость научных стандартов как расхождение в определении предмета науки и перечня проблем, которые она должна решать. 2.отсутствие единого языка, вследствие того, что создание новой парадигмы помещает старые понятия и термины в измененный научный контекст. 3.«несоизмеримость миров», в которых работают группы ученых, как различное видение мира. Релятивизм не предлагает рациональных критериев для выбора теории и объяснения причин, по которым научное сообщество отдает предпочтение определенной парадигме. По существу, методологический принцип релятивизма идет рука об руку с эпистемологическим анархизмом, хотя и может играть эвристическую роль в процессе преодоления определенных трудностей на пути развития научной теории [1, с.48]. Критикуя релятивизм за близость к эпистемологическому анархизму с точки зрения критического рационализма, Поппер дал негативную оценку историческому и культурному релятивизму как проявлению иррационализма. В статье «Миф концептуального каркаса» он отрицает релятивизм как учение, утверждающее «невозможность взаимопонимания между различными культурами, поколениями или историческими периодами» [4, с. 558-559]. В эпистемологии, согласно Попперу, релятивизм ведет к отрицанию онтологического прогресса, в русле которого развитие научных теорий рассматривается как рост эмпирического содержания в движении знания к объективной истине. С точки зрения Т. Куна, выступающего оппонентом абсолютистской трактовки истины, суждения о том, что онтология теории соответствует реальному существованию объектов, могут рассматриваться как иллюзорные [3, с. 269]. Истина, по Куну, принципиально не может быть абсолютной, так как она характеризует научное знание, функционирующее в рамках определённой парадигмы. В настоящее время альтернатива «абсолютизм - релятивизм» в историографическом подходе к науке конкретизируется как альтернатива методологических подходов «интернализм - экстернализм», представляющих разные решения проблемы факторов развития научного познания. Согласно интернализму, развитие науки детерминируется внутренне присущими ей логическими факторами, методологическими программами, связанными со спецификой научного процесса, вследствие чего история науки может быть представлена, прежде всего, как «история идей», независимая от социокультурных ситуаций. Экстернализм дает социологическую интерпретацию науки, рассматривая историю науки как «историю людей», персонализированную историю формирования и смены научных концепций, обусловленную социокультурными обстоятельствами. Различают внутреннюю социальность науки, связанную с психологическими и социальными факторами, регулирующими жизнь профессионального научного сообщества, и внешнюю детерминацию, выступающую в форме социального заказа, предлагаемого государственными структурами, коммерческими и иными социальными организациями [2, с. 112]. Абсолютизм Поппера в трактовке истины ведет к интерналистской интерпретации истории науки, признающей только внутреннюю логику науки как фактор ее развития. Релятивизм Куна предполагает признание внутренней социальности науки; обоснование того, что выбор проблем для научного исследования и предпочтение инструментов для их решения зависит от психологических и социальных факторов, действующих в научном сообществе. Вследствие этой идеи научное сообщество (профессиональная социальная группа) приобретает характер детерминирующего фактора в истории науки. Экстернализм в узком смысле слова исключает воздействие вненаучных структур на научные исследования (и в этом как-бы приближается к интерналистской трактовке истории науки). Кун настаивал на принципе «изоляции научных групп от общества», суть которого заключается в запрете на обращение к

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непрофессиональным группам по вопросам науки, а именно: по вопросам выбора проблем для научного исследования и оценки достижений науки в их решении. По Куну только такой подход может обеспечить эффективность исследовательской деятельности. Нарушение требования «изоляции» тормозит развитие науки и снижает уровень профессионализма в решении научной проблемы. Кун считал, что подверженность социальных наук влиянию непрофессиональных групп является одной из причин того, что они до сих пор находятся в допарадигмальном состоянии и не достигли состояния «нормальной» науки. Таким образом, закономерным следствием абсолютистской позиции в понимании истины является интерналистский подход её сторонников к пониманию источников развития науки и факторов, влияющих на этот процесс. И Поппер, и Лакатос считали, что развитие науки происходит под давлением ее внутренней логики. Они рассматривали этот процесс в узком контексте развития науки как научной теории (или серии теорий у Лакатоса). Кун придерживался позиции релятивизма и экстернализма. Он рассматривал развитие науки в более широком контексте, а именно, как определенной профессии. Таким образом, он предложил более широкий – профессиональный контекст для изучения развития науки, признав, что на аналитическую деятельность ученого могут влиять также нормы и правила, которые устанавливаются профессиональными группами. Он признал, что не столько внутринаучная рациональность, сколько профессиональные требования определяют механизм развития науки. Большинство философов разделяют рассмотренные альтернативные методологические подходы и считают, что абсолютизм и релятивизм, так же, как и интернализм и экстернализм отражают противоположные эпистемологические ситуации. Однако можно отметить наличие в пространстве философии науки и третьей линии, представленной, в частности, С. Тулмином, который считает, что эти подходы комплементарны, а альтернатива «интернализм - экстернализм» - ложна, так как история научных дисциплин и история профессиональной деятельности ученых дополняют, а не взаимоисключают друг друга [5].

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1. Гаранина О.Д. Человек в зеркале системной методологии // Фундаментальные исследования. 2013. № 78. Ч.1. С. 46-51. 2. Кузнецова Н., Розов М., Шрейдер Ю. Объект исследования – наука. М.: Новый хронограф, 2012. 3. Кун Т. Структура научных революций. М.: АСТ, 2015. 4. Поппер К. Логика и рост научного знания. Избранные работы. М.: Прогресс, 1983. 5. Тулмин С. Человеческое понимание. М.: Прогресс, 1984.

THE WAYS OF FORMING COOPERATION BETWEEN STUDENT-STUDENT AND TEACHER-STUDENT IN EDUCATION

1Kasimova R. R. 2Yaxshieva G. M. 3Yaxshieva L. M.

Uzbekistan, 1Bukhara State University; 2Bukhara Tax College; 3Bukhara Law and Consumer Services Vocational College.

Abstract. The article is dedicated to the usage of interactive methods and the ways of forming cooperation among the students and teachers. Thus it is attempted to compare the traditional methods of teaching with the interactive ones and shown the advantages of interactive methods. Keywords: interactive methods, pedagogical cooperation, friendly atmosphere, self-assessment.

Organizing educational system with interactive methods in friendly atmosphere helps pedagogical cooperation to be effective. In this purpose, we tried to compare interactive methods with

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Table 1.

Elements of the lesson process Traditional methods Interactive methods Teaching conditions Formal competitive, not to trust to Informal, sincere pedagogical everyone, teacher’s assessment cooperation, self-confidence spirit, self- assessment. Planning educational process Teacher is responsible Teacher and each student is responsible Putting forward educational Appointing traditional demands and Demands are appointed and demands making students to fulfill fulfilled according to the needs of students, parents and teachers Aims and tasks of education According to social demand teacher Social demand is appointed is responsible to appoint according to the interests of students; both teachers and students are responsible. Teaching Teacher teaches students according Social order demands, teaching to curriculum demands and guidance are appointed by students’ teaching guidance needs and chances and they are taught on this purpose Teaching methods Work with students through Interaction patterns as group work traditional methods as individual and work in pairs (teaching is work or whole class work (teaching directed from private to general) directly from general to private) Assessment Teacher assesses according to A student, his friend, “expert” definite measures student and teacher are assessors

From the schedule given above, it is obvious that while using interactive methods, students’ interests and satisfying needs are taken into consideration. So, self-confidence circumstances and pedagogical cooperation among educational representatives are composed. Group is created through developing students’ proud and as a result, hardworking and enthusiastic group is formed. In such groups, all are equal and the main duty of each teacher is to teach students not to say what they want but to make them got used to give their opinion after thinking deeply. It is preferable, to use these methods in primary schools because pupils at age of 8 to 14 strive for stronger varieties. The needs of discussing events happening around will be increased. Thus, it reflects changing class circumstances. Students are acknowledged as an individual in the educational system, which are based on pedagogical cooperation. Even the students who are illiterate or incapable possess their own voice. As teacher prepares for lessons, he or she makes out the project of teaching process and includes situations where each student takes part. Working in groups or pairs is chosen according to the objectives of educational process. In group works organized with interactive methods of learning there are given special exercises and tasks for providing students’ participation. As a result, students will possess the ability of working in pedagogical cooperation and chances of students’ creativity will be widen and developed. Besides, realizing their ability differences, students start believing in them and understanding their value. Naturally, this gives an opportunity of finding their place in micro-society in future, progressive talking with others, setting sociable and friendly relationship and defending their opinions. They will learn not to admit equality of each person. These features should be developed during educational process, preparing students for life, providing fast and easy adaption to social life and making parents believe to educational system. In mutual pedagogical cooperation process students: 1) possess necessary knowledge, notion, practice and experience for supporting mutual relations fully; 2) realize the equality of the relations among people, social groups and all members of society; 3) learn about themselves through learning others and form new outlook for educational process; 4) realize needs, abilities and attempts correspondence of class, college, mahalla and the whole society; 5) realize their strong and weak sides and assess their activity positively; 6) comprehend incapable people’s feelings, needs and chances to be taken into account;

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7) realize and feel the importance of the pedagogical cooperation which results students’ ability of solving problems; 8) realize self-study, mess media usage, national traditions, independence and national concept and its importance; 9) learn to respect human values, honor rights and authority; 10) realize the humanity and nature relationships; 11) perceive the connection of the past and future, peculiar features of comprehending that there is no future without past and get used to appreciate moral heritage and the history created by our ancestors. Organizing A.N. Faroby’s upbringing and educational process; his views about teacher and student correlations, the demands of their personality, people’s mutual cooperation, aid, maturity of a person and place in the development of society, develop current educational process, make cooperation between teachers and students are very important in forming personal vocational features of youth. Abu Rayhon Beruniy (973-1048) wrote about nature and society happenings in his didactic views and emphasized that only the human being can estimate real life events. He called people to accomplish good deeds not for the favor of honor. He advised to learn each thing clearly and closely, learnt it and then came to conclusion, being based especially, on experience. The scholar criticized ignorance, cheating, laziness and artificial believes. Abu Rayhon Beruniy admitted that social life is formed on the bases of specific cooperation. An individual person begins to realize his needs and the importance of living together with the same people. Therefore he makes “contract” as mutual cooperation. “The marriage doesn’t make people strong and satisfy their needs, they should work hard for this purpose”, he said. According to Beruniy’s opinion, value of human being depends on fulfilling his duty excellently, that’s why human’s main duty and his place are appointed with his labour. He will achieve all his dreams by working. Beruniy’s such opinions as real life conclusions are still important nowadays. Teachers would effectively use these approaches in pedagogical cooperation. Ibn Sino (980-1037) in his book entitled “Tib qonunlari” told that educational process is a unique process and children should be given to education at the age of 6. He emphasized that teaching from simple to complex should be followed in educational system and it is very important to teach children according to their ability in this process. The author preferred to teach children in group to individual, by this way he wanted to have a pedagogical coexistence between teachers and students. According to his point of view, when children are taught in group they will have more willing to study, they don’t want to be behind others. Mutual pedagogical cooperation plays main role to improve their speech, widen their outlook and strengthen their memory. In educational process, students become friendly, learn to respect each other, learn to compete and exchange ideas about rights and duties. Educational process held on this above mentioned bases will help students to be ethically and morally matured. Ibn Sino said about cooperation role: Humanity can’t achieve all with his work but he needs others’ attendance to create them or the group should help him. Group members should have friendly attitude to each other. Kindness gets people become friendly, however, vice leads them to disagreement. Trying with a certain purpose keeps human and group from badness as kindness calls them to do favor and have them the feeling of trust. As it is seen above, Ibn Sino’s lively observation and notions contributed to the development not only in his time but also it is important to organize educational process based on pedagogical cooperation nowadays. All in all, interactive methods and outstanding scholars’ moral views are very important in educational process.

REFERENCES

1. Islam Karimov. O`zbekistonning o`z istiqlol va taraqqiyot yo`li. -Тashkent: Uzbekistan, 1992.-79 p. 2. Berdiev G. o`quvchilarda shaxslararo munosabatlarning o`ziga xos xususiyatlari // Khalq ta’limi.-Т., 1998.-№6.-P.61-65. 3. Ibragimova M. Shermatov X. ta’lim jarayonida faol usullarni qo`llash // Uzluksiz ta’lim// Тashkent.: 2005. №5. 16 p. 4. Jumaniyozova N. Muammolik ta’lim jarayonida o`quvchiga qo`yiladigan talablar//Uzluksiz ta’lim.-2005, № 4. 40 p. 5. Nasriddinova M. Zamonaviy pedagogic texnologiya asosidagi dars// Khalq ta’limi. – Тashkent, 2006.-№2-p.71-72.

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SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES OF RENAISSANCE DRAMAS: THEME, STYLE AND CHARACTER DESCRIPTION

1Akhmedova M. B. 2Saylieva G. A.

Uzbekistan, Bukhara State University 1teacher; 2student.

The French word Renaissance means "rebirth." The Renaissance was a period in which artists and writers rejected the restrictions of the Middle Ages in order to develop new ideas, enthusiasm, and interests; there was a revival of knowledge, a new interest for learning. The results of this "rebirth" were a widespread study of art and literature, as well as dramas and plays. The Renaissance in English literature provoked poetry and theatrical drama and shifted them to new heights. This period showed itself in the effort of the individual to free himself from the rigid institutions of the Middle Ages, feudalism and the church; and to assert his right to live, to think and to express himself in accordance with a more flexible way. It means that the Renaissance gave birth to individualism and worldliness. The Renaissance freed the minds of men from medievalism. The Renaissance spirit is marked one with a growing sense of beauty and an increasing enrichment of life. The Elizabethan age was called an age of Materialism and pure enjoyment of life. Beauty was one of the crucial points with the Elizabethans and women were regarded as adorable creatures. The theme of women gained an important place in the writings of the Renaissance writers. Humanism was another topic for the writers and they were called Humanists who revived the knowledge of the Greek language and gave birth to a new culture. The humanist led by Erasmus began to take interest in life and in mankind. In the works of great writers man was discovering himself. Human life and human affairs began to occupy the writer’s minds in greater measure as we find in Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. The Renaissance did much to enlarge the boundaries of men’s minds and create fresh ideas. It was an age of great curiosity and the thirst for knowledge. The theme of enthusiasm and romanticism was so powerful that scholars like Bacon took all knowledge to describe wonderful and the beautiful creatures, nature and the Elizabethans were the first and the greatest romantics of England. The sense of the Renaissance spirit appeared in the Elizabethan literature which was marked by fullness of national life, patriotism, a passion for knowledge, a spirit of daring adventures and an ambition to achieve great things. The many sided intellectual activities of the Renaissance were full reflected in the literature of the 16th and 17th centuries. English Renaissance drama means the stage plays written and acted in the later 16th century and the first half of the 17th century, during the Renaissance period in England. This period in English history saw a great growth in drama as an art form and public entertainment. English Renaissance drama is sometimes called Elizabethan drama, some scholars and critics sometimes use the term Jacobean drama. Playwrights worked in both the classic types of drama, tragedy and comedy. They also began their own type of history play, mainly about earlier English kings and the events of their reigns. Renaissance dramatists created drama and developed this genre rapidly giving to the world masterpieces as Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Macbeth, Twelfth Night, King Lear; Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus, Edward II; John Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi; Ben Johnson’s Volpone, The Alchemist, Bartholomew Fair and others. Jacobean plays differed from the plays of Shakespeare (Titus Andronicus), Kyd (The Spanish Tragedy), Marlowe (Tamburlaine), Lyly (Endymion) written in 1580s, those were considered to be outdated as they contained too long monologues giving background information about the characters, they had formal and declamatory style. However, Jacobean plays changed into more interactive, conversational style of writing, though they could contain long speeches but with different functions. Webster’s Duchess of Malfi, Johnson’s The Alchemist, Middleton’s A Chaste Maid in Cheapside were of great examples of Jacobean style of writing. In the Jacobean era the social tragedy genre had a different undertone. It was seen as a warning against social norms of a woman to destroy social bounds. As modern readers, we are able to criticize the society that prevents resistance of conventions and forces death of those who break the suppressive rules.

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However, plotline can be analyzed differently as themes of the tragedy are various and opposite. Our choice is to analyze power and role of women in the play and how human beings can be effected badly by the title they hold in the society. Jacobean society experiencing breakdown of free will, moral courage and positive vision of life, corrupted institutions were skillfully demonstrated by John Webster in this play. Awareness of societal division and corruption is nowhere more obvious than in Webster’s most well known play, “The Duchess of Malfi”. During this period, powerful women were considered dangerous and unnatural. Female dominance was accepted as social disorder. In patriarchal society all levels of the society looked towards a male figure holding supreme power, therefore, powerful women were disapproved by population. Political women must have had contradictory qualities of “manly” intelligence, motherly kind and merely obedient. In the Duchess’s society, it was considered immoral and wrong for a noble woman to marry beneath her. Webster attempts to provoke thought through this socially unequal marriage and question what was considered morally acceptable. He himself does not pass moral judgment on her marriage, thus allowing for interpretations over the years to vary, with evolving times. Renaissance dramatists created drama and developed this genre rapidly giving to the world masterpieces as Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Macbeth, Twelfth Night, King Lear; Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus, Edward II; John Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi; Ben Johnson’s Volpone, The Alchemist, Bartholomew Fair and others. English Renaissance drama is worth reading and never loses its fame and attractiveness with its most important innovations as creating blank verse to develop English non dramatic poetry, using unrhymed iambic pentameter to make oral performance better, soliloquy to show the deep feelings of the character through monologues. Renaissance drama opened the way to the later development of novel, journalism and other literary form.

REFERENCES

1. Braunmuller A.R. and Michael Hattaway.” English Renaissance Drama”, Cambridge University Press,1992 2. Pacheco, Emma. The Power that Women Hold in The Duchess of Malfi. Final AE Project,2012 3. Wigham, Fred. “Sexual and Social Mobility in The Duchess of Malfi” Academic Search Premier.Web.18 Nov 2012.

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HISTORY

THE IMPORTANCE OF GOTHIC TRADITION IN WESTERN CULTURE

Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Lomova E. A.,

Kazakhstan, Kazakh National Pedagogical University after Abai

Abstract. This article observes the problem of importance and influence of Gothic culture in the international literary process. Keywords: historical consciousness, Gothic tradition, literary achievement, fantastic art, grotesque, Classicism, Romanticism, aesthetic perception, romantic performance, German romanticism Naturalism, Modernism, Gothic novel, mystery, emotional impact, realistic historicism, plot, mental status

In the XVIII century the crisis of the traditional Britain cultural and historical consciousness was caused by searching for new techniques, themes and characters, turned to the emergence of a new phenomenon in the west artistic life. This social and cultural process was recognized by the growing of interaction between Russian and Anglo-American literature, was clearly reflected in the researching of many scientists, such as A. Polyakov, M.M. Gamer and many others. [1], [2] This contradictive historical period became productive for the – called Gothic tradition, those the original background and formation was a basic for the many striking and radical discoveries in Western European and English prose of the last centuries. [3], [4] The studies by L. Sartera, V. Dey, M. Kilgour proposed that Gothic appearance and then “neo – Gothic” texts in English literature and their functioning of three centuries was defined by Slavic studies as a significant and indisputable fact, those reflection and representation took an important place not only in fiction, but also in the whole of the western culture. [5], [6] Modern art is marked by a tradition in current and historical nature. Through the human being existence the nature and function of conventional forms was diverse; in some cases they were defined entirely as aesthetic goals of a literary achievement, and in other cases the artistic convention served as a special effective tool for the subject embodiment of the individual artist manner and its narrative specificity. The fantastic art as one form of embodiment of reality was recognized even at the primitive level of the human being existence, as the dominant way to explain and adopt the origin and essence of nature object and phenomena. In the Middle Age the fiction flourishing was linked primarily with the chivalrous epics, whose a wonderful beginning was as the basic of the structure of artistic time and space. In the Renaissance writers expressed their main idea by fantastic grotesque, most fully embodied in the works of Francois Rabelaic. In Shakespeare’s dramas the fantastic action was performed by the grotesque also, and the importance of philosophical and ethical author view was amplified by this direction of the artistic depiction. In the era of the Classicism the appeal to the fantastic grotesque became much weaker, due the new leading trend of nationalism. The new shift in the content and forms of fiction depiction was associated with the time of pre – Romanticism, and the fantastic way of depiction was employed as one of the categories of philosophical and aesthetic perception of reality. The romantic performance was manifested by turning away from the rational direction in the art and was characterized by the approval the as solute freedom of creativity. Not being able to change anything in the surrounding reality, the Romanticism opposed to the poetic invention against the troubles of human being existence. The fantastic depiction was connected with the romantic variety of function, expressed its dominant ideal, and therefore the poetic imagery of A. Hoffman, L. Tieck and Novalis was embodied through the magical and fantastic way. The fantasy successfully in the provided the way of reality attitude “Elexir of Satan”, “Night Stories” by Hoffman and “Blond Ekberte” by L. Tieck. The German romanticism was predominantly related to the psychological and philosophical theme named as “lacking the spiritual reality”, while in English culture Romanticism was turned to the

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International Scientific and Practical Conference “WORLD SCIENCE” ISSN 2413-1032 reach traditional heritage of medieval historical period and folklore, clearly reflected in the revival of its interest in the works of Milton, Spenser and Shakespeare. The novel of the Age of Enlightment wasn’t successful to reveal the new concept of the Universal, those led to the emergency of the Gothic genre with its basis on the miraculous way of representation artistic time and space. The Gothic literary was referred to different fruitful fields of fiction narration, marked by its extensive interaction and mutual influence and was found in a very wide range of different shades ideological and methodological sense. Becoming a link between the XVIII and XIX centuries, the Gothic culture was safely survived the rise and fade of Romanticism and organically intertwined with the Naturalism and its achievements. The Modernism due to such kind culture process became a comprehensive source accepted for three centuries. This aesthetics and philosophical direction was very productive according to the theme, plot and stylistic structure art system, those was defined as the Gothic tradition of the scientific research in the field of fiction and its features. English Gothic novel was recognized by a significant impact on the subsequent era of the English Romanticism and the tradition of the “gothic” fiction clearly was manifested by the creativity of Scott, Byron, Shelly, and many other authors. The fantastic in the Gothic novel initially was concerned imagery associated with the overall objective of the aesthetic and artistic development of the Middle Ages and corresponding desire to revive the genre “romance” with its wonderful atmosphere, mystery and defy the rational interpretation of reality. Turning to the creativity of W. Scott, the Russian researches E. Prokofiev and B. Naptson affirmed that W. Scott hadn’t violated historical truth by introductions of mystery depiction. [7], [8] Owing to this narrative way the writer achieved more accurate resurrection of customs and national traditions in his portrayed era and latterly was known as a founder of the realistic historicism. W. Scott recreated the spiritual people life, its philosophy, psychology and social aspect in a particular historical epoch. [9], [10], [11], [12] The Gothic novel was linked up with philosophical issue and statement of the tragic fatalism as an expression of human being helplessness in the face of irrational essence of Universal. In connection with such kind of view the reality became unknowable completely for somebody and was ruled by hostile and inexorable fate. The crucial conflict of the Gothic novel was formulated by the universal character in collusion and the main hero was served as an embodiment of the tragic struggle between the intelligent and horror sides of reality. The fear and horror as the ethical elements philosophy system was accompanied by the human being tragic existence and became as the necessary factors of the emotional impact on the readers. The collapse of the world unity, suffering and hopelessness of death and loneliness was enlightened meaningful subject for dispute in the Romantic literature. Fear and horror as the ethical features were accompanied with human being’s tragic existence and proclaimed as the necessary factors of an emotional impact on the viewer and reader in Gothic aesthetics. The exhaustion of life, the future inexorably Universe collapse, suffering and hopelessness of death became a crucial point for discussion according the romantic literature. The fantastic assumption and hyperbole was contributed to interpretation of the human being psyche in the forms of hallucinations and dreams as the Gothic major artistic methods by the Gothic major artistic methods to highlight the features human psyche in the forms of hallucinations and dreams. Unlike the Gothic trend the romantic writer sought to escape from the border of inexorable reality and concerned the creativity with respect to attempts to introduce and theorize their o distinctive, intimate, ideal world. However, forward – looking romantic ideal was related to past human being experience and was perfected by the Gothic ethic. The main romantic hero was characterized by special mental status with a serious conflict between the limited border of reality and discovery of another perception of Universe in miraculous was. Psychological specific character of reality was developed by Gothic works one the two contradictive shades of space taken place in the coordinates intense the Gothic topography. The complicated Gothic narrative was performed as a complicated system with discord and fragmentation, and structure modification of the architectural features. Narrative space in the Gothic plot was recreated by mosaic structure integrity of the surrounding reality and was comprehensible by readers hardly. Gothic fiction time was marked by a “time capsule” with its specific articles as a monastery family portrait, a manuscript, and determined by two basic form of time in Gothic plot realized in the historical background and the chronological sequence of events.

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The fiction in the Gothic plot was tended to quasi-medieval, blurring historical circuits and separating from limited in the mystery reality. It was characterized by the non-linear, conjugate in the past, present and future outlook and persisting actual past time transformed to the present time layer and performing the future time with respect to the ideal shaped the epic past time. This concept of fiction Gothic time was based on the development of unusual and frightening picture of the “terrible” reality. The main properties of chronological time were defined by the intensity and complexity, due primarily specifics of the narrative structure. The intensity was achieved by extension of the time frame inserted narrative stories, taken place in the past its quality variety and by the direct indication of the fiction present layer. The time in the Gothic plot was linked to the intensity of involvement by the presence of the several layers in the narrative, the general organization of the retrospective outlook complicated by a variety of disorders normal real time. Thus, the specific features of spatiotemporal forms of the Gothic plot deploy was recognized by the intensity and the complexity. The Gothic plot as a property of performed culture tradition was concerned to these literary principles, well-defined features and the general typological concept of the Gothic scene. The forms of space and the time characteristic of the Gothic works were created with accordance to deployment of lots unreal action and contradictive situation and included the three types of space the stage, the mental status and narrative way. The development of stage space was determined by the issue of a fatal inability to overcome the reality boundaries set by human being. The Gothic space was tended to minimize from the exposition of the “open” to a closed space with its further intensive deployment of tangled and sinister depths caused the movement of the Gothic scene. The development of the stage space in the Gothic plot, ultimately, had great important influence on the image of the Gothic hero through the depiction of his mental soulful space in the artistic Gothic coordinates. The internal character of the Gothic hero was developed by writer as a symbol of the mental Gothic reality and its features. The diversity and complication of hero’s inner world turned to become a philosophical-ethical phenomenon and crucial aspect for investigation by scientists and marked by distinctive complex of the architectonic and subjective methods of literary reflection.

REFERENCES

1. N. Polyakov Gothic novel: genre canon and typological variations / The fate of the genre in the literary process. Irkutsk, 2005. – Vol. 2. – 145-156 p.p. 2. M. Gamer Romanticism and the Gothic. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. – 125 p. 3. N. Budur Gothic English prose and the ways of its development / English Gothic prose: In 2 t. – M., 1999. T. 1 – 5-16 p.p. 4. V. Vaduro Gothic novel in Russian. – M., 2002. – 543 p. 5. V. Day. In the Circles of Fear and Desire: A Study of Gothic Fantasy. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1985. – 53 p. 6. M. Kilgour. The Rise of the gothic novel. London. NY, 1995. – 280 p. 7. E. Prokofiev Gothic romance and originality of fiction in the English Romantic prose (fantastic in the novel Mary Shelly’s “Frankenstein” and the originality of the fantastic in the works of Sir Walter Scott). – Diss. cand. Philology. Sciences. – M., 2005. – 207 p. 8. B. Naptsov The typology of the genre of English “Gothic” novel of the XVIII century. // Philological. Gazette. Maikop, 2002. №4 – 40-52 p.p. 9. V. Grigorieva Gothic romance and originality of fiction in the English romantic prose. Diss. cand. Philology. Sciences. – Rostov-on-Don 1988. – 150 p. 10. G. Zalomkina The poetics of space and time in the Gothic plot. - Diss. cand. Philology. Sciences. – Samara, 2003. – 224 p. 11. V. Ivashov The present century a century past. English novel in its modern sound. – M.: Higher School, 1990. – 34-80 p.p. 12. The history of foreign literature of the XIX century / ed. N. Solovieva – M., 2007. -656 p.

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TAMERLANE’S ROLE ON POLITICAL LIFE OF TRANSOXIANA XIV CENTURY 60-70 YEARS

1Bedelova G. S. 2Spankul Askar

The Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University 1 Ph.D., associate professor 2 2nd year Master of Faculty of History, Archaeology and Ethnology

Abstract. Article is about Tamerlane’s role in Transoxiana political life during 60-70 years of XIV century. Shows Tamerlane’s gradual attempts to seek political power during political events that took place inTransoxiana after half of the XIV century.Continuous time of mischief and not stable decades, whichstarted after Qazaqanamir(1346-1358). Power moved from hand to hand between Amirs and Mongol Khans. Moghulistan Khan TughulukhTemir started several campaigns to spread his power in Transoxiana. At first,Tamerlane was TughulukhTemir’s ally and had good relationship, Tughulukh even appointed him as the one who wasresponsible for military affairsof Transoxiana, after some time some disagreements appeared between Mongol Khans and Tamerlane, so he changed his position to another side to ally with Qazaqan Amir’s grandson Hussein. Also there are some information how Tamerlane and Hussein seized political power from Mongols in Transoxiana, the creation of an independed state of their own and also about the effect of their policy and war to Transoxiana’s political life. Keywords: Tamerlane, Hussein, moghols, Transoxiana, political situation, political power.

After a half of XIV century, after the political events that took place in Transoxiana the Tamerlane slowly began to make actions of the pursuit of political power. At first,Tamerlane began to serve to Barlas tribe’s leader, Kesh region ruler Amir Haji [1, 45-p.]. In addition, the arrival of the Tamerlane to the political arena of Transoxiana we can connect to January of 1360 year.At that time Mongol Khanofeastern part of the Chagatai khanate,the Tughlugh Timur (1359-1370) invaded Transoxiana by large armyusing the chaos and mess. Khan located his army in place called Shanaq bulaq, which was between Syr Darya River and Tashkent, after beks military council he send his vanguard army leaded by Bekkychyk, Uliq Timur and Khajibeq to Kesh region. After some time, the ruler of the Xodjand area,Amir Bayazid joined them with his ulus and his allies. Emir Haji collected army from Kesh and Kharshi and thought to fight against Mongols. After realizing that there was no chance to resist the invasion of enemies, he consulted with people close to him, then left his comfortable place Kesh regionwith relatives and retreated to Xorsan located on the left bank of Amu Darya.Tamerlanewhom was under command of Amir Kazhibek accompanied Amir until Amu Darya and after he came back, he started serving Tughlugh Timurthen he came back to Kesh region and tried his best to prevent nation and barsa ulus from scattering. He made an agreement with Temir Khan so he was appointed as Kesh region’s darugha, also he became owner of some lands.Thus, Temir in 1360 yearby diplomatic waybecame darugha of Kesh region whom had all the power in his own hands and managed to saveulus ethnic groups from slavery.In a short period of time, he gathered an army to protect the land from Keshregionuntil Amu Darya, together with other local amirs. Also in 1360 year the ruler of Baliqh, Husseyinthe grandson of Amir Kazaqan’s in order to control Transoxiana he managed to send an army to Qissar and Chaqannian regions ruler Bayan Sulduz. Husseyin by his ambassadors asked army support from Tamerlane. Bayan Sulduz could not resist and had to retreat to Badaqshan because of Husseyin’s army force supported by Tamerlaneafterwards Husseyin started controllingQissar. Hussein and Tamerlane joint military campaign played a significant role in the political and military life of the Tamerlane. He established close personal relationship with Husseyin and became friends. Husseyin respected Tamerlane for his help and support,so he arranged solemnly feast table for him. Husseyin’s hope for military and political support was justified by Tamerlane. Tamerlane’s works during the decade between 1360-1370 yearswere the basis of the efforts of all his activities. This were the first steps he took to achieve the high level of military and political career, but this period was very difficult and full of suffering.Tamerlan by his military capabilities activelyparticipated to war betweenChagatai Amirs inTransoxiana and joined the fight against the

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Mongholstan Mongol khans.He often changed his side between opposite camps, from camp to another camp by creating conditions by using diplomatic and military techniques, by bribery attracted necessary for him important politics and military people. He tried to hold them by marrying their daughters to use marriage policy against them alsohe often tried to gather around him loyal people from his own tribe.In other words, Tamerlan in XIV centuries 60th years passed through full-time military-political school full of rivalries and have grown stronger, and in any events, he had ability to decide for his own favor. Mogholstan Khan Toghuluh Temir started new campaign to conquer Transoxiana for second time in 1361 year. Tamerlan knew Kerayt’s Hamit whom was close to Toghuluh Temir and by Hamit’s proposal met with Khan in 1361 and said that he would like to support him. Khan gave him Kesh region with ten thousand people and one-tumen soldiers. Toghuluh Temir prepaired for war against Amir Hussein. In turn, Amir Hussein collected necessary soldiers and went to Vakhsh Riverin direction to fight with Toghuluh Temir. However, Hussein refused to fight against Toghuluh Temir after the shock of betrayal of his people, after the event Toghuluh Temir went to Horasn. In the fall of 1361 year,Toghuluh Temir returned to Samarkand and announced that whole Transoxiana now belongs to him. He left Transoxiana to his son Ilyashoja and appointed his son Bekkchik as Amir. All military proceedings he left to Tamerlane. But because of disagreement between Ilyashoja and Tamerlane, Tamerlane left Ilyashoja soldiers to unite with Hussein. [2, 34-p.]. During time when Husseian and Tamerlane run and secretly hide from Mongols, an important event happenedthat affected Tamerlane. While he was in Sistan area,he injured his arm and leg by bow arrow. [3, 128-p.]. Close to the truth information about this event, we can find in Rui Gonzales Clavijo notes: «... After the event, Tamerlane came to the so-called Sistan and there he stole sheep, horses and everything what he saw and touched. Before starting robery, he had about five hundred companions. When Sistan people found out what he did, they united against him. One day when he was trying to steal flocks, he faced people of Sistan, they killed some of his people and Tamerlane fell of the horse and injured his right leg, people thought that he was dead because he fell of the horse so they left him there. [4, 42-p.]. Because of his injure he got in Sistan, he suffered all his life and his right leg became lame. Since that time his name Tamerlane ("Langer" Farsi "lame") or "The Lame Tamer" was formed. [5, 1-p.]. However,all the sufferings, which he got because of his physical injury,did not affect his existing ambitions to reach power through anything, to create his own empire, to become authority in global scale,the injury did not influence his general principles. After recovering from his injury, Tamerlane reunited with Hussein and won series of small wars. These victories gave Tamerlane and Hussein chance to join military actions in Transoxianaagain. Hussein collected six thousand soldiers, best two thousands of them he selected to form special forceand appointed Tamerlane as their commander. Tamerlane’s task was to stop attack of 25 thousand Mongol troops. He knew the large number of enemies so Tamerlane conceived military strategy and tactics of deceit:he ordered his soldiers to be located on mountains and commanded each soldier to burn at least ten flambeaus. When night guards saw thousands of enemy flambeaus they raised the alarm to retreat because they thought that large enemy forces were surrounding them. Tamerlane was aware of this so his troops chased retreating enemy troops and killed some of them. In 1364 year, Hussein and Tamerlane won the war against Mongol army under command of Ilyashoja and Amir Hamidbek. This victory on Mongols repression has created favorable conditions to form new independent state. To legalize their authority Hussein and Tamerlane called to Royal Congress such noyans as amir Kazaqan (1346-1358) and put on throne “puppet Khan” Qabulshah who had nothing to deal with throne and only had royal bloodline. Hussein’s son monitored power as amir, Tamerlane was his right arm and by his own wish they appointed him as a governor of Kesh region. Thus, Tamerlane and Hussein in 1365 year, they overcame all the difficulties and internal and external enemies and had all political power of Transoxianain their hands. Hussein and his deputy Tamerlane rule in Transoxianaafter twelve years (1358-1370) of mischief actions did not last long and was not stable therefore it only lasted a few months.According to V.V. Bartold, Hussein did not have a high level of military power as the leader of the country and he could not fight against Mongol Khans of Jetisu and East Turkestan that tried to take control by using unstable mischief times.[6, 370-p.].

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In 1365 year, (By Hijri 766 year) Mongols started another campaign aimed toconquerTransoxiana. [1, 52, p.].Hussein and Tamerlane’s army was completely destroyed as a result of the war.This war in history has the name, "The Battle of pond" (Батпақ шайқасы). [2, 40-p.]. Notes about this war we can find in works of A.U. Yakubovskii [7, p. 346-347.], and V.V. Bartold [6, 370 p.]. Ilyasqoja Khan after losing the war in 1363 year run away to Moghulstan. When he found out that Hussein and his ally Tamerlane took power in their hands he started to seek for revenge. In May of 1365 year withhighly trained military army, he started his way to Transoxiana. Hussein and Tamelane after they realized that new attack is going to come so they moved their military force to the right bank of Sirdarya River. As always Hussein commanded right wing, Tamerlane commanded left wing of the army. When enemy army started approaching, Hussein looked suspicious to his amirs. Army leaders had problems with making decisions and did not have enough confidence. Despite all these, the troops involved in the war thought to defeat enemy army and win. Blood flow as a river during war. Due to the high military ability and tactical skills of Tamerlan, the left wing commanded by Tamerlan was violating Mongols right wing position and was on the verge of victory.However, during the moment when fate of the war was going to be resolved Hussein was to slow to make movement so all actions that Tamerlan did were lost, instead of attacking Mongols left wing he did not change his position. Then he left the battlefield and retreated to left bank of Syrdaria River. Hussein army retreading followed by heavy rain, because of wet ground and dirt horses could not stand and fell down, even bow arrows got so wet that they could not shot them. When the enemy troops stood motionless wearing numnah outfits. All of these lead to defeat of Hussein and Tamerlan. They left their army on battlefield and went to Samarkhand, and thenthey moved to the south of Amu Darya River and hid in Balikh. [2, 40-p.]. To save their lives, they leftTransoxianawithout any honor and were forced to leave because of Mongols.Samarkand was considered as a big city, which was left defenseless.The city did not have either a military commander for protection of the city walls, further exacerbated by the lack of buildings and fortifications, such as the Citadel.However, the city population did not recognize the authority of the Mongolian Khan Iliyasqojaand refused to obey him, but also moved to protect their own city. It was named as Serbeder uprising against Mongols, it was the base of Transoxianaand Khorasans fight for independence and freedom. [8, 326-327-p.]. After political power came into hands of Serbeder’s, Tamerlane and Hussein wanted to defeat uprising by using manipulation techniques instead of military force. V.V. Bartold said that they send special letters to the leaders of Serbeder movement were they wrote thatthey would give variety of gifts, their full support for these actions and that they will not be punished for what they did. In 1366, came to Samarkand and honored to gather the leaders of the movement.But Hussein and Tamerlane arrested all of them and sentenced to death. Because of Tamerlane’s intervention, uprising leader’s son Mawlanzada survived. Generally, after this moment disagreement between Hussein and Tamerlane began to appear. Tamerlane’s policy about the Serbeder’s showed that he was very talented politician who could see the future and plan ahead. He started his way to create his own state in Transoxiana, so he wanted to be in good relation with not only Shaqatai’s, Turks, settle military-feudal lords, rich merchants butas well as with local artists, he wanted to have the support of normal people instead of other. This social group was the driving force of and the main base of the Mauren and Horassan uprising against the Mongols. Serbeder’s and Tamerlane had same ambitious goals and objectives to reach Transoxiana’s political power at any cost using all useful resources.

REFERENCES

1. Roux, Jean-Paul. Tamerlane; lane. fr. E. A. Sokolova. - Moscow: Young Guard, 2005. 2. Justin Marocci. Tamerlan: World Conqueror. M.: Poligrafizdat, 2010. 3. Irmiyaeva T.Y. History of muslim worldfrom Khalifa untillthe Sublime Porte. Chelyabinsk, 2000. 4. Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo. Diary of Journey to Samarqand to the Court of Tamerlan (1403- 1406). -M.: Science. 1990. 5. B.F. Manz, The rise and rule of Tamerlane, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. 6. V.V. Bartold The popular movement in Samarkand in 1365.// T.-ІІ.- CH.2. M.: Science. 1964. 7. A.Y. Jakubowski Tamelane and his time. Tashkent, 1950. 8. M.S. Asimov, C.E. Bosworth, eds. History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievment: AD 750 to End of Fifteenth Century, Part 1: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting. Paris: UNESCO Publishsing, 1998.

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ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ ЭТНОСАРАЛЫҚ ТАТУЛЫҚ - ЕЛ БІРЛІГІНІҢ КЕПІЛІ

тарих ғылымдарының кандидаты Өтен Гүлзағира Жақсылыққызы

Қазақстан, Шымкент қаласы, «Өрлеу» Біліктілікті арттыру Ұлттық орталығы» АҚ филиалы ОҚО бойынша ПҚБА институты

Қазақстан тәуелсіз ел болғаннан бері ғана оның өткен тарихына сын көзбен қайта қарау мүмкіндігіне ие болдық. Бұл еліміздегі тарих ғылымының жаңа тыныс алуына жол ашты. Қазақстан тарихының өзіне ерекше назар аудартатын іргелі тақырыптарының бірі – ұлт мәселесі. Қазіргі таңда ұлтаралық қатынас мәселесі Қазақстан тарихы саласының өзекті мәселелерінің қатарын құрайды. Ғасырлар бойы тәуелсіздік пен бостандықты армандаған қазақ халқы өзінің қайғы-қасіретке толы тарихында тағдырдың тәлкегіне түсіп, көптеген оқиғаларды басынан кешірді. Соның ішінде еліміз тарихындағы ұлтаралық қатынастар мәселесі өте өзекті қайта зерттеуді қажет ететін тақырыптардың қатарына жатады. Өйткені еліміздің осы кезеңдегі тарихы, Кеңес тарихының ықпалында, отаршыл идеологияның темір құрсауында бұрмаланып жазылды. Н.Назарбаев өзінің «Тарих толқынында» кітабында «Қазақтың сана сезімі өскендегі, қазіргі және болашақтағы-тарихтың толқынында өзінің ұлттық «Мен» дегізерлік қасиетін түсінуге тұңғыш рет қана мүмкіндік алып отыр... Бірақ, бұл мүмкіндік қана , ол шындыққа тек қазақтардың ғана емес, барлық қазақстандықтардың жаппай санасына орныққан фактіге айналуы қажет» деп көрсеткен. Қазақстан жерін мекендейтін халықтардың достық, туысқандық қарым-қатынасы, оларды біртұтас мақсатқа жетелейтін жетекші ұлттық мүдде болуы қазіргі саясаттың маңызды бөлігіне айналды. Кеңес Одағы ыдырар алдында елде бұрын байқалмаған толқулар күшейді. Н.Назарбаев «Ғасырлар тоғысында» кітабында: «Ең қауіптісі — олар таза ұлттық cипат ала бастады. Ұлт мәселесінің соншалық асқындауы әуелі теориялық дәрменсіздіктен етек алды», — деп жазды. Ал XX ғасырдың соңында тек Кеңестер елінде ғана емес, бүкіл әлемде ауқымды ұлттық оянудың үдере бас көтеруі басталған болатын. Тоталитарлы жүйе тұсындағы жалпы мемлекеттік саясатқа эклектизм, яғни қарама- карсы әр түрлі философиялық көзқарастарды, теориялық алғышарттарды, саяси тұжырымдарды қалай болса солай дәйексіз біріктіре салу тән болды. Соның нәтижесінде ұлттарды аға мен ініге теңеу саясаты, келеңсіз көріністер орын алды. Кеңес халқы тоталитарлық-саяси әдістермен біріккен қауым, оның мәдени негізі идеологияландырылған кеңес мәдениеті болды. Сол себепті саяси қатаң тәртіп сол әлсіреген кезде «адамдардың жаңа тарихи қауымдастығы» ыдырап кетті. Кеңес өкіметі құлағаннан кейін бұрынғы ұлт саясатындағы бір ұлтты жоғары қою арқылы, екіншілерін төмендету, екінші қатарға ысырып тастауға, империялық көңіл күйге, экстремистік әрекеттерге тосқауыл қойылды. Ұлт мәселесі «атылмаған жанартау» болудан қалып, ұлт мәселесінің ақылды, парасатты шешімдерді қажет ететіндігі мойындалды. Бұл парасаттылықтың астарында әрбір қазақстандықтың өзін, ең алдымен, қазақстандық екендігін, сонан кейін өз ұлтының перзенті екендігін сезінгенде ғана ұлтаралық қарым-қатынастың жоғары мәдениеті қалыптасады. Сонда ғана шынайы ұлттық келісім мен шынайы саяси және қоғамдық тұрақтылыққа қол жеткізуге болады. Ол қазақстандық патриотизмге негізделуі қажет. Ұлтаралық, этностық топтар арасындағы келісім — барша азаматтың нәсіліне, ұлтына, діни сеніміне қарамастан қашанда бір-біріне көмекке келуге әзірлігі, психологиялық тұрғыдан дайындығы, достық қарым-қатынасын бейнелейді. Қазақстанның даму, өсу, өркендеу жолындағы басым бағыттарының бірі — ұлттық келісім, ұлтаралық қарым-қатынас мәдениетінің жоғары деңгейі екені даусыз. Әрине, ұлттық келісімге келгенде, әрбір адамның азаматтық құқы сақталуы шарт екендігі түсінікті. Сонымен қатар елдегі саяси тұрақтылықтың кепілі ретінде ұлтаралық келісіммен бірге халықтың әл-ауқатының жақсаруы да өз әсерін тигізеді. Қазақстан Республикасындағы ұлт саясатының бағдарламасы саяси тұрақтылықтың кепілі болып қала бермек. Күллі қазақстандықтардың теңдігін қамтамасыз ету үшін әділеттік принципі мен ұлтаралық татулық санасын қалыптастыру маңызды. Осыған орай еліміздегі қазақ ұлты мен басқа этикалық топтардың мәдениетін, жан-жақты дамуын қамтамасыз етудің маңызы зор.

28 № 2(18), Vol.2, February 2017 http://ws-conference.com/

International Scientific and Practical Conference “WORLD SCIENCE” ISSN 2413-1032

Қазақтар Кеңес Одағы ыдырап, көптеген ұлттық топтардың өз отанынан жырақта қалған жағдайын жақсы түсінеді. Тоталитаризм жылдарында қазақтардың өзі оның зардаптарын басынан өткерді, миллиондаған қазақтар шетелге кетуге мәжбүр болып, демографиялық апатқа ұшырады. Ендеше кеңестік тоталитаризм қазақ халкының басына да орны толмас бақытсыздықтар әкелді. Әрі халқымыздың басым көпшілігі өздерін Қазақстанның азаматы ретінде танитыны айдан айқын. Сондықтан азаматтық қоғамидеяларын жалпы ұлттық идеялармен үйлестіре отырып, республикадағы азаматтық қауымдастықты қалыптастыруға әбден болады. Кеңестік қызыл империя кеңістігінде ұлттарды Отандарынан қуғындау, көшіру кеңес үкіметінің ұстанған ұлт саясаты және репрессия, соғыс жағдайларына байланысты жүрді. Дегенменде, тұтастай ұлттарды қазақ даласына лек-легімен тоғыту үкіметтің шектен шыққан, әрі адам құқықтарын бұзған саяси өктем әрекеттер екендігі өз тұсында ашық зерттелмеді. Мұның өзіндік себептері болғандығы көпшілікке мәлім. Бірақ, еліміз еркіндік алғанша республикамыздағы өзге ұлт өкілдері жайында жазуға тыйым салынған мұрағат қорларындағы нақты құжаттар мен деректер жұртшылыққа белгісіз еді. Тек тәуелсіздік алған тұста еліміздің тарихшылары тарихымыздың «ақтаңдақ» беттерін аша бастаған еді. 1939 жылы бүкілодақтық халық санағы Кеңес үкіметінің индустрияландыру және ұжымдастыру саясаттарының жақсы және кертартпа әсерлерін көрсетті. Бүл іс – әрекеттер бірінші кезекте халық саны мен құрамына әсер етті. 1926 жылдан бері 12 жыл өткен болса да, халық саны 13%-ға ғана көбейген (6151102) соның ішінде ер азаматтар - 3%-ға көбейген болса, ал әйел азаматтар керісінше 0,5%-ға қысқарған. 1939 жылы бүкілодақтық халық санағы республикадағы жекелеген ұлттардың санын көрсетті. Қазақстан Ресей құрамына қосылғаннан кейінгі орыс, татар, белорус, украиндардың санының көбеюі қазақтардың жыл сайын азаюынан байқалады. Қазақтардың үлес салмағы 20,7%-ға азайды. Ал орыстардың үлес салмағы 39% болып, Қазақстандағы саны жағынан көп этникалық топ болды. Республикада украиндардың үлес салмағы болса 10,7%-ды құрап, орыстармен қоса елдің халық санының жартысын құрады (50,6%).[2, 57 б.] Қазақстан территориясында өмір сүрген қазақтар Орталықтың тікелей бақылауында болғасын саны жағынан ұзақ жыл бойы (1917-1957 жж) үнемі азайып, ортайып отырғанын аңғартып тұр. Патшалық Ресей водворения саясатын, яғни, жаулап алып, отарланған жерге орыс шаруаларының санын асыруға бар амал айласын қолданудан тартынбады. Мұндағы мақсат – келімсектің саны артқан сайын бұратана халықтың жерін иемденуде үстемдігі артып, оларды шоқындырып, орыстандыру процесін жылдамдату болатын. Осы тұрғыда таза миссионерлік мақсатқа құрылған аралас (орыс түземдік) мектептер қызу атсалысты. Қазақстан Республикасындағы ірілі-ұсақты 8 мыңдай мектептің 1777-і таза орыс тілді мектеп болса, 2068- і аралас мектеп болып тұру әуселесі нені көрсетеді? Қазақтар өз жерінде бүгінде 67%-ға жетсе де таза қазақ тілді мектебі 50%-дан аспай отыруы да мәселенің түп төркінін айқындап тұрған жоқ па?! Тәуелсіздік жылдарында жаңадан 900 қазақ мектебінің ашылуы – біздің үмітіміздің бағдары айқындалды деп болашағымызға сенуліміз. Тек 1989, 1999 жылғы санақ нәтижелері республикадағы этникалық топтардың қатарында орыстардың үлес салмағы төмендегенін көрсетті. Оған көші-қондық ағымдар, табиғи өсімнің азаюы, әлеуметтік жағдайдың нашарлауы кері әсер етті. Қазақстанға алыс және шетелдердегі қазақтардың көшіп келуі де жергілікті халықтың абсолюттік және салыстырмалы көрсеткіштеріне өзгерістер әкелді. Ел Президенті Назарбаев Н.Ә. Қазақстан халқы Ассамблеясын құру идеясын алғаш реет 1992 жыл Тәуелсіздіктің бірінші жылына арналған Қазақстан халқының бірінші форумында жариялады. Аталған бастама мәдениет аралық диалогты нығайтудың жаңа кезеңінің негізін қалап, этносаралық қатынастарды дамыту мәселелерін жоғары деңгейде шешуге мүмкіндік жасайтын әлемдік тәжірибедегі тың бағыт болып табылды. Тәуелсіз елдің тарихында Ассамблея қарқынды дамып, елеулі өзгерістерді бастан кешірді. Оның дамуы барысында Н.Назарбаевтың этносаралық толеранттылық және қоғамдық келісімнің қазақстандық үлгісі қалыптасты. Бұл бірегей институт еліміздегі барлық этнос өкілдерін ортақ мақсатқа ұйыстыра отырып, республикадағы тұрақтылықты сақтау мен ел дамуының мақсатына айтулы үлес қосып келеді. Ассамблея қызметінің арқасында Қазақстанда этностық немесе діни ерекшелігіне қарамастан әрбір азаматтың Конституциямен кепілдік берілген азаматтық құқықтары мен еркіндігі толығымен қолданылатын этносаралық және конфессияаралық келісімнің айрықша үлгісі қалыптасты. Қазақстанның көпэтностық бай кеңістігінде сенім, келісім мен өзара түсіністік үлгісі орнады.

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International Scientific and Practical Conference “WORLD SCIENCE” ISSN 2413-1032

Егер мемлекеттің қалыптасу кезеңінде басты міндет этносаралық төзімділік пен қоғамдық келісім негізінде қоғамды ұйыстыру болса, ел дамуының жаңа кезеңінде, стратегиялық басымдық ретінде, қоғамның барлық азаматтары мойындаған ортақ құндылықтар мен қағидаттар жүйесіне негізделген Ұлт Бірлігіне жету болып табылады. Сондықтан 2010 жылы сәуірде азаматтық қоғам мен мемлекеттік институттардың, азаматтардың сындарлы ұсыныстарын жинақтаған Қазақстанның Ел Бірлігі Доктринасы қабылданды. Ел Президенті еліміздегі тіл мәселесіне ерекше көңіл бөліп келеді. Этносаралық қатынастар жүйесінде мемлекеттік тіл ел бірлігін қалыптастырудың маңызды факторы болып танылған. Сондықтан да Ассамблея қызметінде мемлекеттік тілдің қолданыс аясын кеңейту маңызды орынға ие. Ассамблея қызметі этносаралық қатынастар мәселелерін тиімді шешіп келе жатқан ел ретінде Қазақстан Республикасының халықаралық беделінің өсуіне ықпал етуде. Бүгінде Н.Назарбаевтың этносаралық толеранттылық пен қоғамдық келісім үлгісі әлем назарын аударып отыр. Қазақстан халқы Асамблеясы сан алуан этностарды азаматтық тұрғыда топтастырудың қуатты құралдарының біріне айналды. Жалпы алғанда, өз қызметінің алғашқы күндерінен бастап Ассамблея еліміздегі этностардың мәдениетінің қайта жаңғыруы мен дамуына елеулі ұлес қосып келеді. Наурыз мейрамы, корей, неміс мәдениетінің фестивальдері, татарлар мен башқұрттардың сабантойы жалпы халықтық сипатқа ие болды. Дүнгендер, курдтар сияқты, т.б. халықтардың мейрамдары мен түрлі форумдары республикалық деңгейде дәстүрлі түрде өткізіліп отырады. Ассамблеяның белсенді қызметінің нәтижесінде Қазақстандағы этностардың мәдени өмірі жандана бастады. Өйткені Ассамблея этникалық топтар арасындағы ұйымдастыру жұмыстарының орталығына айналды. Ассамблея органдарына мемлекеттік мәртебе берілуіне байланысты этномәдени орталықтардың мәселелері жедел шешімін тауып, кейбір өзекті мәселелер бойынша үкімет деңгейіндегі шешімдер қабылданады. Ассамблея Кеңесінің шешімімен этномәдени орталықтарға қаржылай және ұйымдастыру жұмыстары бойынша көмек көрсету мақсатында республикалық қор құрылған. Бұл қордың бөлімшелері әрбір облыстарда ашылды. Бүгінгі күні Қазақстан халқы Ассамблеясы еліміздегі әрбір этностың мүддесін қорғайтын қоғамдық бірлестік. Ассамблея көпұлтты Қазақстан халқын топтастырушы институт ретінде қалыптасып болды деп есептеуге толық негіз бар. Ассамблея Қазақстан азаматтарын отансүйгіштік рухта тәрбиелеуге, халықтар арасындағы достық пен бірлікті нығайту ісіне өлшеусіз үлесін қосып келеді.

ПАЙДАЛАНҒАН ӘДЕБИЕТТЕР

1. Алексеенко А.Н., Алексеенко Н.В., Қозыбаев М.К., Романов Ю.И. Этносы Казахстана. 5-6 б 2. Асылбеков М.Х., Жаркенова А.М. Население Казахстана в конце ХІХ – начало ХХ в.в. (1897-1917). – Алматы, 2001. 15-16 с. 3. Великая Отечественная война 1941-1945. События. Люди. Документы: краткий исторический справочник. Москва: Политиздат, 1990. – 264 с. 4. Саяси куғын-сүргін кұрбандары // Жас Алаш.-1997.-31 мамыр. 23-27 бб. 5. Вестник статистики, 1965, №1. 38-39 с.

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LEGAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

WAYS OF COMMISSION OF ILLEGAL ACCESS TO COMPUTER INFORMATION IN THE RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN CRIMINAL LEGISLATION

Lisun E. A., Cand. Leg. Sci. Shishchenko E. A.

Russia, Krasnodar, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin»

Abstract. In this article objective elements of illegal access to computer information in the Russian and foreign criminal legislation are considered. The social importance of protection of the public relations in the sphere of computer information is described. Norms of the foreign criminal legislation containing responsibility for similar encroachments are considered. The most common ways of commission of illegal access to computer information are listed. Authors note positive changes of the Russian criminal law and emphasize need of its further reforming. Keywords: computer crimes, foreign legislation, way of commission a crime, corpus delicti, criminal liability, crime execution with use of high technologies, qualification of crimes.

Information revolution led to the fact that certain information resources turned into the product having rather high cost and which got practically into all spheres of private and public life [1, p. 44]. In information society the important place is taken by computer systems as they are capable to process information from various sources. The Internet quickly turned into global information space, than even exceeded expectations of the developers [16, p.158]. Unfortunately, the computerization has not only positive, but also negative sides. First of all, it is emergence of new types of crime – crimes in the sphere of computer information. Implementation of automatic information systems practically to all spheres of public life created background of use of these processes in criminal activity [2, p. 997-1006]. Computer technologies and the international computer systems created the new conditions promoting criminal activity at the national and international levels [3]. Legislative practice of a number of the most developed countries is moving towards toughening of the computer crime legislation [4, p.4]. Creation of effective system of criminal-legal norms is a starting point of fight against computer crimes. The analysis of the Russian legislation aimed to regulation of the relations in the sphere of information security shows that it wasn't yet fully formed [16, p.159]. With the advent of new technologies of electronic communications overcoming negative effects of use of new technical achievements was gradually transformed from the problem resolved within the certain countries to a problem of an international cooperation [5, p. 57-61]. The number of the crimes committed through the Internet is growing rapidly, in proportion to number of users. The main reason of increasing number of crimes in this sphere consists in imperfection of law-enforcement practice and the norms concerning the collective management organization of copyright [6, p.17]. Before entering current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation [7] in Russia there was no opportunity to fight effectively against illegal access to computer information [8, p. 576-584]. Despite obvious public danger, these encroachments weren't illegal [9, p.5-6]. Now in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation chapter 28 containing crimes in the sphere of computer information is in the section "Crimes against Public Safety and Public Order". Blanket nature of dispositions of the Russian criminal-legal norms about responsibility for computer crimes requires of application of various legal acts and knowledge of the terminology in qualification process. Most of researchers point to the importance of addition of the list of the crimes in chapter 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and a list of the aggravating circumstances [10, p.26]. In Art. 272 of Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Illegal Access to Computer Information" established punishment for illegal access to the protected computer information if this act resulted destruction, blocking, modification or copying of computer information [11]. The corpus delicti in Art. 272 of Criminal Code has material construction. The objective part

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International Scientific and Practical Conference “WORLD SCIENCE” ISSN 2413-1032 consists of act – illegal access to the protected computer information, consequences – destruction, blocking, modification, copying of information, and also a causation between act and consequences. The Criminal Code doesn't give definition of illegal access to the protected computer information, and pointes only its consequences. Lack of legislative defenition of illegal access causes difficulties in qualification [12, p.32-35]. Illegal access is achieved by penetrating to computer system or the mass storage devices using special hardware or software, the illegal use of passwords and other data [2, p.997-1006]. Access to information resources of the Internet without consent of the owner of protected information is also considered illegal if it led to destruction, blocking, modification or copying of information, in the absence of a person's right to access it [13, p.40]. The fact of a viewing of the computer information which is stored on the storage device doesn't form corpus delicti of such crime [14, p.70]. If consequences aren't confirmed, then illegal introduction of information can't justify the application of Art. 272 of the Criminal Code. Such obligatory element of the objective part of illegal access to computer information as socially dangerous consequences is debatable [16, p.167]. The legislator doesn't describe a definition of specific types of the consequences in article disposition. Results of a survey of law enforcement officers indicates that this makes it difficult qualification process [17, p. 15-17]. Destruction of information is its loss in case of impossibility of its recovery. Blocking of information is an impossibility of its use in case of safety of such information. Modification of information means change of its content in comparison with that information which was originally the owner had. Copying of information is its rewriting or other replication maintaining the original [18]. The legislator doesn't specify the list of ways of commission a crime in Art. 272 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, therefore, the qualifications they have no effect. Methods of making illegal access to computer information from the point of view of the criminalistic characteristic are: - use for receipt of access to computer information of others name (by application of codes and passwords of legal users); - introduction in object of information of software or hardware allowing to circumvent remedies and to have an opportunity of copying of information or unauthorized work in the data base; - address modification of the recipient network access (or information) by implementation of the program virus or illegal hardware impact; - interception of information from computer equipment with use of radio-electronic means; - connection of the equipment of record to communication channels; - stealing of memory drives in which information is stored; - stealing magnetic or paper-based media [15]. Let's pass to consideration of the foreign criminal legislation in the sphere of responsibility for illegal access to computer information. Illegal access to computer information exists practically in all foreign Criminal laws. Statistics shows that this crime is the most widespread in practice. Sometimes instead of the phrase "illegal access" (Tajikistan [20]) the terms "unauthorized access" (the Netherlands [21], Belarus [22], Moldova [23]), "illegal access" (Austria [24]), "penetration" (Armenia [25]), "illegal penetration" (Switzerland [26]) are used. Sometimes the legislator formulates illegal access as "fraudulent obtaining or fraudulent preserving access to all or a part of system of the automated data processing (France [27]) or "implementation without the permission in an information system" (Belgium [28]). By and large, distinctions between the listed formulations are insignificant, and the current version of Art. 272 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in this part doesn't need to be changed [16, p.172]. In most the countries the structure of corpus delicti of illegal access is material. Binding consequences are damnification of computer information, causing damage to other person, creation of property benefit and other similar consequences. In many countries this crime can be accompanied by violation of the protection system (Austria, Moldova, Poland [29], Armenia, Belarus, Tajikistan). This sign most often reveals through a way of commission a crime: "by damage of electronic, magnetic or other special instrument for ensuring of its safety" (Poland). Thus, the sign of violation of the protection system of the computer once again specifies the fact that access to computer information was illegal. Structure of illegal access to computer information is designing on formal type in some countries (France, Belgium, Tajikistan). This crime is considered ended from the moment of violation of computer access protection (Tajikistan), from the moment of "fraudulent access" (France), or from the moment of implementation in an information system without the authorization (Belgium).

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Some countries a similar corpus delicti contain the aggravating circumstances: repeated crime (Moldova), use of special technical devices (Moldova), major damage (Azerbaijan [30]), intention to make fraudulent transaction (Belgium), use authorities on access to an information system (Belgium). The increased responsibility often established for unauthorized access to computer information or unauthorized use of electronic devices, communication devices, computer network which carelessly entailed the crash, accident, catastrophic crash, accidents with people, negative changes in the environment or other heavy consequences (Armenia, Belarus). The computerization covers practically all spheres of public life now therefore we appreciate the entering in 2011 [11] of the similar aggravating circumstances in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation [10, p.9]. In foreign criminal laws often in a separate corpus delicti stands modification (Belarus, Tajikistan) or change of computer information (Armenia), - change of information stored in the computer, computer system, network or storage device or amendment of false information causing serious damage. In some foreign criminal laws the concept "computer sabotage" is used (the Netherlands, Belarus, Armenia, Tajikistan). It refers to intentional destruction, blocking, bringing unusable computer information or program, or inactivation of the computer equipment, or destruction (damage) of computer system, network or the storage device. The computer crimes are the widespread illegal phenomenon, and their number will only increase every year. First of all it is due to the development of the computer equipment and the software. Such tendencies are inevitable. Information technologies permeated all spheres of criminal activity in the future [16, p.183]. In this regard, the Russian legislator should enter aggravating circumstances into those corpus delicti which are often made with use of computer technologies. It concerns, first of all, crimes against property, against public safety, against constitutional person rights, economic crimes. Further, would be correct to enter the similar aggravating circumstances in a number of other crimes. In our opinion such innovation will help to avoid many difficulties arising in the qualification of computer crimes. Summing up the result, it is possible to note that intensive development of technologies ahead of the legislator reaction who needs time for an adequate regulation of the relations arising in this sphere. Besides, it is very important to consider reasonably experience of other countries which, having started fight against high-tech crime much earlier, developed system of effective legal remedies [19, p. 39]. In our opinion, in modern Criminal Law many important issues connected with way of commission a crime still unsolved. Therefore now law-enforcement authorities undergo difficulties at qualification of crimes. In this regard there is a need for deep studying of such phenomenon as a way of commission a computer crime, and development of common terminology to define it [31, p.11-12]. Specification elements of corpus delicti in computer crimes in the Russian Criminal Code will facilitate work of law enforcement authorities to combat computer crimes, will contribute to the activities of these agencies to establish the existence of a corpus delicti, circumstances of its commission, evidence of a crime, determination of forms of guilt. Based on the foregoing, we can say with certainty about a possibility of using foreign experience in process of systematization and improvement of the Russian legislation.

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ПОЛИТЭКОНОМИЯ ОТ К.МАРКСА ДО АВТОРОВ РЭУ- ПЛЕХАНОВА И «ГНИЛИТСКОЙ ПОЛИТЭКОНОМИИ» РАН – ТЕРРИТОРИЯ ЗАБЛУЖДЕНИЙ

к. э. н., профессор, Лачинов Ю. Н.,

Россия, г. Москва, Московский финансово-юридический университет

Аннотация. Исследование множества публикаций, учебной литературы и образовательной практики, а также истории обсуждений в научных секциях ЦДУ РАН показало полное отсутствие научных оснований у так называемой «экономической теории» и «политэкономии», положения-тезисы которых сродни религиозным бездоказательным текстам. При этом остается без должного внимания современная экономическая классика, известная по множеству публикаций и обращений в Минобрнауки и в РАН. Ключевые слова: наука, экономика, теория, стоимость, прибыль, капитал, деньги, финансы.

На российском телевидении с успехом идет программа «Территория заблуждений», в ней наглядно, документально и логически убедительно показывается ошибочность наших представлений о разных сущностях, фактах, событиях, областях знаний; эффективно развенчиваются древние мифы и свежие фейки, и даже научные теории. В краткой научной статье нет возможности достичь такой же эффективности, но автор надеется на привлечение пристального внимания учёных к сфере экономических знаний – так называемой политэкономии. Эта сфера и есть огромная территория заблуждений, не только безосновательных, но и онаученных, принятых за научные и остающихся бездоказательными. Во всех научных вопросах важна определенность сущностей – они в большинстве случаев составляют самоё суть вопроса. Почему политэкономия уподобилась религии-? Во-первых, религиозные представления принимаются как догмы, недоступные критики. То же самое характерно и для политэкономии от К.Маркса и его последователей, оставивших бездоказательность тезисов, формулировок, возведенных в догмы. Таковы, например, «стоимость- это общественное отношение, возникающее при обмене товаров», «прибыль– это превращенная форма прибавочной стоимости» – приведенные формулировки, взятые из учебников и словарей, вообще вызывают сомнение в здравомыслии авторов такой учебной литературы (их ссылки на самого Маркса несостоятельны, ибо сам Маркс возражал против догматизма в науке). А вот формулировка самого простого элемента экономики: «деньги – это развитая форма товарных (товарно-денежных) отношений» – чего со всей очевидностью быть не может, ибо любому студенту известна реальная сущность денег- как носителя энергии в экономике- от наличности до карточки-ключа от банковского счета. Итак, формулировки, узаконенные в учебных и словарных текстах вообще за гранью логики и понимании, даже схемы-«формулы» Д– . . .–Д’, где Д’ > Д , абсолютно ложны, ибо деньги ни в каком многоточии (производственном, торговом) не плодятся! Во-вторых, все стоимостные сущности (категории) в политэкономии не имеют никакой связи с реальной природой, природным веществом – так, в структуре стоимости по К.Марксу C+V+m – все элементы стоимостные: C-стоимость постоянного капитала, V-стоимость переменного труда, m- прибавочная стоимость; ни один из элементов никак не связан с природой, хотя любой стоимостной объект взят напрямую или изготовлен из природного вещества. Так же и в религии: некто- бог явившись ниоткуда в пустоту, создал из ничего всю вселенную, включая молельцев. Адепты политэкономии в её традиционности от К.Маркса никогда не подвергали её критическому осмыслению и превратились- во всех околонаучных организациях(в России)- в бездумных молельцев. Таковы авторы учебников от РЭУ им.Г.В.Плеханова – законодатели в этой сфере под патронатом Минобрнауки, а также и деятели от РАН – секретариат Отдела общественных наук и руководство секции «политэкономия» в ЦДУ РАН. Деятельностью последней сформирована некоторая собственная антинаучная сфера, которую автор назвал «гнилитской политэкономией». Ничего другого Академия наук для современной политэкономии не предложила.

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Поскольку в рамках религии научное развитие невозможно, автор предлагает современное научное осмысление политэкономии, которое следует начинать с разделения понятий этой сферы и приданием корректной определенности каждой из них. Следует определить различия понятий экономики, экономической науки и экономической теории. Экономика является частью мироздания, сферой жизнедеятельности людей, общества, в окружении природы; верша экспансию в природу, человечество использует её ресурсы для обеспечения жизни и присваивает её естественные блага в собственность разных субъектов. Экономика имеет отраслевую структуру, отражающую ближние и дальние связи создания искусственных благ с природой естественной. Так, выделяются отрасли, непосредственно обращенные в природу – добывающие и сектор аграрного производства, сфера обработки первичного природного продукта, отрасли изготовления сложных искусственных изделий – от одежды до машин и компьютеров. В экономике переплетены интересы множества лиц, по сути всего человечества – по поводу благ, пользования природой, создания из её вещества посредством труда и капитала искусственных объектов благ, придания им денежной оценки- стоимости, распределения и присвоения благ в собственность разных лиц. Экономическая наука ведет системные исследования по всей совокупности сфер экономической практики в конкретике явлений, связанных с природопользованием и производством. Она выводит закономерности движения элементов экономической сферы и поведения субъектов в связи с определенными условиями и обстоятельствам организованной жизнедеятельности общества. Так, наблюдениями и анализом выводятся связи между предложением и спросом, зависимости цен от редкости тех или иных природных ресурсов, ограниченных количественно благ, определяется взаимосвязь между уровнем доходности инвестиций и кредитом, ссудным процентом, обосновываются цены, ставки заработной платы, эффективность капитала, норма прибыли и нормативы её распределения в доход заинтересованных субъектов. Экономическая теория опирается на философию и также вся пронизана диалектической двойственностью. Естественное единство противоположностей экономической теории заключено в отношении между человеком и природой в связи с выживанием, экспансией и несением человеческой миссии в окружающий мир. Так, одним из основных вопросов экономической теории является соотнесение собственности и ответственности в отношении природы, а также искусственных объектов, созданных из природного вещества. Если субъекты ведут деловую деятельность в реальных условиях практики; если экономическая наука осмысливает эту реальность, исследует перспективы, закономерности, выводит и обосновывает рекомендации субъектам экономики, то теория экономики абстрагируется от текучки и выводит изначальные- вечные постулаты в отношении главных сущностей, выводит фундаментальные законы. Она даёт системную определенность понятиям собственности и стоимости, труда, капитала и прибыли, денег и финансов; в рамках теории доказываются законы взаимодействия стоимости и собственности, или имущества и отношений между субъектами, их ответственности в связи с имуществом; самовозрастания стоимости, или возрастания капитала в историческом времени; преобразования природного вещества в стоимость, или оценки природы прибылью. И если практика показывает отклонение или непонимание этих законов, - тем хуже для практики. В то же время, имеется значительный авторский научный задел в виде опубликованных трудов, учебной литературы и отдельных научных статей в упомянутых сборниках – материалах конференций и журналов. В частности, книги «Новая экономическая классика. Российская научно-образовательная школа Лачинова»- изд.ЛЕНАНД -Москва, 2012г, и «Новая экономическая классика»- изд.LAMBERT -Германия, 2014г.(представлены в Минобрнауки и в РАН – без ответа); публикации: «Научные открытия в экономической теории – новая экономическая классика»- май,2013, «Экономика: корректность теории и эффективность практики»- март,2014, «Революция в экономической теории – основа революционных свершений в экономике»*)- янв.2015, «Теоретическая основа исторических свершений в экономике»- март,2015, «Научный фундамент экономической теории – новая экономическая классика»- апр.2015, «Экономическая теория: новые истины вместо ветхозаветных тезисов»- авг.2015, «Предательство**) науки в образовательном ведомстве» - сен.2015, «Новая экономическая классика: механизм природопользования в экономике и закон возрастания стоимости»- окт.2015, «Энергетическая концепция политической экономии»- ноябрь 2015[10]. *)Революция!, господа… - но никто из учёных и просто экономистов ни в одном издании не откликнулся на революционную заявку автора! ? ?, равно как не вызвали отклика названые статьи с терминами – «наука», «теория», «истины», «классика», «закон стоимости» и даже **)«предательство» - что это? А на объявление автором «экономической теории-

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лженаукой никак не откликнулась Комиссия РАН по борьбе с лженаукой… Безразличие, которое показывает полную омертвелость научной мысли…(автор с удовольствием прочтет и отзовется на публикации по политэкономии). Изложенное со всей очевидностью показывает наличие весьма существенных и взаимосвязанных проблем – а)самой экономической науки, политэкономии, её содержания(начиная с теории), б)научных кадров и научной общественности в сфере экономики, в)руководства экономической наукой в России, г)взаимодействия политэкономической науки и практики. Автор призывает решать эти проблемы совместными усилиями ученых и практиков.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1. Единый учебник экономики * Пролог к «экономиксу» * Начала экономической теории. М., ЛЕНАНД, 2014 2. Новая экономическая классика. LAMBERT, Германия, 2014*) 3. Экономическая теория: научная истина и ложная научность. Экономическая наука сегодня: теория и практика. Сборник «интерактив плюс». Чебоксары, 2014. 4. Экономика: корректность теории и эффективность практики. Экономика и управление: проблемы и решения. 2014, №2 5. Экономика: становление науки. The Way of Science? 2014, №10. 6. Научный фундамент экономической теории – новая экономическая классика - в «Отечественная наука в эпоху изменений: постулаты прошлого и теории нового времени». (ВНО) Ч.1. 3(8) 2015г. 7. Теоретическая основа исторических свершений в экономике- в «Современные концепции научных исследований». Ч.2. Экономические науки. №3, 2015 8. Революция в экономической теории – основа революционных свершений в экономике. International scientific and practical congress-30.01.2015. “Everything in the name of science“- Vol.1. 9. Экономическая теория: новые истины вместо ветхозаветных тезисов. «Современ-ные концепции научных исследований». Ч.1. Экономические науки. №8, 2015. 10. Энергетическая концепция политической экономии. Национальная ассоциация ученых (НАУ) / ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ, # X (15), 2015. 11. «Экономикс» и формирование истинных научных представлений об экономике. Научный журнал SCIENTIA, июнь, 2016 12. Проблемы развития науки и научных представлений об экономике в 21 веке. Журнал ISI-ариал №7, 2016 13. Российская авторская школа в формировании истинных научных представлений об экономике. Сайт: journalnovation.ru , Архив, Журнал №3, ч.1. 2016 14. Научные открытия в социально-политической экономике – контуры комплексного знания. -в «Актуальные проблемы науки ХХ1 века». Ч.4, Москва, 30/01/2016. 15. Новая экономическая классика – вхождение в историю экономических учений. Сборник «интерактив плюс», 2016, №2(8) ISSN 2411-8133. 16. Научное преподавание экономической теории. Evolutio. Общественные науки | ЭКОНОМИКА И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ # 3, 2016. Сайт: evolutio- journal.ru Общественные науки. 17. Реальные истоки экономической статистики. Материалы Конференции “Inovation Management and Technology in the Era of Globalization”- conference Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, 12-14 January 2016. Сайт: [email protected] 18. Инструкция для президента. ЛАМБЕРТ- Германия, 2016 .**) 19. Военные разрушения в глобальном представлении о политэкономии. World Science.uae НАУЧНЫЙ ОТДЕЛ. 2016. Материалы конференции в Дубаи-Сентябрь 2016г. - по ссылке: http://ws-conference.com/view_issue.php?issue=25 , Том_4. 20. Российская авторская школа в формировании истинных научных представлений об экономике. Межнар.научный журнал “NOVATION”, №7, 2016.

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ПРАВОВОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЯ ЛИЧНОЙ АВТОНОМИИ В РЕЙТИНГАХ РАЗВИТИЯ НАЦИЙ

Шеляженко Ю. В.

Украина, Киев, аспирант, Университет КРОК

Abstract. Success of the nation in the international competition of economic and socio- political development can be measured by international rankings such as Freedom in the World, Index of Economic Freedom, Press Freedom Index, Human Development Index, and others. Lawyers and other experts composing such rankings, among other things, providing evaluation of freedom of the person in the national legal system under the current global model of constitutional rights, which, according to Kai Möller, characterized by an extremely broad approach to the scope of human rights as a general right to personal autonomy: a right to everything which, according to the agent's self- conception, is in his or her interest. Keywords: personal autonomy, international rankings, human rights.

Степенью успеха нации в международной конкуренции экономического и социально- политического развития является место, занимаемое нацией в авторитетных международных рейтингах, таких как Freedom in the World, Index of Economic Freedom, Press Freedom Index, Human Development Index и других. Юристы и другие эксперты при составлении таких рейтингов оценивают, среди прочего, степень свободы человека в правовом поле нации в соответствии с современной глобальной моделью конституционных прав, которая, по словам Гая Мюллера, основана на единстве прав человека в форме общего права на личную автономию, то есть осуществление личных интересов в соответствии с самоидентификацией и самооценкой действующего лица. Если Гай Мюллер в монографии «Глобальная модель конституционных прав» [1] исследует человекоцентрическую модель конституционных прав в связи с практикой Европейского Суда по Правам Человека, Федерального Конституционного Суда Германии, Палаты Лордов и Верховного Суда Великобритании, Южно-Африканского Конституционного Суда, Верховных Судов США и Канады, то, по моему мнению, отечественная правовая наука должна признать, что традиция развития личной автономии настолько универсальна, что присуща и украинскому конституционному праву – несмотря на привычно скептическое отношение отечественных юристов к свободам и склонность максимизировать обязанности и ответственность человека. Ведь в Конституции Украины статьей 3 человек, его жизнь и здоровье, честь и достоинство, неприкосновенность и безопасность признаются в Украине наивысшей социальной ценностью, главной обязанностью государства признается утверждение и обеспечение прав и свобод человека; статьей 23 признается право человека на свободное развитие своей личности. 11 октября 1991 года в обращении Верховной Рады Украины к народу с призывом принять участие во всеукраинском референдуме по вопросу о провозглашении независимости Украины говорилось, что «независимость Украины – это право и обязанность построить правовое демократическое цивилизованное государство, где основными ценностями будут реальность прав и суверенитет личности, гарантированность развития и достоинства каждого гражданина». Перед провозглашением независимости в 1991 году в монографии «Народовластие и личность» академик Владимир Копейчиков писал: «Личность – это не пассивный продукт общественного взаимодействия, а живой и активный субъект, обладающий автономией в своем развитии и имеющий свою внутреннюю структуру, которая не совпадает с общественной. Личности присуща определенная свобода, самостоятельность в своем формировании, деятельности и развитии. К сожалению, в прошлые годы эти качества личности полностью игнорировались, что явилось одной из основных причин искажения самой сути народовластия, отчуждения личности от реальной власти» [2]. Анне Быкова в статье «Перспективы личной автономии в Украине: взгляд политтехнолога» отмечает, что развитие личной автономии украинцев блокируется повсеместным процветанием коррупции и попытками обмануть граждан, политическим кризисом, связанным с лоббизмом монополистических интересов правящими партиями, фальсификациями на выборах, рейдерскими действиями власти, из-за которых уровень безопасности частной собственности и бизнеса в Украине крайне низок [3]. Трудно согласиться

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с ней в том, что развитие личной автономии, якобы, блокируется значительным недоверием украинцев к органам государственной власти – наоборот, низкое доверие к власти свидетельствует о развитом критическом мышлении украинцев, некоем умении жить своим умом, в отличие от граждан сугубо патерналистических стран; хуже было бы, если бы мы вопреки здравому смыслу поклонялись начальству, не смели исправлять его ошибки и поступать вопреки его коррупционным указаниям. В то же время, автор согласен с Анне Быковой в том, что для развития личной автономии в Украине необходим подъем демократии и преодоление коррупции. Развитие демократии является предпосылкой конкурентоспособности нации, учитывая факторы компетенции, кредитоспособности, а также потому, что в современном мире государство рассматривается как своеобразная большая корпорация, миссия которой, подобно всем корпорациям – давать людям больше свободы и брать на себя больше ответственности, защищать людей от последствий ошибок. Создание правового государства, где конституционное право основывается на признании самостоятельной естественно-правовой субъектности человека, то есть личной автономии, способствует развитию демократии и влияет на место нации в международных рейтингах. В этом исследовании я взял за основу рейтинг политических прав и гражданских свобод Freedom in the World, который ежегодно уже десятки лет подряд публикует международная правозащитная организация Freedom House. Особое внимание к этому рейтингу обусловлено тем, что он включает комплексную оценку личной автономии по 16-ти индикаторам. Для сравнения я выбрал такие уважаемые рейтинги, как рейтинг экономических свобод Index of Economic Freedom и свободы слова Press Freedom Index, а также составляемый ООН индекс гуманитарного развития Human Development Index. В следующей таблице сравниваются рейтинги Украины, соседних наций и крупнейших экономик мира по состоянию на конец 2016 года.

Таблица 1. Уровень личной автономии и место наций в ключевых рейтингах

Показатель Рейтинг Рейтинг Index Рейтинг Press Рейтинг Human Нация личной Freedom in of Economic Freedom Index Development Index автономии the World Freedom Украина 10 61 162 107 81 Беларусь 7 17 153 157 50 Китай 6 16 139 176 90 Молдова 9 60 111 76 107 Польша 14 93 42 47 36 Россия 7 22 143 148 50 Румыния 12 83 57 49 52 Словакия 14 89 50 12 35 США 15 90 11 41 8 Турция 9 53 70 151 72 Венгрия 13 79 54 67 44

Из этой таблицы видно, что чем выше показатель личной автономии, тем более свободной является нация и тем выше место она занимает в рейтингах. Незначительным исключением является удивительно приличные (хотя и далекие от лидерских) рейтинги гуманитарного развития авторитарных стран, что можно объяснить их расчетом специалистами ООН исключительно на основе официальной статистики, которая в авторитарных странах систематически искажается по политическим соображениям. Показатель "Личная автономия и индивидуальные права" в рейтинге политических прав и гражданских свобод Freedom in the World вычисляется по 16-балльной шкале путем подсчета отрицательных ответов на вопросы в четырех категориях [4], которые я кратко охаракеризую так: свобода передвижения, свобода капитализации, нравственная свобода и рыночная свобода. Во-первых, это категория вопросов для проверки свободы передвижения (пользуются ли люди свободой передвижения, свободой выбора места жительства, работы, учебы); данная категория включает вопросы: "Есть ли ограничения на поездки за границу, выездные визы, выборочная визовая политика?"; "Нужно ли разрешение от властей или негосударственных субъектов для перемещения внутри страны?"; "Влияют ли государственные или негосударственные субъекты на тип и место работы человека?"; "Нужна ли взятка или другое

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стимулирование для получения необходимых документов для поездки, смены места жительства, работы, учебы?". Во-вторых, это категория вопросов для проверки свободы капитализации (имеют ли право люди владеть собственностью и создавать частный бизнес; страдает ли предпринимательская деятельность от чрезмерного влияния со стороны государственных чиновников, силовых структур, политических партий и организаций, организованной преступности); данная категория включает вопросы: "Могут ли люди на законных основаниях покупать и продавать землю и другое имущество, могут ли они делать это на практике без неоправданного вмешательства со стороны правительства или негосударственных субъектов?"; "Предоставляет ли правительство адекватную и своевременную компенсацию людям, чье имущество конфисковано на основании закона?"; "Разрешено ли людям законом создавать частные предприятия и заниматься бизнесом с разумным минимумом регистрации, лицензирования и других требований?"; "Нужны ли взятки или другое стимулирование для получения необходимых юридических документов для работы частного бизнеса?"; "Есть ли частные и негосударственные субъекты, в том числе преступные группы, серьезно препятствующие частной предпринимательской деятельности с помощью таких мер, как вымогательство?». В-третьих, это категория вопросов для проверки нравственной свободы (признаются ли личные социальные свободы, включая гендерное равенство, свободу выбора брачного партнера и размера семьи); данная категория включает вопросы: "Широко ли распространено насилие в отношении женщин, в том числе бытовое насилие, калечение женских половых органов, изнасилование, без привлечения виновных лиц к ответственности?"; "Широко ли распространена торговля женщинами или детьми за границу для занятия проституцией без применения правительством должных усилий для решения этой проблемы?"; "Сталкиваются ли женщины с дискриминацией де-юре и де-факто в экономической и социальной сферах, в том числе в правах собственности и наследования, процедуры развода, в вопросах опеки над детьми?"; "Контролирует ли правительство прямо или косвенно выбор брачных партнеров и другие личные отношения с помощью таких средств, как большие платежи за женитьбу с отдельными лицами (например, иностранными гражданами), не вводя законы против браков с детьми и уплаты приданого, ограничиваются ли однополые отношения, установлена ли уголовная ответственность за внебрачные половые отношения?"; "Определяет ли правительство количество детей у родителей?"; "Занимается ли власть религиозной, культурной, этнической индоктринацией и ограничением личных свобод в связи с этим?"; "Есть ли частные учреждения, включая религиозные группы, чрезмерно ограничивающие права отдельных лиц, в том числе, выбор брачного партнера, одежды, гендерное самовыражение и так далее?". В-четвертых, это категория вопросов для проверки рыночной свободы (существует ли равенство возможностей и отсутствие экономической эксплуатации); данная категория включает вопросы: "Осуществляет ли правительство жесткий контроль над экономикой, в том числе за счет государственной собственности и установления цен и квот на добычу?"; "Пользуется ли только привилегированное меньшинство, а не все население в целом, экономическими выгодами от крупных государственных предприятий, в том числе в энергетическом секторе?"; "Оказывают ли частные интересы чрезмерное влияние на экономику через монополистическую практику, картели, незаконные черные списки, бойкоты или дискриминацию?"; "Ограничено ли вступление в учебные заведения или возможности получить работу широким распространением кумовства и взяточничества?"; "Есть ли определенные группы, в том числе этнические и религиозные меньшинства, которым в меньшей степени доступны определенные экономические блага по сравнению с другими? Например, определенные группы ограничены в праве занимать определенные должности, будь то в государственном или частном секторе, из-за дискриминации де-юре или де- факто?"; "Эксплуатируют ли государственные или частные работодатели своих работников за счет несправедливого удержания заработной платы, допуска или принуждения сотрудников работать в неприемлемо опасных условиях, используется ли взрослый рабский или детский труд?". Анализ приведенных индикаторов показателя "Личная автономия и индивидуальные права" в международном рейтинге политических прав и гражданских свобод Freedom in the World показывает их связь с мировой проблематикой человеческого развития и защиты прав, свобод и безопасности человека на основе естественно-правовых, либеральных и эгалитарных ценностей. Каждый из индикаторов касается самых уродливых проявлений правового нигилизма со стороны государственной власти вопреки Всеобщей декларации прав человека, прежде всего, предусмотренным ею правам на уважения к личному достоинству, свободе и неприкосновенности, на свободу убеждений и их выражения, свободу социализации, на защиту частной жизни и частной собственности.

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Объясняя проблемы с личной автономией в Украине, исследователи Freedom House отмечают, что вооруженный конфликт с поддерживаемыми Россией сепаратистами на востоке Украины заставил многих жителей покинуть их дома и препятствует свободе передвижения внутри страны. На контролируемых сепаратистами территориях творится беззаконие вооруженными группами, которые заняли общественные здания и грабят местные предприятия. Сепаратистские командиры заставляют местных жителей выполнять черную работу. В другой части Украины малый и средний бизнес продолжает страдать от рук коррумпированных чиновников, налоговиков и корпоративных рейдеров. Дискриминация по признаку пола запрещается в соответствии с Конституцией, но чиновники равнодушны к этой проблеме (это подтверждается и моими исследованиями, в которых я подчеркиваю важность уважения к личной автономии как предпосылки предупреждения дискриминации [5]). Работодатели открыто занимаются дискриминацией по признаку пола, внешности и возраста. Женщины представлены в парламенте 12% депутатов. Новый закон о местных выборах, принятый в июле 2015 года, включает 30-процентную квоту для женщин по партийным спискам, но нет никаких санкций за нарушение этих квот, хотя новый закон о финансировании партий предоставляет финансовые стимулы для достижения гендерного равенства. Торговля женщинами внутри страны и за рубежом с целью проституции остается серьезной проблемой. Перемещенное население особенно уязвимо к эксплуатации для секс-торговли и принудительного труда. Сепаратистские силы вербуют детей в качестве солдат и информаторов. Таким образом, степень личной автономии является одним из определяющих показателей развития нации и ее конкурентоспособности, фундаментом которой является демократическая национальная политико-правовая система. Для решения указанных проблем развития личной автономии в Украине необходимо принять решительные меры: восстановить верховенство права на востоке Украины, противодействовать дискриминации, обеспечить эмансипацию малого и среднего бизнеса.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1. Kai Möller. The Global Model of Constitutional Rights. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. – 240 p. 2. В. Копейчиков. Народовластие и личность. – Киев: Україна, 1991. – 280 с. 3. Анне Бикова. Перспективи особистої автономії в Україні: погляд політтехнолога // Правдошукач. – 2016. – № 12 (98). – С. 1. 4. Freedom in the World [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2016 5. Шеляженко Юрій Вадимович. Повага до особистої автономії як передумова запобігання дискримінації // Модернізація правових інститутів: вимоги часу: збірник матеріалів Міжнародної юридичної науково-практичної конференції «Актуальна юриспруденція», м. Київ, 8 грудня 2016 року. Тези наукових доповідей. – Київ: Видавничий дім «АртЕк», 2016. – С. 32-38.

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International Scientific and Practical Conference “WORLD SCIENCE”

№ 2(18), Vol.2, February 2017

MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC EDITION

Indexed by:

Proceedings of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference "The goals of the World Science 2017" (January 31, 2017, Dubai, UAE)

Passed for printing 01.02.2017. Appearance 05.02.2017. Typeface Times New Roman. Circulation 300 copies. Publishing office ROSTranse Trade F Z C company - Ajman - United Arab Emirates 2017.

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