The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran
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The Mongols’ Middle East Islamic History and Civilization !"#$%&' ()$ *&+"' Editorial Board Hinrich Biesterfeldt Sebastian Günther Honorary Editor Wadad Kadi ,-./01 234 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ihc The Mongols’ Middle East Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran Edited by Bruno De Nicola and Charles Melville .15617 | 8-!*-7 Cover illustration: A Mongol prince studying the Qur’an, 14th century Illustration of Rashīd al-Dīn’s Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh. Tabriz (?), 1st quarter of 14th century. Water colours on paper. Original size: 20.3 cm × 26.7 cm. Staatsbibliothek Berlin, Orientabteilung, Diez A fol. 70, p. 8 no. 1. This seems to be a tent mosque. The inscription above the arch on the left, which is either the entrance or the mihrab, reads “Allah is the ruler” (or similar). Dschingis Khan und seine Erben (exhibition catalogue), München 2005, p. 266. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: De Nicola, Bruno. | Melville, C. P. (Charles Peter), 1951– Title: The Mongols’ Middle East : continuity and transformation in Ilkhanid Iran / edited by Bruno De Nicola and Charles Melville. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2016. | Series: Islamic history and civilization : studies and texts, 5!!7 0929-2403 ; volume 127 | Includes bibliographical references and index. IdentiGHers: .II7 2016004908 (print) | .II7 2016014826 (ebook) | 5!87 9789004311992 (hardback : acid-free paper) | 5!87 9789004314726 (e-book) | 5!87 9789004314726 (E-book) Subjects: .I!J: Mongols—Iran—History—To 1500. | Ilkhanid dynasty. | Iran—History—1256–1500. | Iran—Politics and government. | Iran—Social conditions. | Iran—Relations. | Social change—Iran—History—To 1500. ClassiGHcation: .II 6!289 .M66 2016 (print) | .II 6!289 (ebook) | 66I 955/.026—dc23 .I record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016004908 Want or need Open Access? Brill Open o9fers you the choice to make your research freely accessible online in exchange for a publication charge. Review your various options on brill.com/brill-open. Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. %'') :;3;-3<:= %'>) ;4?-;:-:<-=22;;-3 (hardback) %'>) ;4?-;:-:<-=2<43-@ (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill 7,, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill 7, incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijho9f, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill 7, provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, 0A 01923, /!A. Fees are subject to change. 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Contents Acknowledgements ,55 List of Illustrations K%%% Note on Transliteration %+ Contributors + Introduction 1 Bruno De Nicola and Charles Melville "#$% & The Mongol Conquest of the Middle East 1 Mongol Conquest Strategy in the Middle East 13 Timothy May 2 Continuity and Change in the Mongol Army of the Ilkhanate 38 Reuven Amitai "#$% ' Internal Actors: Politics, Economy and Religion 3 Shams al-Dīn Juwaynī, Vizier and Patron: Mediation between Ruler and Ruled in the Ilkhanate 55 Esther Ravalde 4 The Economic Role of Mongol Women: Continuity and Transformation from Mongolia to Iran 79 Bruno De Nicola 5 Faith and the Law: Religious Beliefs and the Death Penalty in the Ilkhanate 106 Florence Hodous K% LM)"&)"' "#$% ) Culture and the Arts 6 Music in the Mongol Conquest of Baghdad: Ṣafī al-Dīn Urmawī and the Ilkhanid Circle of Musicians 133 Michal Biran 7 Historical Epic as Mongol Propaganda? Juwaynī’s Motifs and Motives 155 Judith Kolbas 8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Re+,nement and Attrition in Persian Painting 172 Karin Rührdanz "#$% - Relationships with Neighbouring Actors 9 Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks? 195 Aptin Khanbaghi 10 Darughachi in Armenia 216 Bayarsaikhan Dashdondog 11 The Phoenix Mosque 237 George Lane 12 Mamluk and Mongol Peripheral Politics: Asserting Sovereignty in the Middle East’s ‘Kurdish Zone’ (1260–1330) 277 Boris James Epilogue 13 The End of the Ilkhanate and After: Observations on the Collapse of the Mongol World Empire 309 Charles Melville Index ==4 Acknowledgements The editors would like to express their gratitude to all those colleagues who anonymously reviewed the papers published in this volume and o9fered their advice, comments and constructive criticism to improve the quality of the chapters. Apart from the collaboration of the contributors to this volume in reviewing the papers for publication, we have beneGHted from the knowledge of Mark Dickens (University of Alberta), Ladan Akbarnia (The British Museum) and Nur Sobers Khan (The Museum of Islamic Art, Doha). Also, special thanks go to Daniel Rolph for copy-editing the manuscript of this book. We would like to thank the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies (University of Cambridge) for support during the period when we organized the symposium for N-I01! (World Congress for Middle Eastern Studies) and at the beginning of the preparation of this volume. We are grateful to our col- leagues for their patience over the long process of assembling and preparing the book and for their faith in its GHnal appearance. Lastly, our appreciation goes to our families and friends who have helped throughout the process of making this book available. List of Illustrations 0.1 The Mongol Empire, c. 1294 9 0.2 The Ilkhanid territories 10 8.1 Prince being equipped with arms and armour by the king 179 8.2 A king on horseback encounters a slain warrior 180 8.3 On a terrace, courtiers take care of a man fainting in front of a ruler 182 8.4 A king on horseback is greeted by a group of people led by a man held up by a device installed between two buildings 185 8.5 Zangis in a castle attacked by warriors aiming to free captives 186 11.1 Annotated map of Qinsai based on locally produced Song dynasty maps from 1270s. In classical Chinese fashion, the map is south orientated with north at the bottom 242 11.2 An early 20th century depiction of the Phoenix Mosque complex before the implementation of the Town Planner’s modernisation scheme 251 11.3 The tombstone belonging to Khwāja Muḥammad bin Arslān Khānbāliqi, d.1317 271 12.1 Map of Kurdish dominated territories in the 13th century 279 Note on Transliteration Place names have been given in their current anglicized forms where appli- cable, as have terms and names such as Mamluks, sultan, vizier, which have entered the English language. Due to the lack of academic agreement on the standardization of Mongolian names, we have followed the spelling of names used by John Andrew Boyle in both The Successors of Genghis Khan and History of the World Conqueror, with the exception of the name of Chinggis Khan. For Persian and Arabic script, we have followed the transliteration of names, works and speciGHc terminology proposed by the Library of Congress. Finally, Chinese characters have been transcribed using pinyin system while Russian has been maintained in cyrillic script. Contributors Prof. Reuven Amitai (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) completed his 8A studies at the University of Pennsylvania and his 0A and PhD at the Hebrew University. He is Eliyahu Elath Professor of Islamic History and works on Middle Eastern and Central Asian history from 1000–1500 I1. His recent publications include Holy War and Rapprochement: Studies in the Relations between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Ilkhanate (1260–1335) (Brepols, 2013) and Nomads as Agents of Cultural Change: The Mongols and Their Eurasian Predecessors (co-edited with Michal Biran, University of Hawai’i Press, 2015). In 2014–16, Reuven Amitai is a fel- low at the Annemarie Schimmel Kolleg for Mamluk Studies at the University of Bonn, Germany, and is engaged on a study of the southern Levant in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods. Prof. Michal Biran (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) is a historian of Inner Asia and a member of the Israeli Academy of Science and Humanities. She is the Max and Sophie Mydans Foundation Professor in the Humanities, and currently (2015) the director of the Louis Frieberg Center for East Asian Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where she also leads the 1PI-funded project “Mobility, Empire and Cross-Cultural Contacts in Mongol Eurasia” (http://mongol.huji .ac.il/). Together with Hodong Kim she is now editing The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire (2 volumes) for Cambridge University Press. Dr. Bayarsaikhan Dashdondog (National University of Mongolia) holds a 8A in Philology from the State University of Erevan (Armenia), a MSt in Armenian Studies (University of Oxford, /Q) and a DPhil in Oriental Studies (University of Oxford, /Q). At pres- ent, she is a Lecturer at the National University of Mongolia, Department of History, teaching a History of Mongol Empire and Central Asia. She is engaged in the research projects of the Mongols in the 13–17th century (Monsudar Grant, 2015) and History of the Mongol Il-Khans (State Grant, 2014–2016). She is a part of the international scholarly project of the Cambridge History of Mongolia (eds. Michal Biran and Kim Hodong). Dr. Bruno De Nicola (University of St. Andrews) holds a 8A in History from the University of Barcelona (Spain), an 0A in Middle Eastern Studies (!-A!, University of London) and a PhD in Middle Eastern History (University of Cambridge).