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Management Recommendations for Restoration of the Degraded Olympia Oyster, Ostrea Lurida Carpenter 1864 in Tomales Bay, CA Carolyn M

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Management Recommendations for Restoration of the Degraded Olympia Oyster, Ostrea Lurida Carpenter 1864 in Tomales Bay, CA Carolyn M The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Projects and Capstones Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Spring 5-22-2015 Management Recommendations for Restoration of the Degraded Olympia Oyster, Ostrea lurida Carpenter 1864 in Tomales Bay, CA Carolyn M. Gibson University of San Francisco, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone Part of the Environmental Monitoring Commons, Marine Biology Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, and the Other Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Gibson, Carolyn M., "Management Recommendations for Restoration of the Degraded Olympia Oyster, Ostrea lurida Carpenter 1864 in Tomales Bay, CA" (2015). Master's Projects and Capstones. 129. https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone/129 This Project/Capstone is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Projects and Capstones by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This Master's Project MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESTORATION OF THE DEGRADED OLYMPIA OYSTER OSTREA LURIDA CARPENTER 1864 IN TOMALES BAY, CALIFORNIA by Carolyn McCauley Gibson is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of : Master of Science in Environmental Management at the University of San Francisco Submitted: Received: ………………………................... .............................................................. Carolyn M. Gibson Date Kathleen Jennings, Ph.D. Date Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 4 1.1.1 Role of National Marine Sanctuaries and Greater Farallones ......................... 4 1.1.2 Tomales Bay Estuary ......................................................................................... 7 1.2 Olympia Oyster Ecology and Degradation ........................................................... 7 1.2.1 Olympia Oyster Ecology .................................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Species Degradation .......................................................................................... 8 1.3 Ecological Relevance and Restoration ................................................................ 10 1.4 Research Summary ............................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2: Tomales Bay, Olympia Oyster Ecology, and Threats to the Species ...... 12 2.1 Tomales Bay Estuary ............................................................................................ 12 2.1.1 Geography ........................................................................................................ 12 2.1.2 Oceanography .................................................................................................. 13 2.1.3 Watershed ........................................................................................................ 16 2.1.4 Eelgrass............................................................................................................ 18 2.1.5 Jurisdiction ...................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Regional History .................................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 Land Uses in Tomales Bay Region that Affects Olympia Oysters ................... 22 2.3 Species Ecology ...................................................................................................... 25 2.3.1 General Ecology .............................................................................................. 26 2.4 Threats to Olympia Oysters in Tomales Bay ..................................................... 34 Chapter 3: Ocean Acidification ..................................................................................... 36 3.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 36 3.2 Chemistry of Ocean Acidification ....................................................................... 36 3.3 Effects of Ocean Acidification on Estuaries and the Abiotic Environment .... 38 3.4 Effects of Ocean Acidification on Olympia Oysters and Restoration Efforts . 39 3.4.1 Calcification ..................................................................................................... 39 3.4.2 Shell Dissolution .............................................................................................. 42 3.4.3 Implications ...................................................................................................... 43 3.5 The Need for Further Studies and Long-term Monitoring ............................... 45 Chapter 4: Sedimentation .............................................................................................. 46 4.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 46 4.2 Origins of Sediment .............................................................................................. 46 4.3 Erosion and Watershed Loading ........................................................................ 48 4.4 Effects of Sediment on Olympia Oyster Establishment and Survival ............. 51 4.5 Need for Further Studies and Long-term Monitoring ...................................... 53 2 Chapter 5: Invasive Species ........................................................................................... 55 5.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 55 5.1.1 Atlantic Oyster Drills: Introduction to Tomales Bay and Species Ecology ..... 56 5.1.2 Japanese Oyster Drills: Introduction to Tomales Bay and Species Ecology .. 59 5.2 Impacts on Olympia Oysters and Tomales Bay ................................................. 60 5.2.1 Predator-prey Relationship ............................................................................. 60 5.2.2 Trophic Level Interruptions in Tomales Bay ................................................... 61 5.2.3 Projections for the Future ................................................................................ 63 5.3 Need for Further Studies and Long-term Monitoring ...................................... 64 Chapter 6: Research Conclusions ................................................................................. 66 6.1 Key Research Conclusions ................................................................................... 66 6.1.1 Ocean Acidification ......................................................................................... 66 6.1.2 Sedimentation ................................................................................................... 67 6.1.3 Invasive Species ............................................................................................... 68 Chapter 7: Management Recommendations ................................................................ 70 7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 70 7.2 General Management Recommendations ........................................................... 72 7.2.1 Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) ............................................................. 72 7.2.2 Tomales Bay Native Oysters Potential Restoration Sites Map ........................ 75 7.2.3 Site Evaluation Tool ......................................................................................... 76 7.2.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 76 7.3 Recommendations for Ocean Acidification ........................................................ 78 7.3.1 Overview of the Issue ....................................................................................... 78 7.3.2 Participation of Climate Researchers and Experts in TAC ............................. 79 7.3.3 Collaborate with University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Lab .......... 80 7.3.4 Olympia Oyster Vulnerability Assessment ....................................................... 81 7.3.5 Long-term Research and Monitoring ............................................................... 83 7.4 Recommendations for Sedimentation ................................................................. 84 7.4.1 Overview of the Issue ....................................................................................... 84 7.4.2 Management of Tomales Bay ........................................................................... 85 7.4.3 Management in the Tomales Bay Watershed ................................................... 88 7.4.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 92 7.5 Recommendations for Invasive Species .............................................................. 94 7.5.1 Overview of the Issue ......................................................................................
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