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* si 'a*»/ ^ ^ l^// kh < (M->'^^'' ^eparfrrxenf of fhc inferior: U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 21 BULLETIN UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. NO. 18.—EXHIBIT OF THE FISHERIES AND FISH CULTURE OP THE ^^^ —-UNITED STATES OF AMERfCA. MADE AT BERLIN IN 1880. PREPARED UXDEU THE DIRECTION OF a. BROA^^ls^ ooode, DEPUTY COiTMISSIONEE. WASHINGTON: aOVFiRNMENT PETNTTNG- OFFICJE 18 80. '^epavimeni of ihc 55nfcrior U. a. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 21 BULLETIN unu'ei) states national museum. No. 18. PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1880. ADYEETISEMENT. This work is the twenty-first of a series of papers intended to illnstrate the collections of natural history and ethnology belonging- to the United States, and constituting the i^ational Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846. It has been prepared at the request of the Smithsonian Institution, and printed by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. SPEXCER F. BAIRD, Secretary of the Snuthsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, March 29, 1880. INTERNATIONAL FISHERY EXHIBITION, BERLIN, 1880. EXHIBIT THE FISHERIES AND FISH CULTlIPiE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, INTERNATIONALE FISCHEEEI-AUSSTELLUNG, HELD AT BERLIN, APRIL 20, 1880, AND FORMING A PART OF THE COL- LECTIONS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEmi, MADE BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. PKEPARED UNDEU THE DIRECTION OI' a. BIlo^^^]s^ aooDE, DEPUTY COMMISSIONEK. WASHINGTOIT: <3-OVEENMENT FEINTING OFPIOE. 1880. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Section A.—AQUATIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF NOKTH AMERICA BENE- FICIAL OR INJURIOUS TO MAN. VERTEBKATES. Page. I. Mammals 1 1. Ferae (carnivores) 1 Fissipedia (laud carnivores) 1 Piunipedia (seals, Sec. ) 2 2. Sireuia (sea-cows, &c.) 2 3. Cete (whales) 2 4. Glires (gnawers) 3 IL Birds 4 5. Passeres (pereliing birds proper) 4 6. Picarise (picarian birds) 4 7. Raptores (birds of prey) 4 8. Grallatores (waders) 4 9. Lamellirostres (ducks, geese, &c. ) 5 10. Steganopodes (cormorants, pelicans, &c. ) 5 11. Lougijjennes (gulls, terns, petrels, &c. ) 6 12. Pygopodes (diving birds) 7 III. Reptiles H 13. Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators) 8 14. Testudinata (tortoises) 8 15. Opliidia (serpents) 10 IV. Batrachians 10 16. Auura (frogs) 10 17. Urodela (salamanders) 10 V. Fishes 11 18. Pediculati (anglers) 11 19. Plectognatlii (globe-, trunk-, and file-fishes) 11 20. Lophobranchii (pipe-fishes, &c.) 12 21. Teleocephali 12 Hcterosomata (flat-fishes) 12 Auacanthini (cod, &c. ) 14 Percesoces (umllets, &c.) 31 Hemibranchii (stickle-backs, &c.) 31 Syneutognathi (gar-fishes and flying-fishes) 31 Haplomi (pikes, &x\) 32 Isospondyli (salmon, herring, &-c. ) 33 Eventognathi (cyprinoids) 37 22. Nematognathi (cat-fishes) 37 23. Apodes (eels) 38 24. Cyclogauoidei (amias) 38 25. Romboganoidei (gar-pikes) 39 29 26. Selachostomi (paddle-fishes) . , 27. Chondrostei (sturgeons) 39 V VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. • Page. VI. JiLASMOBR.VNCniATES 40 28, Holocf] ili.ili (chim£Braa) 40 29. Raise (skates and rays) 40 39. Squall (sliarks) 41 VII. Marsipobranchiates 43 31. Hyperoartia (lampreys) 43 INVERTEBRATES. I. MOLLUSKS 43 1. Acepliala (bivalve sliell-fisli) 43 MARI^TE PLANTS. I. Alg^ (sea-weeds) 49 Section B.—FISHING-GROUNDS OF NORTH AMERICA. I. Models and maps of fishing-grounds 50 II. Maps showing geographical distribution 50 III. Series op water-color sketches, showing the breeding-grounds OF the fur-seal (Callirhinus ursinus) on the Prybiloff Islands, Alaska. Sketched by Henry W. Elliott from nature, and ex- hibited BY THE Alaska Commercial Company op San Frakcisco, California 51 Section C—MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. a. Apparatus of direct application. I. Hand implements or tools 52 *For striking. 1. Clubs 52 Unarmed clubs 52 *^For cutiing, 2. Knives , 52 Straigbt knives 52 3. Axes 55 Axes iJioper 55, 235 Cutting-spades , 55 ***For thrusting. 4. Thrusting spears and prods , 55 FisMng-lances 55 Whaleman's boat-sjjades 56 Prodding instruments 56 II. Implements for seizure of object 56 * Scooping instruments. 5. Scoops or scrapers 56 Shovels 56 Haud-drcdges 57 Pile-scrapers 57 TABLE OF CONTENTS VU II. Implements fou seizure of object—Continued. ** Grasping-hooJcs. Page. 6. Hooked instruments (those used with a single motion, that of hook- ing)--, 57 Single-pointed hooks 57 Many-pointed hooks 58 7. Barbed implements (those used with two motions, tho first that of thrusting) 59,235 Spears with fixed heads 59, 235 Spears with detachable heads 60 8. Tongs, «fcc 62 Tongs ( with two handles) 62 *** Entangling-lines. 9. Tangles 62 Swab-tangles , 63 Harrow-tangles 63 ^\^loel-tangles 63 b. Apparatus of indirect application. III. Missiles 63 * Simple missiles {those propelled hy the unaided arm). 10. Hurled spears 63 Darts and lances 63 ** Centrifugal missiles (jyropelling poivcr augmented hy an artificial increase of the length of the arm). 11. Missiles propelled by " throwing-sticks" 63 »*# Missiles propelled by a spring (spring consisting of hent rod). 12. Bows and arrows 64 Arrows 64 **"* Missiles propelled hy explosives. 13. Guns 64 Whaling-guns 64 IV. Baited hooks—anglixg-tackle 64, 235 14. Hooks with movable lines—hand-tackle 64 Tackle for surface -fishing 64 Tackle for fishing below the surface « 65 15. Hooks, with stationary lines—set-tackle 66 Bottom-set lines 66 16. (Accessory.) Parts and accessories of angling-apparatus and of har- poon and seine lines 66,235 Hooks 66 Lines ." 85,235 Snoods, leaders, and traces 88 Sinkers 88 Swivels 89 Floats 89 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pago. IV. Baited hooks—axgling-tackle—Continued. Eecls 90 Gunwale winclics 91 Line-liolders 9^,235 Rods 92,235 Disgorgers 95 c. Apparatus to a greater or less extent autouiatie. V. Nets 95 17. Entangliug-nets 95 Mesliing-nets 95 Pocket-nets 97 18. Encircling-nets 97 Seines 97 Hoop-nets 98 Trailing-nets 99 Folding or jerk nets 99 19. Parts of nets and apparatus for manufacture 100 f1. Apparatus entirely automatic. VI. Traps 101 20. Pen-traps 101 Pocket-traps 101 Labyrinth-traps 101 e. Accessories to the chase and fishing. VII. Hunting-animals 102 21. Hunting-manimaLs 102 Otters 102 VIII. Decoys and disguises 102 22. Baits 102 Natural Ijaits 102 Artiiicial baits 103 23. Decoys 103 Sight-decoys 103 IX. Pursuit its 104 ; methods and ArPLiANCES 24. Methods of transportation 104 Boats 104 Apparatus accessory to rigging fishing-vessels 115 Preservative fluids and paints 127 25. Camp outfit 127 Shelter 127 Furniture » 127 Commissary supplies 127 2(3. Personal o(]uipnients, &c 129 Clothiug 129 Trapi)ing8 129 Nautical instruments, &c 133 Medical outfit '. 133 Fishermen's dwellings, &c 134 Log-books, records, &c 135 Charts used by fishermen 135 Literature of angling, the fisheries, &c 136 TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX Section D.—METHODS OF PREPARATION. Pago. I. Prepakatiox and pkkskrvation of food 139 1. Prcservatiou (luiiiig liie 139 Fish-cars and other floating cages for aqnatic animals 139 2. Preservation of fresh meats 139 Refrigerators 139 3. Preservation by (li-ying 139 Sun-drying apparatus 139 Smoke-drying apparatus. 140 4. Preservation by canning and pickling 140 Salting establishments 140 Canning meats 140 r>. Preparation of baits 140 Bait-mills, knives, choppers, &c 140 G. Wharves, «fcc 141 II. Preparation of oils and gelatines 142 7. Extraction of whale-oil (with models of try-works, clarifying-vats, &c.) 142 Instruments and appliances of rendering whale-oil 142 8. Extraction of lish-oils (with models of boilers, presses, clarifying-vats, &c.) 142 III. Manufacture of fertilizers 142 9. Preparation of guaiio 142 Model of tish-guano works 142 Section E.—ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. I.—Foods 143,236 1. Foods in a fresh condition 143 2. Foods prepar(>d for keeping 143, 236 Dry-salted preparations 143, 236 Smoked preparations 143, 236 Pickle or brine salted preparations 144, 237 Preparations in spices and vinegar, &c 144, 237 Preparations iu oil 144, 237 Cooked preparations in cans 144, 237 Accessories to food preparations 238 IL—Clothing 147,238 3. Furs 147 Mammal furs 147 3.* Skin and mendjraiio 238 Skin of fishes 238 Intestines 238 III. Materials employed in the arts and m^vnufactures 148 4. Ivory and boue.» 148 Ivory of mammals 148 Ivory of reptiles 149 Bone of niilnimals 149 Bone of fishes 149 f). Baleen 149 6. Plates iril Tortoise-shell 151 7. Scales 151 Scales of fishes 151 TABLE OF CONTENTS. III. Materials employed in the arts and manufactures—Continued. 8. Pearl 151 9. Shell 153 Cameo sliell 153 Shells used for implements 153 10. Other materials from invertebrates 154 11. Leathers 154 Prepared from reptile-skins 154 Prepared from fish-skins 154 12. Isinglass 154,238 13. Gelatines " 156,239 14. Sponges 156 Specimens of American commercial sponges 156 15. Oils and fats 157 Mammal-oils 157 Reptile-oils , 160 Fish-oils 160 Mollnsk-oils : 162 16. Perfumes 162 Mammal-perfumes 162 17. Chemical products and agents employed in the arts and medicine 162 Derived from plants 162 18. Fertilizers' 162,239 Artificial guanos 162, 239 Section F.—EESEARCH, PROTECTION, AND CULTURE. I. Investigation (as prosecuted by the United States Fish Commission) . 163 1. Methods of work 163 2. Results of work 164 a. Puhlicatious 164 b. CoUections 210 c. Active work in fish-ciilture 210 II. Protection 212 1. Game laws. (See reports) 2 2 2. Fish-ways 212 Groove fish-ways 212 Box, step, or pool fish-ways 212 Inclined fish-ways without steps 213 Spiral fish-ways 213 Moving float fish-ways 213 in. Propagation 214,239 5. In general 214 Devices used in obtaining and impregnating ova 214 Hatching-houses .• 214 Hatching-troughs and boxes, stationary 215 Hatching-boxes, floating ^ ,. 217 Adhesive-egg apparatus 217 Floating hatching-houses 217 Accessories to the hatching apparatus 217 Devices for the transportation of fi, h-eggs 218 Apparatus used in the transportation of fish 218, 239 Appa ratus used in feeding fry 218 TABLE OF CONTENTS.
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  • Tiger Swallowtail Papilio Glaucus Larvae ILLINOIS RANGE

    Tiger Swallowtail Papilio Glaucus Larvae ILLINOIS RANGE

    tiger swallowtail Papilio glaucus Kingdom: Animalia FEATURES Phylum: Arthropoda The male tiger swallowtail is yellow with black Class: Insecta stripes. The female has two forms: one like the male Order: Lepidoptera and another that is all black. Both female forms show iridescent blue on the upperside of the Family: Papilionidae hindwings. The underside of the forewing has a row ILLINOIS STATUS of yellow spots, while the underside of the hindwing has an orange spot. The hindwing also has a common, native projection from the rear edge. The tiger swallowtail has a wingspan of three and five-eighths to six and one-half inches. Its caterpillar is dark green with two large eyespots behind the head. Early stages of the caterpillar are colored like bird droppings. BEHAVIORS The tiger swallowtail may be found statewide in Illinois. Its larva eats the leaves of cherry, birch, tulip poplar and other trees and shrubs. The adult eats flower nectar. The caterpillar has yellow or red structures that can be extended from behind the head when it is threatened. larvae ILLINOIS RANGE © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2020. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2020. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2020. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. black phase female © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2020. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources.