Einstein Tower Final Report 2018
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The Icha Newsletter Newsletter of the Inter-Union Commission For
International Astronomical Union International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science DHS/IUHPS ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ THE ICHA NEWSLETTER NEWSLETTER OF THE INTER-UNION COMMISSION FOR HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY* ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ No. 11 – January 2011 SUMMARY A. Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy: Building Bridges between Cultures – IAU Symposium S278 Report by C. Ruggles ..................................................... 1 B. Historical Observatory building to be restored by A. Simpson …..…..…...… 5 C. History of Astronomy in India by B. S. Shylaja ……………………………….. 6 D. Journals and Publications: - Acta Historica Astronomiae by Hilmar W. Duerbeck ................................ 8 Books 2008/2011 ............................................................................................. 9 Some research papers by C41/ICHA members - 2009/2010 ........................... 9 E. News - Exhibitions on the Antikythera Mechanism by E. Nicolaidis ……………. 10 - XII Universeum Meeting by M. Lourenço, S. Talas, R. Wittje ………….. 10 - XXX Scientific Instrument Symposium by K.Gaulke ..………………… 12 F. ICHA Member News by B. Corbin ………………………………………… 13 * The ICHA includes IAU Commission 41 (History of Astronomy), all of whose members are, ipso facto, members of the ICHA. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ -
Essays on Einstein's Science And
MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science PREPRINT 63 (1997) Giuseppe Castagnetti, Hubert Goenner, Jürgen Renn, Tilman Sauer, and Britta Scheideler Foundation in Disarray: Essays on Einstein’s Science and Politics in the Berlin Years ISSN 0948-9444 PREFACE This collection of essays is based on a series of talks given at the Boston Colloquium for Philosophy of Science, March 3 – 4, 1997, under the title “Einstein in Berlin: The First Ten Years.“ The meeting was organized by the Center for Philosophy and History of Science at Boston University and the Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, and co-sponsored by the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. Although the three essays do not directly build upon one another, we have nevertheless decided to present them in a single preprint for two reasons. First, they result from a project that grew out of an earlier cooperation inaugurated by the Berlin Working Group “Albert Einstein.“ This group was part of the research center “Development and Socialization“ under the direction of Wolfgang Edel- stein at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Education.1 The Berlin Working Group, directed by Peter Damerow and Jürgen Renn, was sponsored by the Senate of Berlin. Its aim was to pursue research on Einstein in Berlin with particular attention to the relation between his science and its context. The research activities of the Working Group are now being continued at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science partly, in cooperation with Michel Janssen, John Norton, and John Stachel. -
The First Measurement of the Deflection of the Vertical in Longitude
Eur. Phys. J. H. DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2014-40055-2 The first measurement of the deflection of the vertical in longitude The figure of the earth in the early 19th century Andreas Schrimpfa Philipps-Universit¨atMarburg, Fachbereich Physik, Renthof 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany Abstract. During the summer of 1837 Christian Ludwig Gerling, a for- mer student of Carl Friedrich Gauß’s, organized the world wide first de- termination of the deflection of the vertical in longitude. From a mobile observatory at the Frauenberg near Marburg (Hesse) he measured the astronomical longitude difference between C.F. Gauß’s observatory at G¨ottingenand F.G.B. Nicolai's observatory at Mannheim within an er- ror of 000: 4. To achieve this precision he first used a series of light signals for synchronizing the observatory clocks and, second, he very carefully corrected for the varying reaction time of the observers. By comparing these astronomical results with the geodetic{determined longitude dif- ferences he had recently measured for the triangulation of Kurhessen, he was able to extract a combined value of the deflection of the vertical in longitude of G¨ottingenand Mannheim. His results closely agree with modern vertical deflection data. 1 Introduction The discussion about the figure of the earth and its determination was an open ques- tion for almost two thousand years, the sciences involved were geodesy, geography and astronomy. Without precise instruments the everyday experience suggested a flat, plane world, although ideas of a spherically shaped earth were known and ac- cepted even in the ancient world. Assuming that the easily observable daily motion of the stars is due to the rotation of the earth, the rotational axis can be used to define a celestial sphere; a coordinate system, where the stars' position is given by two angles. -
Staircase of Vienna Observatory (Institut Für Astronomie Der Universität Wien)
Figure 15.1: Staircase of Vienna Observatory (Institut für Astronomie der Universität Wien) 142 15. The University Observatory Vienna Anneliese Schnell (Vienna, Austria) 15.1 Introduction should prefer non-German instrument makers (E. Weiss 1873). In spring of 2008 the new Vienna Observatory was th commemorating its 125 anniversary, it was officially During a couple of years Vienna Observatory was edit- opened by Emperor Franz Joseph in 1883. Regular ob- ing an astronomical calendar. In the 1874 edition K. L. servations had started in 1880. Viennese astronomers Littrow wrote a contribution about the new observatory had planned that observatory for a long time. Already th in which he defined the instrumental needs: Karl von Littrow’s father had plans early in the 19 “für Topographie des Himmels ein mächtiges parallakti- century (at that time according to a letter from Joseph sches Fernrohr, ein dioptrisches Instrument von 25 Zoll Johann Littrow to Gauß from December 1, 1823 the Öffnung. Da sich aber ein Werkzeug von solcher Grö- observatory of Turku was taken as model) (Reich 2008), ße für laufende Beobachtungen (Ortsbestimmung neu- but it lasted until 1867 when it was decided to build a er Planeten und Kometen, fortgesetzte Doppelsternmes- new main building of the university of Vienna and also sungen, etc.) nicht eignet, ein zweites, kleineres, daher a new observatory. Viennese astronomers at that time leichter zu handhabendes, aber zur Beobachtung licht- had an excellent training in mathematics, they mostly schwacher Objekte immer noch hinreichendes Teleskop worked on positional astronomy and celestial mechanics. von etwa 10 Zoll Öffnung, und ein Meridiankreis er- They believed in F. -
Ice& Stone 2020
Ice & Stone 2020 WEEK 33: AUGUST 9-15 Presented by The Earthrise Institute # 33 Authored by Alan Hale About Ice And Stone 2020 It is my pleasure to welcome all educators, students, topics include: main-belt asteroids, near-Earth asteroids, and anybody else who might be interested, to Ice and “Great Comets,” spacecraft visits (both past and Stone 2020. This is an educational package I have put future), meteorites, and “small bodies” in popular together to cover the so-called “small bodies” of the literature and music. solar system, which in general means asteroids and comets, although this also includes the small moons of Throughout 2020 there will be various comets that are the various planets as well as meteors, meteorites, and visible in our skies and various asteroids passing by Earth interplanetary dust. Although these objects may be -- some of which are already known, some of which “small” compared to the planets of our solar system, will be discovered “in the act” -- and there will also be they are nevertheless of high interest and importance various asteroids of the main asteroid belt that are visible for several reasons, including: as well as “occultations” of stars by various asteroids visible from certain locations on Earth’s surface. Ice a) they are believed to be the “leftovers” from the and Stone 2020 will make note of these occasions and formation of the solar system, so studying them provides appearances as they take place. The “Comet Resource valuable insights into our origins, including Earth and of Center” at the Earthrise web site contains information life on Earth, including ourselves; about the brighter comets that are visible in the sky at any given time and, for those who are interested, I will b) we have learned that this process isn’t over yet, and also occasionally share information about the goings-on that there are still objects out there that can impact in my life as I observe these comets. -
Berlin Period Reports on Albert Einstein's Einstein's FBI File –
Appendix Einstein’s FBI file – reports on Albert Einstein’s Berlin period 322 Appendix German archives are not the only place where Einstein dossiers can be found. Leaving aside other countries, at least one personal dossier exists in the USA: the Einstein File of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).1036 This file holds 1,427 pages. In our context the numerous reports about Ein- stein’s “Berlin period” are of particular interest. Taking a closer look at them does not lead us beyond the scope of this book. On the contrary, these reports give a complex picture of Einstein’s political activities during his Berlin period – albeit from a very specific point of view: the view of the American CIC (Counter Intelligence Corps) and the FBI of the first half of the 1950s. The core of these reports is the allegation that Einstein had cooperated with the communists and that his address (or “office”) had been used from 1929 to 1932 as a relay point for messages by the CPG (Communist Party of Germany, KPD), the Communist International and the Soviet Secret Service. The ultimate aim of these investigations was, reportedly, to revoke Einstein’s United States citizenship and banish him. Space constraints prevent a complete review of the individual reports here. Sounderthegivencircumstancesasurveyofthecontentsofthetwomost im- portant reports will have to suffice for our purposes along with some additional information. These reports are dated 13 March 1950 and 25 January 1951. 13 March 1950 The first comprehensive report by the CIC (Hq. 66th CIC Detachment)1037 about Einstein’s complicity in activities by the CPG and the Soviet Secret Service be- tween 1929 and 1932 is dated 13 March 1950.1038 Army General Staff only submit- ted this letter to the FBI on 7 September 1950. -
Testing Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
Astron. Nachr. / AN 326 (2005), No. 7 – Short Contributions AG 2005 Köln 1 Testing Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity GUDRUN WOLFSCHMIDT1 1Universität Hamburg, Schwerpunkt Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik und Technik, Bundesstraße 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany [email protected] Albert Einstein (1879–1955) had already proposed three possibilities for testing his General Theory of Relativity: • An additional perihel motion of Mercury (4300/century), which could not be explained by Newton’s theory of gravity; this was already known since 1850. • Deflection of light from the Sun (1.7500): The angular position of the stars are more distant from the Sun during a total solar eclipse than half a year later during the night. • Gravitational redshift of the Sun (2 × 10−6 of the wave length or 0.01 Å): The spectral lines of the Sun are shifted to the red by one millionth of the wave length of the light; this corresponds to a Doppler shift of 0.6 km/s. Many astronomers were sceptical against the new theory (ART), but Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (1885–1964) be- came interested in the ART since 1913 and tried to verify the theory empirically. He started an solar eclipse expedition in 1914 with the help of the Academy of Sciences which was not successful due to the outbreak of World War II. Karl Schwarzschild (1873–1916) tried to measure the redshift in the solar spectrum in 1913–1914 in the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam. From these experiments it was clear that results could only be reached with much larger instruments. Arthur S. -
Enchanted Catastrophe
ENCHANTED CATASTROPHE What an amazing country where the houses are taller than churches —FERNAND LÉGER AFTER VISITING THE UNITED STATES FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 19311 “What is this new religion?” he wondered, and then concluded: “It’s Wall Street that dominates this new world with all of its height.”1 Léger’s astonishment may seem dated today, when luxury high-rises and tall office buildings have come to appear more banal than transcendent, and stands in contrast to the more sensationalistic response of his friend Le Corbusier, who quipped that New York’s skyscrapers were “too small” when he visited the city four years later. Yet his ultimate point remains remarkably acute: “the vertical push is in line with the economic order.”2 For in contrast to the traditional image of the religious spire, the capitalist transformation of the tall tower typology has come to represent the Americanization of metropolitan modernity, and although ostensibly secular, it continues to be mystified to this day. The skyscraper is more than just a symbolic icon of capitalist power, however, for as Carol Willis argues in her study Form Follows Finance, it is also direct index of financial investment and real estate speculation.3 Léger apparently recognized this not long after the stock market crash of 1929 when he wrote: “Wall Street has gone too far in transforming everything into speculation. Wall Street is an amazing abstraction, but catastrophic. American vertical architecture has gone too far….”4 1. Fernand Léger, “New York,” in Fonctions de la peinture (Paris: Editions Gallimard, 2004), 152-3. -
1 Portraits Leonhard Euler Daniel Bernoulli Johann-Heinrich Lambert
Portraits Leonhard Euler Daniel Bernoulli Johann-Heinrich Lambert Compiled and translated by Oscar Sheynin Berlin, 2010 Copyright Sheynin 2010 www.sheynin.de ISBN 3-938417-01-3 1 Contents Foreword I. Nicolaus Fuss, Eulogy on Leonhard Euler, 1786. Translated from German II. M. J. A. N. Condorcet, Eulogy on Euler, 1786. Translated from French III. Daniel Bernoulli, Autobiography. Translated from Russian; Latin original received in Petersburg in 1776 IV. M. J. A. N. Condorcet, Eulogy on [Daniel] Bernoulli, 1785. In French. Translated by Daniel II Bernoulli in German, 1787. This translation considers both versions V. R. Wolf, Daniel Bernoulli from Basel, 1700 – 1782, 1860. Translated from German VI. Gleb K. Michajlov, The Life and Work of Daniel Bernoullli, 2005. Translated from German VII. Daniel Bernoulli, List of Contributions, 2002 VIII. J. H. S. Formey, Eulogy on Lambert, 1780. Translated from French IX. R. Wolf, Joh. Heinrich Lambert from Mühlhausen, 1728 – 1777, 1860. Translated from German X. J.-H. Lambert, List of Publications, 1970 XI. Oscar Sheynin, Supplement: Daniel Bernoulli’s Instructions for Meteorological Stations 2 Foreword Along with the main eulogies and biographies [i, ii, iv, v, viii, ix], I have included a recent biography of Daniel Bernoulli [vi], his autobiography [iii], for the first time translated from the Russian translation of the Latin original but regrettably incomplete, and lists of published works by Daniel Bernoulli [vii] and Lambert [x]. The first of these lists is readily available, but there are so many references to the works of these scientists in the main texts, that I had no other reasonable alternative. -
Copyrighted Material
ftoc.qrk 5/24/04 1:46 PM Page iii Contents Timeline v de Sitter,Willem 72 Dukas, Helen 74 Introduction 1 E = mc2 76 Eddington, Sir Arthur 79 Absentmindedness 3 Education 82 Anti-Semitism 4 Ehrenfest, Paul 85 Arms Race 8 Einstein, Elsa Löwenthal 88 Atomic Bomb 9 Einstein, Mileva Maric 93 Awards 16 Einstein Field Equations 100 Beauty and Equations 17 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Besso, Michele 18 Argument 101 Black Holes 21 Einstein Ring 106 Bohr, Niels Henrik David 25 Einstein Tower 107 Books about Einstein 30 Einsteinium 108 Born, Max 33 Electrodynamics 108 Bose-Einstein Condensate 34 Ether 110 Brain 36 FBI 113 Brownian Motion 39 Freud, Sigmund 116 Career 41 Friedmann, Alexander 117 Causality 44 Germany 119 Childhood 46 God 124 Children 49 Gravitation 126 Clothes 58 Gravitational Waves 128 CommunismCOPYRIGHTED 59 Grossmann, MATERIAL Marcel 129 Correspondence 62 Hair 131 Cosmological Constant 63 Heisenberg, Werner Karl 132 Cosmology 65 Hidden Variables 137 Curie, Marie 68 Hilbert, David 138 Death 70 Hitler, Adolf 141 iii ftoc.qrk 5/24/04 1:46 PM Page iv iv Contents Inventions 142 Poincaré, Henri 220 Israel 144 Popular Works 222 Japan 146 Positivism 223 Jokes about Einstein 148 Princeton 226 Judaism 149 Quantum Mechanics 230 Kaluza-Klein Theory 151 Reference Frames 237 League of Nations 153 Relativity, General Lemaître, Georges 154 Theory of 239 Lenard, Philipp 156 Relativity, Special Lorentz, Hendrik 158 Theory of 247 Mach, Ernst 161 Religion 255 Mathematics 164 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 258 McCarthyism 166 Russell-Einstein Manifesto 260 Michelson-Morley Experiment 167 Schroedinger, Erwin 261 Millikan, Robert 171 Solvay Conferences 265 Miracle Year 174 Space-Time 267 Monroe, Marilyn 179 Spinoza, Baruch (Benedictus) 268 Mysticism 179 Stark, Johannes 270 Myths and Switzerland 272 Misconceptions 181 Thought Experiments 274 Nazism 184 Time Travel 276 Newton, Isaac 188 Twin Paradox 279 Nobel Prize in Physics 190 Uncertainty Principle 280 Olympia Academy 195 Unified Theory 282 Oppenheimer, J. -
The Critical Dimension of German Department Stores
84THACSAANNUALMEETlNG HISTORY 1996 21 5 From Messel to Mendelsohn: The Critical Dimension of German Department Stores KATHLEEN JAMES University of California, Berkeley INTRODUCTION favor of a reassuring image of historical and social continu- ity, Mendelsohn used advertising to dress up the austere The dilemma faced by many architects today of how to industrial imagery that epitomized his rejection of conven- practice within a consumer culture with which they are not tional luxury. Although conditioned in part by the individual entirely comfortable is not a new one, although the variety taste of the two architects and the different character of the of ways that earlier architects addressed it has often been department store chains who employed them, many of these overlooked in accounts that privilege style, theory, and differences are mirrored in the writings of two generations of construction over issues of use. Furthermore, the common German architecturai critics, whose attitudes toward con- assumption that the work of the heroic figures of the modem sumerism changed dramatically after World War I. movement provide an alternative to such commercialism Both Messel and Mendelsohn excelled at giving orderly, often alienates us from what we often perceive to be a new, but interesting form to urban building types (office and specifically postmodern condition. By delineating the ways apartment buildings) more typically associated with the in which two generations of German architects addressed most chaotic aspects of contemporary real estate specula- their concerns about the department store, this paper pro- tion. Each architect also managed to downplay the aspects vides some measure of precedent for an architecture which of commercialism that most distressed him and his contem- does in part critique its apparent program, while exposing the poraries while satisfying his patron's needs for environments enthusiasm for the consumer face of mass production that suitable to selling. -
Weimar Germany Still Speaks to Us
© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. INTRODUCTION Weimar Germany still speaks to us. Paintings by George Grosz and Max Beckmann are much in demand and hang in muse- ums and galleries from Sydney to Los Angeles to St. Petersburg. Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill’s The Threepenny Opera is periodically revived in theaters around the world and in many different lan- guages. Thomas Mann’s great novel The Magic Mountain, first pub- lished in 1925, remains in print and, if not exactly a household item, is read and discussed in literature and philosophy classes at count- less colleges and universities. Contemporary kitchen designs invoke the styles of the 1920s and the creative work of the Bauhaus. Post- modern architects may have abandoned the strict functionalism of Walter Gropius, but who can resist the beauty of Erich Mendelsohn’s Columbus House or his Schocken department stores (only one of which is still standing), with their combination of clean lines and dynamic movement, or the whimsy of his Einstein Tower? Hannah Höch might not be as widely known as these others, but viewers who encounter her work today are drawn to her inventive combination of primitivist and modernist styles, her juxtaposition of African or Polynesian-style masks with the everyday objects of the 1920s. The deep philosophical speculations of Martin Heidegger and the layered essays of Siegfried Kracauer, both grappling with the meaning of ad- vanced technology and mass society, still offer a wealth of insight into the modern condition.