Pope and Hitler Agreement
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Zur Vatikanischen Strategie Beim Reichskonkordat
Dokumentation KONRAD REPGEN ZUR VATIKANISCHEN STRATEGIE BEIM REICHS KONKORDAT 1 Das Reichskonkordat ist seit seiner Entstehung im Jahre 1933 und bis zum heutigen Tage immer wieder Gegenstand vieler, oft heftiger Kritiken und Kontroversen gewe sen. Diese waren zunächst politischer und rechtlicher Natur. Später, seit den fünfzi ger Jahren, verlagerte sich die Auseinandersetzung zusätzlich in historische Debatten, die ihrerseits selbstverständlich auch mit den unterschiedlichen Impulsen der Gegen wart zusammenhängen. Ob die fortdauernde zeitgeschichtliche Kontroverse1 ein 1 Eine zusammenfassende Übersicht über die Geschichte dieser Kontroverse gibt es nicht; vgl. aber Ulrich von Hehl, Kirche, Katholizismus und das nationalsozialistische Deutschland. Ein For schungsüberblick, in: Dieter Albrecht (Hrsg.), Katholische Kirche im Dritten Reich, Mainz 1976, S. 219-251. Die wichtigsten historischen Beiträge aus jüngerer Zeit sind: Ludwig Volk, Das Reichs konkordat vom 20. Juli 1933. Von den Ansätzen in der Weimarer Republik bis zur Ratifizierung am 10. September 1933, Mainz 1972; Rudolf Morsey, Der Untergang des politischen Katholizismus. Die Zentrumspartei zwischen christlichem Selbstverständnis und 'Nationaler Erhebung' 1932/33, Stuttgart/Zürich 1977; Klaus Scholder, Die Kapitulation des politischen Katholizismus, in: Frank furter Allgemeine Zeitung [FAZ], 27. September 1977; Konrad Repgen, Konkordat für Ermächti gungsgesetz? In: FAZ, 24. Oktober 1977; Klaus Scholder, Ein Paradigma von säkularer Bedeu tung, in: FAZ, 24. November 1977; [Leserbrief] Repgen zu Scholders Antwort, in: FAZ, 7. Dezem ber 1977; Klaus Scholder, Die Kirchen und das Dritte Reich. 1, Vorgeschichte und Zeit der Illusio nen 1918-1934, Frankfurt u.a. 1977; Konrad Repgen, Die Außenpolitik der Päpste im Zeitalter der Weltkriege, in: Hubert Jedin/Konrad Repgen (Hrsg.), Die Weltkirche im 20. Jahrhundert, Freiburg u.a. -
Normans and the Papacy
Normans and the Papacy A micro history of the years 1053-1059 Marloes Buimer S4787234 Radboud University January 15th, 2019 Dr. S. Meeder Radboud University SCRSEM1 V NORMAN2 NOUN • 1 member of a people of mixed Frankish and Scandinavian origin who settled in Normandy from about AD 912 and became a dominant military power in western Europe and the Mediterranean in the 11th century.1 1 English Oxford living dictionaries, <https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/norman> [consulted on the 19th of January 2018]. Index INDEX 1 PREFACE 3 ABBREVIATIONS 5 LIST OF PEOPLE 7 CHAPTER 1: STATUS QUAESTIONIS 9 CHAPTER 2: BATTLE AT CIVITATE 1000-1053 15 CHAPTER 3: SCHISM 1054 25 CHAPTER 4: PEACE IN ITALY 1055-1059 35 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 43 BIBLIOGRAPHY 47 1 2 Preface During my pre-master program at the Radboud University, I decided to write my bachelor thesis about the Vikings Rollo, Guthrum and Rörik. Thanks to that thesis, my interest for medieval history grew and I decided to start the master Eternal Rome. That thesis also made me more enthusiastic about the history of the Vikings, and especially the Vikings who entered the Mediterranean. In the History Channel series Vikings, Björn Ironside decides to go towards the Mediterranean, and I was wondering in what why this affected the status of Vikings. While reading literature about this conquest, there was not a clear matter to investigate. Continuing reading, the matter of the Normans who settled in Italy came across. The literature made it clear, on some levels, why the Normans came to Italy. -
Criticism of the Church
Criticism of the Church By: Richard B. Sorensen November 1, 2010, updated November 23, 2020 [email protected] www.richardsorensen.com www.unholygrail.net If you say that the history of the Church is a long succession of scandals, you are telling the truth, though if that is all you say, you are distorting the truth ~ Gerald Vann To a large degree, the Bible and the church have been lumped together in people’s minds and the frustration that some have felt with the actual “institutions of Christianity” have made them question and throw out the church, the Bible, and even Christianity itself. Many of the criticisms are overblown, but the church does have things to answer for. Here are some examples: For centuries the Catholic Church was a secular political power that vied with other governments for control and supremacy. Ignoring the separation enforced in the Old Testament between priests (religious leaders) and kings (secular leaders), and the New Testament pattern of multiple elders to avoid the tendency toward dictatorship, the Catholic Church centralized power by establishing the Papacy and the Vatican in the fourth century, with the Pope being the supreme leader. Subsequent popes sought to expand their authority, and at times there were vicious battles to seize the Papal ring. This is in contrast to Scriptures such as James 3:16-17: “For where jealousy and selfish ambition exist, there is disorder and every evil thing. But the wisdom from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, reasonable, full of mercy and good fruits, unwavering, without hypocrisy.” Many individual pastors and priests were lights for God, but the central leadership became corrupt and hypocritical. -
Is Peter the First Pope?
G3 2017 Is Peter the First Pope? Turn to Matthew 16 and let’s tackle the Roman Catholic’s best support verse. Debunk their claim in three points: 1. The entire Bible debunks the claim 2. History debunks the claim 3. Peter’s confession debunks the Roman Catholic Church’s claim Matthew 16: 13-19 13 Now when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, He was asking His disciples, “Who do people say that the Son of Man is?” 14 And they said, “Some say John the Baptist; and others, Elijah; but still others, Jeremiah, or one of the prophets.” 15 He said to them, “But who do you say that I am?” 16 Simon Peter answered, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” 17 And Jesus said to him, “Blessed are you, Simon Barjona, because flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but My Father who is in heaven. 18 I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of Hades will not overpower it. There have been 260 popes (more if you count the anti-popes). You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church: on the Cathedral ceiling along with “I will give to you the keys of the kingdom of heaven.” Three reasons these verses do not support the office of the papacy: 1. Biblically 2. Historically 3. Confessionally I. The Bible itself debunks the claim: 18 I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of Hades will not overpower it. -
Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei Gegenüber Dem
1 2 3 Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei gegenüber dem 4 Nationalsozialismus und dem Reichskonkordat 1930–1933: 5 Motivationsstrukturen und Situationszwänge* 6 7 Von Winfried Becker 8 9 Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei wurde am 13. Dezember 1870 von ca. 50 Man- 10 datsträgern des preußischen Abgeordnetenhauses gegründet. Ihre Reichstagsfrak- 11 tion konstituierte sich am 21. März 1871 beim Zusammentritt des ersten deut- 12 schen Reichstags. 1886 vereinigte sie sich mit ihrem bayerischen Flügel, der 1868 13 eigenständig als Verein der bayerischen Patrioten entstanden war. Am Ende des 14 Ersten Weltkriegs, am 12. November 1918, verselbständigte sich das Bayerische 15 Zentrum zur Bayerischen Volkspartei. Das Zentrum verfiel am 5. Juli 1933 der 16 Selbstauflösung im Zuge der Beseitigung aller deutschen Parteien (außer der 17 NSDAP), ebenso am 3. Juli die Bayerische Volkspartei. Ihr war auch durch die 18 Gleichschaltung Bayerns und der Länder der Boden entzogen worden.1 19 Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei der Weimarer Republik war weder mit der 20 katholischen Kirche dieser Zeit noch mit dem Gesamtphänomen des Katho- 21 lizismus identisch. 1924 wählten nach Johannes Schauff 56 Prozent aller Ka- 22 tholiken (Männer und Frauen) und 69 Prozent der bekenntnistreuen Katholiken 23 in Deutschland, von Norden nach Süden abnehmend, das Zentrum bzw. die 24 Bayerische Volkspartei. Beide Parteien waren ziemlich beständig in einem 25 Wählerreservoir praktizierender Angehöriger der katholischen Konfession an- 26 gesiedelt, das durch das 1919 eingeführte Frauenstimmrecht zugenommen hat- 27 te, aber durch die Abwanderung vor allem der männlichen Jugend von schlei- 28 chender Auszehrung bedroht war. Politisch und parlamentarisch repräsentierte 29 die Partei eine relativ geschlossene katholische »Volksminderheit«.2 Ihre re- 30 gionalen Schwerpunkte lagen in Bayern, Südbaden, Rheinland, Westfalen, 31 32 * Erweiterte und überarbeitete Fassung eines Vortrags auf dem Symposion »Die Christ- 33 lichsozialen in den österreichischen Ländern 1918–1933/34« in Graz am 4. -
Popes in History
popes in history medals by Ľudmila Cvengrošová text by Mons . Viliam Judák Dear friends, Despite of having long-term experience in publishing in other areas, through the AXIS MEDIA company I have for the first time entered the environment of medal production. There have been several reasons for this decision. The topic going beyond the borders of not only Slovakia but the ones of Europe as well. The genuine work of the academic sculptress Ľudmila Cvengrošová, an admirable and nice artist. The fine text by the Bishop Viliam Judák. The “Popes in history” edition in this range is a unique work in the world. It proves our potential to offer a work eliminating borders through its mission. Literally and metaphorically, too. The fabulous processing of noble metals and miniatures produced with the smallest details possible will for sure attract the interest of antiquarians but also of those interested in this topic. Although this is a limited edition I am convinced that it will be provided to everybody who wants to commemorate significant part of the historical continuity and Christian civilization. I am pleased to have become part of this unique project, and I believe that whether the medals or this lovely book will present a good message on us in the world and on the world in us. Ján KOVÁČIK AXIS MEDIA 11 Celebrities grown in the artist’s hands There is one thing we always know for sure – that by having set a target for himself/herself an artist actually opens a wonderful world of invention and creativity. In the recent years the academic sculptress and medal maker Ľudmila Cvengrošová has devoted herself to marvellous group projects including a precious cycle of male and female monarchs of the House of Habsburg crowned at the St. -
Anti-Semitic Propaganda and the Christian Church in Hitler's Germany
Advances in Historical Studies, 2018, 7, 1-14 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ahs ISSN Online: 2327-0446 ISSN Print: 2327-0438 Anti-Semitic Propaganda and the Christian Church in Hitler’s Germany: A Case of Schrödinger’s Cat Angelo Nicolaides School of Business Leadership, University of South Africa, Midrand, South Africa How to cite this paper: Nicolaides, A. Abstract (2018). Anti-Semitic Propaganda and the Christian Church in Hitler’s Germany: A In his epic Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler made a point of disparaging the intelli- Case of Schrödinger’s Cat. Advances in gentsia. He asserted that propaganda was the most effective tool to use in po- Historical Studies, 7, 1-14. litical campaigns since especially the popular masses generally possessed li- https://doi.org/10.4236/ahs.2018.71001 mited astuteness and were generally devoid of intellect. This article examines Received: December 5, 2017 the part played by Nazi propaganda in bolstering the National Socialist cause Accepted: March 13, 2018 and how it netted the German youth. Nazi indoctrination nurtured racial ha- Published: March 16, 2018 tred and resulted in especially vitriolic anti-Semitism. The policy of Gleich- schaltung (coordination) brought state governments, professional bodies, Copyright © 2018 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. German political parties and a range of cultural bodies under the Nazi um- This work is licensed under the Creative brella, thus education, legal systems and the entire economy became “cap- Commons Attribution International tured” entities. Germany became dominated by the effective propaganda ma- License (CC BY 4.0). chine via which virtually all aspects of life was dictated. -
First Sunday in Lent February 21 & 22, 2021 Homily for the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass of St
First Sunday in Lent February 21 & 22, 2021 Homily for the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass of St. Thomas More Catholic Parish celebrated at St. Joseph Catholic Church 116 Theodore Street Scranton, PA 18508 Mark 1:12-15 In today’s Gospel we notice the Lord’s first sermon is very short. After telling us the Kingdom of God is at hand, Jesus says, “Repent and believe in the Gospel.” We begin Lent this way every year because of the importance of repentance, of turning away from our sins in order to live in newness of life. Thus, we encourage everyone, in conformity of the precepts of the Church, to make a confession at least once a year, with special emphasis during this season of penitence and fasting. To facilitate this important practice, I am in the confessional a half-hour before every regularly scheduled Mass, every day of the week; so whether people live near or far from here, everyone should have ample opportunity to be absolved before our Easter celebration in April. We also have at the back of the church a guide to confession, not just how to make yours, but also the examination of conscience, to aid us in identifying those ways by which we depart from God’s grace, relying on false consolation and self-help. So, please, take advantage of both these resources, in order that we may all know the fruit of repentance. This fruit is what I’d like to concentrate on this morning. When Jesus tells us to believe in the gospel, He is telling us to believe the Good News; that’s what “gospel” means. -
Zwischen Nähe Und Distanz, Anpassung Und Widerstand – Die Rolle Der Kirchen Im Nationalsozialistischen Staat © Ullstein Bild
S II F Kirche und Kirchengeschichte • Beitrag 3 Kirche im Nationalsozialismus 1 von 52 Zwischen Nähe und Distanz, Anpassung und Widerstand – die Rolle der Kirchen im nationalsozialistischen Staat © Ullstein Bild. „Hausaltar“ für den Führer zum Erntedankfest 1935. Andreas Britz, Bellheim Klasse: 10–12 Dauer: 9 Stunden + Materialien für eine Lernerfolgskontrolle + 7 Zusatzstunden zum Download im Internet Inhalt: Welchen Anteil hatten die Christen am Aufstieg Hitlers? Gab es Unterschiede zwischen Katholiken und Protestanten? Wie beurteilten die Nationalsozialisten das Christentum? War der Nationalsozialismus eine „politische Religion“? Was hat es mit dem „Kirchen- kampf“ auf sich? Ließen sich die Kirchen „gleichschalten“? Protestierten Gläubige gegen das Regime? Unterstützten die Kirchen Hitlers Krieg? Welche Christen leisteten Wider- VORANSICHTstand? 33 RAAbits Religion S II F Kirche und Kirchengeschichte • Beitrag 3 Kirche im Nationalsozialismus 5 von 52 Ergänzende Materialien Wolf, Hubert (Hrsg.): Ökumenische Kirchengeschichte. Band 3: Von der Französischen Revolution bis 1989. WBG, Darmstadt 2007. 44,90 €. Bände 1, 2 und 3 zusammen: 49,90 €. In zwei konfessionell abgegrenzten Kapiteln schildern die Kirchenhistoriker Jochen-Christoph Kaiser (evangelisch, Professor für Kirchengeschichte an der Universität Marburg) und Josef Pilvousek (ka- tholisch, Professor für Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit an der Universität Erfurt) Nähe und Distanz der beiden Kirchen gegenüber dem NS-Regime. Ein sorgfältig erstelltes Register erleichtert dem Leser den raschen Zugriff auf die schnörkellos vorgetragene Ereignisgeschichte. Kösters, Christoph; Ruff, Mark Edward (Hrsg.): Die katholische Kirche im Dritten Reich. Eine Einfüh- rung. Herder Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau 2011. 19,95 €. Die in diesem Band versammelten Aufsätze erläutern den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu verschiede- nen Themen des Verhältnisses von Katholizismus und Nationalsozialismus. -
What Did American Faith Communities Stand For?
What Did American Faith Communities Stand For? PROGRAM GUIDE The rise of National Socialism in Germany and the ensuing terror raised profound theological and ethical questions for people of all faiths. This program explores the varying responses of American faith leaders and communities to the rise of National Socialism in Germany, ranging from who was complicit with Nazi Germany and who spoke out against Nazi Germany. It also highlights how some faith leaders inspired members in their communities and beyond. VISUAL SLIDE # DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND NOTES I. SCENE SETTING: AMERICA IN 1930S-40S AND THE RESPONSES OF AMERICAN FAITH GROUPS TO THE NAZIS IMAGE 1: Title Slide 1) What was the mood of the country in the 1930s? IMAGE 2: Military • The Great War left Americans wary of international entanglements/military Cemetery 1918 intervention. IMAGE 3: Soup • Great Depression/25% unemployment Kitchen 1930 • America was a divided, racist society. IMAGE 4: KKK Rally • Xenophobia was prevalent against foreigners/immigrants 1927 • Antisemitism was strong. Jews were associated with Communism and represented a threat to the American way of life. IMAGES 5: Antisemitic boycotts 1930s 2) What were the responses to the rise of National Socialism in the early 1930s from the different Jewish denominations in America? IMAGE 6: American • From 1933, prominent American Jews were alarmed and appealed to FDR, Jewish Congress Congress and American public in different ways but hey had little political clout organized Anti-Hitler or influence. march in NYC 1933 • In 1933, the American Jewish Congress organized mass demonstrations against IMAGE 7: Jewish Hitler in New York and other major cities. -
BAD POPES 4 X 48 Min
BAD POPES 4 x 48 min. Sins of the Fathers Money, Sex, Power – All in God’s name. • An unprecedented series, never before realized in documentary form. Not that long ago, the Borgias inspired not one but two dramatic TV series that lifted a veil on this corrupt Papal dynasty. The Borgias’ long list of vices even included incest. But in some ways the Borgias were a bunch of choir boys, compared to the popes that came before and after them. God’s Representative on Earth? Sometimes they seemed to be working for the other guy! • With 266 pontiffs in 2000 years, you have to expect some rotten apples. And let us be clear. There have been plenty of honourable men who have served as the ‘Vicar of Christ’. But the bad Popes still astonish us, with their sinful and vicious conduct, their shamelessness. These Bad Popes have started wars, ordered the persecution of innocents and enriched themselves to an obscene degree. And all the while, as they preached about virtue and redemption, their personal lives were outrageous – even by today’s standards. Pope Alexander VI Pope Benedict IX Pope John XII Pope Stephen VI Pope Boniface VIII Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton BAD POPES 4 x 48 min. • The Power to Shock – Our focus will be on the Papacy during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, when the Catholic Church was at its mightiest. Popes back then were much more than bishops or priests, as powerful as any Prince or Emperor. -
Christianity in the Third Reich and Christian Imagery in Nazi Propaganda
From Heaven to Hell: Christianity in the Third Reich and Christian Imagery in Nazi Propaganda Author: Margaret Claire Kelty Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/388 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2004 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. 1 From Heaven to Hell: Christianity in the Third Reich and Christian Imagery in Nazi Propaganda Maggie Kelty Advisor: Prof. John Michalczyk April 29, 2004 2 Introduction “I will crush Christianity under my boot like a poisonous toad.” -Adolf Hitl er 1 Although the National Socialists’ ultimate intentions in regard to religion were concealed from the pubic under layers of political rhetoric, their objectives were nonetheless clear. The National Socialists sought the destruction of the Christian re ligion, whose teachings and values were seen as inimical to those of the State, and the establishment of a Reichskirche that would preach the doctrines of National Socialism. The German government during the Third Reich was a totalitarian regime, but ther e was one matter in which the Nazi Party did not have carte blanche, religion, which made it an intrinsic threat to the authority of the State. Many Nazi officials saw Christianity as the inherent and irreconcilable enemy of National Socialism, but they k new they risked losing the support of the German people if they instantly dissolved the Christian Churches. Instead of vehemently attacking the Christian confessions the way they did in Poland, in Germany the National Socialists set up a mirage of support for and acceptance of religious institutions, all while working to undermine the Christian tradition that they considered of greatest detriment and danger to their State.