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Origin and Evolution of Dry Valleys South of Ronkonkoma Moraine

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Origin and Evolution of Dry Valleys South of Ronkonkoma Moraine ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF DRY VALLEYS SOUTH OF RONKONKOMA MORAINE A Thesis Presented by Soma Das to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geosciences Stony Brook University August 2007 Copyright by Soma Das August 2007 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Soma Das We, the thesis committee for the above candidate for the Master of Science degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this thesis. Gilbert N. Hanson, Thesis Advisor Distinguished Service Professor, Department of Geosciences Troy Rasbury, Chairperson of Defense Assistant Professor, Department of Geosciences Henry Bokuniewicz Professor, Department of Marine and Atmospheric Science This thesis is accepted by the Graduate School Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Thesis Origin and Evolution of Dry Valleys south of Ronkonkoma Moraine by Soma Das Master of Science in Geosciences Stony Brook University 2007 Long Island hosts a network of straight, parallel Dry Valleys with few tributaries along its southern fork, south of Ronkonkoma Moraine. In this work I shall examine the characteristics of these Dry Valleys with the help of Digital Elevation Maps. It shall be shown that the distinguishing features of these Dry Valleys- their straight drainage patterns, few tributaries, rectangular watersheds, steep walls and flat floors at some places- are similar to the valleys formed on perennially frozen ground (permafrost) and latter sapped by groundwater associated with perched water table. I shall propose four models towards interpreting the formation of these Dry Valleys- outwash plain valleys, groundwater sapping valleys, tunnel valleys and surface runoff valleys. I shall also focus on the East Hampton region of Long Island, and discuss the special features observed here, Scuttlehole Ponds, where tributary extensions of a Dry Valley are iii preserved across depressions that were formerly filled with buried ice. The event of streams flowing across depressions filled with buried ice will suggest the timing of the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum in Long Island, around 18,000 to 20,000 before present (10Be age from boulders). Certain characteristic features of the Dry Valleys, coupled with the evidences of per- mafrost on Long Island and surrounding regions of New Jersey and Connecticut in the form of fossil ice-wedge, sand-wedge and thermokarst involution, suggest that these Dry Valleys developed after the glacier retreated from Long Island - when there was desert tundra and the environment was periglacial. iv Acknowledgements I record my sincere thanks to my advisor Professor Gilbert N. Hanson who provided constant guidance through his wise suggestions and directions in the right track in the completion of the project. I am grateful to him for his support and help from the first day I walked into the Stony Brook campus till the last day I worked on this thesis. Special thanks are due to Mark Demitroff for acquainting me with the permafrost in the field around New Jersey region and also for providing me related valuable study materials. I am greatly thankful to Professor William Nieter for his unique gesture in lending his thesis, helping me thereby to know more about the glacial history of Long Island. My lab colleagues whose cooperation was of immense value to me deserve my heartiest thanks. I am also grateful to my parents living in India, for providing me moral encouragement. Last, but not the least, the contribution of my husband Kundan Sen, but for whose constant inspiration and encouragement and the help in giving final shape to my thesis was not possible, merits special acknowledgement. Table of Contents Abstract .......................................... iii Acknowledgements ................................... v List of Tables ....................................... viii List of Figures ...................................... ix 1. Introduction ..................................... 1 2. Characteristics .................................... 8 2.1. Introduction . 8 2.1.1. Location of study . 8 2.1.2. Digital Elevation Model . 8 2.1.3. Characteristics . 9 2.1.4. Hypotheses . 10 2.2. Description . 10 2.2.1. Drainage Area . 11 2.2.2. Sinuosity . 13 2.2.3. Drainage Pattern . 13 2.2.4. Order of streams . 17 2.2.5. Drainage Density . 17 2.2.6. Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) . 19 2.2.7. Slope of the valley . 23 2.2.8. Transverse profile . 23 2.2.9. Seismic Study . 27 vi 2.3. Valleys cutting through Scuttlehole Ponds . 28 2.4. Hypotheses for the formation of Dry Valleys . 31 3. Models ......................................... 44 3.1. Stage 1 . 44 3.2. Stage 2 . 44 3.3. Stage 3 . 45 3.4. Stage 4 . 45 3.5. Stage 5 . 46 3.6. Stage 6 . 46 4. Conclusion ...................................... 50 Bibliography ....................................... 51 Appendix I: DEM of Long Island (pocket in back cover) ........... 57 vii List of Tables 2.1. Characteristics of some of the Dry Valleys south of Ronkonkoma Moraine in Long Island . 41 viii List of Figures 1.1. DEM of Long Island, from eastern Nassau in the left to East Hampton in the right. ........................................ 2 1.2. Two types of Dry Valleys in Long Island. The Cannan Dry Valley has low order of tributaries and the Setuck Dry Valley on the right has higher order of tributaries. ................................... 4 1.3. Paleoclimate and MAT pattern ......................... 7 2.1. Rectangular watershed of Cannan Dry Valley, DEM. 12 2.2. Dendritic drainage network of Setuck Dry Valley in Long Island, DEM. 12 2.3. Straight, parallel dry valleys with low sinuosity. The valleys from left to right are Cannan Dry Valley, Swan Dry Valley, and Forge Dry valley, Central Long Island, DEM. ................................ 13 2.4. Straight, Meandering and Braided channels as described by (Rosgen, 1994) . 14 2.5. Presence of Till south of Ronkonkoma moraine proves that glacier advanced beyond the moraine ................................ 16 2.6. Stream Order Classification by Ojakangas,1982. The figure shows a 4thorder valley with finger tip tributary labeled as 1. Two finger tip tributaries combine to form 2nd order tributary, labeled as number 2 in the figure. Two 2nd order then combines to form a 3rd order tributary. Two 3rdorder tributaries finally form the main trunk channel which is the highest order and is labeled as number 4, Ojakangas1982 ............................ 16 2.7. The figure shows the Cannan Dry Valley Patchogue, Central Long Island. It has small number of tributaries and the highest order is 3, which represents the trunk channel, DEM. ............................. 18 ix 2.8. Drainage density classification, (Strahler,1957). 19 2.9. An example of coarse drainage density. The dry valley here represents East Meadow Dry Valley Freeport, Western Long Island, NY with only 2orders of tributaries, DEM. ................................ 20 2.10. Medium to coarse drainage network found in Setuck Dry Valley, East Moriches, Eastern LongIsland, NY, DEM. ......................... 21 2.11. Slope of a Dry Valley is determined by the profile tool of DEM software. The box on the top right shows the longitudanal profile of the Cannan Dry Valley, Patchogue. ..................................... 22 2.12. Angulated Drainage of Cannan Dry Valley, Patchogue. The tributary valleys meet the trunk valley at steep angles of 40◦, hence the name. The yellow line is the line of cross-section of the tributary valley. The profile indicates a V-shaped, steep walled valley, DEM. ..................... 23 2.13. The figure represents the flat-floored profile of Cannan Dry valley in Patchogue, Central Long Island, NY. The yellow line shows the cross section path. 24 2.14. The profile of the tributary valley of Setuck Dry Valley in East Moriches with relatively gentle sloping walls, DEM. The yellow line shows the cross section path. ........................................ 25 2.15. Steep V-shaped transverse profile of tributary valley of Setuck Dry Valley, East Moriches, Eastern Long Island. The yellow line shows the cross section path. ........................................ 26 2.16. The figure illustrates the sudden change in slope along the thalweg which is the floor of the basin. The yellow line shows the cross section path, DEM . 27 2.17. Seismic study of the Atlantic Coastal Shelf. The figure on the top shows the southern part of Long Island. Seismic study of the Atlantic coastal shelf reveals that the southward extension of the Dry Valleys join the dendritic network of the paleochannels (Foster and Scwab, 1999) . 28 2.18. Scuttlehole Ponds, Sag Harbour, Long Island. 29 2.19. DEM of the ScuttleholePonds. .......................... 30 x 2.20. Topographic map of Scuttlehole Ponds. The ponds are filled with water. 31 2.21. Three elliptical ponds are shown in the DEM, with the tributaries of the Hayground Cove Dry Valley system cutting through. 32 2.22. Anastomosing pattern of Tunnel Valley in Canada. 34 2.23. IceWedge cast in ScuttleHole Ponds. ...................... 36 2.24. Thermokarst involution in Stony Brook Campus, (Kundic and Hanson 2005) 37 2.25. Tributaries of runoff valleys preserved as extensions of groundwater sapping valleys in Swan Dry Valley in Medford ..................... 38 2.26. Process of groundwater sapping and formation of streams, (Dunne, 1980). 39 3.1. Permafrost thaws due to two sources of heat, Szewczyk, 2005. 46 3.2. Models describing formation of Dry Valleys in Long Island: (a) At the time of Ronkonkoma Glacier advance(60-20 kyr), (b)Ronkonkoma Glacier
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