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Rapport Diahot

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Rapport Diahot COMPOSANTE 1A - Projet 1A1 EVALUATION RAPIDE DE LA BIODIVERSITE ET DU CONTEXTE SOCIO-ECONOMIQUE DE LA ZONE MARINE DU DIAHOT-BALABIO (Province nord de Nouvelle-Calédonie) 2007 EVALUATION RAPIDE DE LA BIODIVERSITE ET DU CONTEXTE SOCIO-ECONOMIQUE DE LA ZONE MARINE DU DIAHOT-BALABIO Gabrié C., Allen G., Bouilleret F., Downer A., Garrigue C., Géraux H., Hannecart M., Herrenschmidt J.B., Ody D., Petit M., Pichon M., Seguin F. Virly S., You H. Le CRISP est un programme mis en oeuvre dans le cadre de la politique dé- veloppée par le programme régional Océanien pour l’Environnement afin de contribuer à la protection et à la gestion durable des récifs coralliens des pays du Pacifique. L’initiative pour la protection et la gestion des récifs coralliens dans le Pacifique, engagée par la France et ouverte à toutes les contributions, a pour but de développer pour l’avenir une vision de ces milieux uniques et des peuples qui en dépendent ; elle se propose de mettre en place des stratégies et des projets visant à préserver leur biodiversité et à développer les services économiques et environnementaux qu’ils rendent, tant au niveau local que global. Elle est conçue en outre comme un vecteur d’intégration régionale entre états développés et pays en voie de développement du Pacifique. Cellule de Coordination CRISP Chef de programme : Eric CLUA Le CRISP est structuré en trois composantes comprenant respectivement divers projets : CPS - BP D5 98848 Nouméa Cedex - Composante 1 : Aires marines protégées et gestion côtière intégrée Nouvelle-Calédonie - Projet 1A : Analyse écorégionale Tel/fax : (687) 26 54 71 - Projet 1B : Aires Marines Protégées Email : [email protected] - Projet 1C : Renforcement institutionnel www.crisponline.net - Projet 1D : Gestion intégrée des zones lagonaires et des bassins versants - Comp. 2 : Connaissance, gestion, restauration et valorisation des écosystèmes coralliens - 2A : Connaissance, valorisation et gestion des écosystèmes coralliens - 2B : Restauration récifale - 2C : Valorisation des substances Actives Marines - 2D : Mise en place d’une base de données régionale (Reefbase Pacifique) - Composante 3 : Appui institutionnel et technique - 3A : Capitalisation, valorisation et vulgarisation des acquis du programme CRISP - 3B : Coordination, promotion et développement du programme CRISP Catherine Gabrié COMPOSANTE 1 WWF FRANCE PROJET 1A1 : PLANIFICATION DE LA CONSERVATION 6 rue des Fabres 13001 MARSEILLE DE LA BIODIVERSITÉ MARINE Tél. (33) 4 96 11 69 42 [email protected] Le projet 1A1 doit identifier des zones récifales à une échelle globale et régionale, leurs habitats associés et les processus à conserver en priorité pour assurer la pérennité des espèces marines d’intérêt vital pour le Paci- fique. Plan d’action et produits attendus n ACTIVITÉ 1 - Analyse des écorégions néocalédoniennes et polynésiennes • Action 1 - Identification des zones à forte richesse biologique. • Action 2 - Identification des risques. • Action 3 - Synthèse des zones prioritaires à protéger. n ACTIVITÉ 2 - Analyse éco-régionale de la zone Pacifique • Action 1 - Identification des zones à forte richesse biologique. • Action 2 - Identification des risques. • Action 3 - Synthèse des zones prioritaires à protéger. Financement du projet 1A1 : EVALUATION RAPIDE DE LA BIODIVERSITE ET DU CONTEXTE SOCIO-ECONOMIQUE DE LA ZONE MARINE DU DIAHOT-BALABIO (Province nord de Nouvelle-Calédonie) 2008 Coordination Catherine GABRIÉ, Denis ODY, Ahab DOWNER (WWF-France) Coraux : Michel PICHON (EPHE-CNRS) Poissons : Gérald ALLEN Poissons commerciaux : Franck BOUILLERET Substrat, état de santé : Fanny SEGUIN Mangrove : Sabrina VIRLY et M. HANNECART Oiseaux et tortues : Hubert GERAUX et Nicolas PETIT (WWF-France) Mammifères marins : Claire GARRIGUE (Opération Cétacés) Etudes du contexte social : Jean Brice HERRENSCHMIDT Cartographie : Neil ALLONCLE (WWF-France) Appui à la rédaction : Héloïse YOU (WWF-France) Cette étude a été conduite en collaboration entre le WWF-France et la Province nord. Elle a été co-financée par la Province nord de Nouvelle-Calédonie, le WWF et l’IFRECOR de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Nos remerciements vont aux pilotes des bateaux, à Nathalie Baillon, Nathaniel Cornuet pour leur appui à l’organisation de la mission, et aux responsables des tribus pour leur autorisation à travailler dans la zone et leur appui. 3 SOMMAIRE RESUME 5 CONTEXTE ET ZONE D’ETUDE 6 PRINCIPAUX RESULTATS ET SYNTHESE 10 ORIENTATIONS DE GESTION 16 RESULTATS THEMATIQUES Substrat et état de santé 23 Biodiversité des coraux scléractiniaires 38 Poissons coralliens 49 Poissons commerciaux 62 Mammifères marins 75 Avifaune et tortues marines 84 Ressources et usages dans la mangrove 91 Sciences humaines appliquées à la gestion participative de l’environnement côtier marin 114 ANNEXES 130 4 RESUME Si la diversité en habitats strictement coralliens est plutôt faible par rapport à l’ensemble de la Les ressources en poissons sont abondantes, les Calédonie (S. Andréfouët), la diversité totale en stocks riches et peu touchés par la pêche. Le habitats est importante (mangrove, herbiers, secteur est une importante zone de frai. îlots, etc). En revanche, la fréquentation des îlots est Le secteur est sous la double influence du nuisible aux oiseaux, tandis que la pression sur Diahot, principal fleuve de Calédonie qui draine les dugongs et les tortues est très forte dans la un bassin versant en forte érosion (forte zone. sédimentation et fort gradient de salinité), et des conditions hydrodynamiques particulières de la La pêche est essentiellement vivrière sur les zone (proximité de la passe, exposition aux récifs proches de l’îlot Balabio. Elle est très peu houles dominantes, nombreux chenaux commercialisée à l’exception des crabes de parcourus de courants souvent violents). palétuviers, et occasionnellement des bénitiers, trocas et holothuries, sur lesquels porte Compte tenu de sa surface réduite (1600 km²) essentiellement la pression de pêche, qui n’a et de la rapidité de l’inventaire, sur un nombre pas été évoquée dans ce travail. restreint de stations, la zone est très riche en espèces : 507 espèces de poissons, avec une La pêche vivrière et plaisancière est le principal richesse potentielle de 759 espèces ; 8 espèces usage de la mangrove avec 3 espèces de poissons nouveaux pour la Nouvelle particulièrement prisées : le crabe de palétuvier, Calédonie ainsi qu’une espèce nouvelle pour la le mulet et le picot rayé. science ont été identifiées par G. Allen ; 216 espèce de coraux, soit 70% des espèces Les anciens systèmes de gestion traditionnelle aujourd’hui connues de Nouvelle Calédonie ; 3 (pêche suivant le calendrier des cycles espèces sont nouvelles pour la Nouvelle- biologiques des espèces ; captures d’espèces Calédonie. 238 échantillons de coraux viennent et zones de pêche en fonction des statuts enrichir la collection de Nouvelle-Calédonie. coutumiers des pêcheurs,…) sont encore bien connus, mais ne sont plus actifs. Les zones les plus vivantes et les plus riches en coraux sont les récifs frangeants, tandis que les L’inventaire de ces systèmes, souhaité par zones les plus riches en poissons sont les pentes certains coutumiers, permettrait de reformuler et externes du récif-barrière et les chenaux. d’adapter des systèmes de gestion sur des bases culturellement acquises, notamment pour En termes d’espèces emblématiques, la zone, redéfinir des règles de gestion de certaines riche en herbiers, est connue pour être espèces emblématiques face à la banalisation importante pour les dugongs, en tant que zone de leur chasse (tortues, dugongs). de reproduction et de nourissage, et pour les tortues en tant que zone de nourrissage. Les Les conditions sont favorables pour engager dugongs, qui subissent une forte pression, ont avec les acteurs locaux une démarche été très peu observés ; quant aux tortues, la participative pour une cogestion de la zone. zone n’est pas (ou plus) un site de ponte mais un Celle-ci devra être accompagnée d’un travail site d’alimentation pour 3 espèces. Des reprises préliminaire de reconquête des connaissances de bagues montrent un lien écologique pour la et des usages coutumiers anciens, pour autant tortue verte (Chelonia mydas) entre les sites de qu’ils soient durables. nidification de Heron Island (Australie) et La reconnaissance d’une territorialité Entrecasteaux (Nord Calédonie) avec la zone coutumière marine et des connaissances estuarienne du Diahot. culturelles du milieu, la valorisation de certaines Les hauts-fonds sous influence sédimentaire sont pratiques anciennes adéquates et l’adaptation favorables à la présence d’une avifaune marine de réglementations basées sur une justification et côtière très riche, avec entre autres une part scientifique sont les bases des modes de gestion importante des effectifs nicheurs en Province à mettre en place. nord de Puffins de Fouquet (Puffinus pacificus) Les principaux enjeux sur la zone sont la et des concentrations d’ardéidés protection du dugong et des tortues, la particulièrement importantes à l’échelle de la protection, voire la reconquête, des habitats Nouvelle-Calédonie. Quelques limicoles rares importants comme les herbiers ou l’îlot Cocotier, fréquentent la zone, dont le très rare œdicnème la maîtrise de la pêche vivrière sur les espèces des récifs (Esacus magnirostris) qui y est nicheur. d’invertébrés les plus ciblées, la maîtrise de Le napoléon (Cheilinus undulatus) est fréquent l’érosion sur les bassins versants et le (70% des stations), mais les adultes sont rares. développement d’un tourisme vert, aujourd’hui
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