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Compiled by Moses John Amos Fisheries Department, Port Vila VANUATU Vanuatu Fisheries Resource Profile VANUATU FISHERIES RESOURCE PROFILES Compiled by Moses John Amos Fisheries Department, Port Vila VANUATU Sponsored by The International Waters Programme of the Vanuatu node funded by GEF, Implemented by UNDP and executed by SPREP 1 Vanuatu Fisheries Resource Profile The PREFACE The International Waters Programme of the Vanuatu node funded by GEF implemented by UNDP and executed by SPREP was requested to provide funding assistance for the review and up date the “Republic of Vanuatu Fisheries Resource Profiles” prepared by Lui A. J Bell and Moses J. Amos in 1993. The purpose of the profiles were to: • provide information for the Government on the level of fresh water and marine resources available for appropriate development planning and instigating regulatory controls for resource conservation and management; • facilitate the dissemination of information and data that are required within government, local communities as well as regionally and internationally; and, • facilitate the provision of concise and timely information required by potential investors. The Terms of Reference for the review are as follows: • Undertake library research to collate and assess all existing documentation, data. Images, etc.., which provides information relating to the resource identity, and abundance, distribution, exploitation, marketing and current management measures in Vanuatu; • Based on the information examined and the Fisheries Resource Profile for Vanuatu prepared by FFA in 1991: i. provide and update list for fresh water and marine resources to include their identity, abundance and local distribution, ii. describe the utilization of the resources including the exploitation and marketing information of each resource, and; iii. describe current management (including proposed management plans) for each resource described. The report was prepared in July 2004 and supposed to be only for a period of three weeks, however, given the amount of information, which needed to be included in the report, it took longer than anticipated. The profile provides an overview of the major marine resources identified as important to the commercial, artisanal and subsistence fisheries sectors within Vanuatu. As regards to freshwater resources, the report covers as much resoures as possible, regardless of their commercial value. Each fisheries resource 1is divided into four main categories: (i) a brief description of the resource (species present, their distribution, biology and ecology); (ii) an overview of the fishery (utilization, production and marketing); (iii) the status of the stocks; and (iv) management concerns (current legislation and policies regarding exploitation and recommended management options). In some cases a resource involves more than one species (e.g. aquarium fish and ornamental shells, eel fish). The assistance and level of understanding provided by the staffs of the Department of Fisheries and the Environment Unit, particularly Mrs. Leah Nimoho was greatly appreciated. The author would also like to acknowledge the assistance provided by Ms. Beverleigh Kanas Liu for editing the profile. The author assumes full responsibility for the content of this report. Opinions, where expressed are his alone and in no way reflect the policy of the International Waters Programme, Fisheries Department of Vanuatu, the Environment Unit or the Government of Vanuatu. 1 Because of the inclusion of profiles for those resources that are not marine in nature, the wording “fisheries resources profiles” is used, which is more reflective of the contents of the report. 2 Vanuatu Fisheries Resource Profile LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS A.C.I.A.R Australian Center for International Agricultural Research AIDAB Australian International Development Assistance Bureau AIMS - Australian Institute of Marine Science B.P. Burns Philp (now Better Price) CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CPUE- Catch per unit effort CTL cephalothoracic length (used in coconut crab measurement) DP1 - First National Development Plan (1982-1986) DP2 - Second National Development Plan (1987-1991) DP3 Third National Development Plan (1992-1996) EEZ - Exclusive Economic Zone EIA Environment Impact Assessment ELEFAN Electronic Length Frequency Analysis FADs - Fish Aggregating Devices FAO - Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FAR Fisheries Annual Report FFA Forum Fisheries Agency FFA South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency FOB Free on board GEF - Global Environment Facility ICLARM International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management ICOD International Centre for Ocean Development IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JAMARC Japan Marine Fishery Resources Research Centre JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency MSG - Melanesian Spearhead Group MSP Melanesian Shell Products Ltd MSY Maximum Sustainable Yield O.A.M Open air market OFCF Overseas Fishery Cooperation Foundation ORSTOM French Scientific Research Institute for Co-operative Development PNG Papua New Guinea PWD - Public Works Department RALC Rural Alienated Land Committee SCUBA Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus SPADP South Pacific Aquaculture Development Programme SPC - Secretariat of the Pacific Commiunity SPFC - South Pacific Fishing Company TL Thoracic length U.S.A.- United States of America VFDP - Village Fishery Development Programme SECN Northern Branch of South Equatorial Current SECS South Branch of South Equatorial Current SECC South Equatorial Counter Current CMT Custom Marine Tenure UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law os the Sea LGC Local Government Councils WCPO Western and Central Pacific Ocean OFP Oceanic Fisheries Programme ITSL International Tuna Services Limited TOHO VMS Vessel Monitoring System EDF VFIL Vanuatu Fishing Investment Limited TAC Total Allowable Catch DWFN Distant Water Fishing Nation LTP La Touque a Poissons 3 Vanuatu Fisheries Resource Profile CONTENTS THE PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 21 2. PACIFIC ISLANDS: CULTURAL AREAS AND EEZS......................................................... 23 2.1 VANUATU ARCHIPELAGO ............................................................................... 25 3. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND BATHYMETRY OF THE VANUATU ARCHIPELAGO ........................................................................................................................................ 26 4. LITTORAL AND OFFSHORE TOPOGRAPHY...................................................................... 27 5. THE CLIMATE AND ITS IMPACT ON FISHERIES ............................................................. 29 6. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 31 6.1 THE COUNTRY .................................................................................................. 31 6.2 THE PEOPLE....................................................................................................... 31 6.3 THE GOVERNMENT........................................................................................... 32 6.4 THE ECONOMY.................................................................................................. 32 6.5 INSTITUTIONS/AGENCIES................................................................................ 34 6.5.1 Fisheries Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Quarantine, Forestry and Fisheries . 34 6.5.2 Environment Unit, Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Environment .......... 34 6.6. MANAGEMENT OF FISHERIES RESOURCES .......................................................... 35 6.7 CUSTOMARY MARINE TENURE............................................................................ 36 6.8 MARINE RESOURCES LEGISLATION............................................................... 37 6.8.1 Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu .............................................................. 37 6.8.2 Maritime Zones Act 1981 [CAP. 138]. ................................................................. 37 6.8.3 Fisheries Act 1982 [CAP. 158] (currently under review) ....................................... 38 6.8.3.1 Fisheries Regulations Order No. 49 of 1983................................................ 39 6.8.4 Foreshore Development Act [CAP. 90] ............................................................... 39 6.8.5 Environment Act................................................................................................ 39 6.8.6 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) ........................................................................................................................ 40 6.8.7 Decentralization Act .......................................................................................... 40 7. DEVELOPMENT PLANS .............................................................................................................. 40 7.1 TUNA MANAGEMENT PLAN........................................................................................ 42 8. FISHERIES SECTOR OVER VIEW .......................................................................................... 42 9 FISHERIES RESOURCES PROFILES...................................................................................
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