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Alexander the Great and Hephaestion
2019-3337-AJHIS-HIS 1 Alexander the Great and Hephaestion: 2 Censorship and Bisexual Erasure in Post-Macedonian 3 Society 4 5 6 Same-sex relations were common in ancient Greece and having both male and female 7 physical relationships was a cultural norm. However, Alexander the Great is almost 8 always portrayed in modern depictions as heterosexual, and the disappearance of his 9 life-partner Hephaestion is all but complete in ancient literature. Five full primary 10 source biographies of Alexander have survived from antiquity, making it possible to 11 observe the way scholars, popular writers and filmmakers from the Victorian era 12 forward have interpreted this evidence. This research borrows an approach from 13 gender studies, using the phenomenon of bisexual erasure to contribute a new 14 understanding for missing information regarding the relationship between Alexander 15 and his life-partner Hephaestion. In Greek and Macedonian society, pederasty was the 16 norm, and boys and men did not have relations with others of the same age because 17 there was almost always a financial and power difference. Hephaestion was taller and 18 more handsome than Alexander, so it might have appeared that he held the power in 19 their relationship. The hypothesis put forward here suggests that writers have erased 20 the sexual partnership between Alexander and Hephaestion because their relationship 21 did not fit the norm of acceptable pederasty as practiced in Greek and Macedonian 22 culture or was no longer socially acceptable in the Roman contexts of the ancient 23 historians. Ancient biographers may have conducted censorship to conceal any 24 implication of femininity or submissiveness in this relationship. -
A New Formula in the Battle for Fallujah | the Washington Institute
MENU Policy Analysis / Articles & Op-Eds A New Formula in the Battle for Fallujah by Michael Knights May 25, 2016 Also available in Arabic ABOUT THE AUTHORS Michael Knights Michael Knights is the Boston-based Jill and Jay Bernstein Fellow of The Washington Institute, specializing in the military and security affairs of Iraq, Iran, and the Persian Gulf states. Articles & Testimony The campaign is Iraq's latest attempt to push militia and coalition forces into a single battlespace, and lessons from past efforts have seemingly improved their tactics. n May 22, the Iraqi government announced the opening of the long-awaited battle of Fallujah, the city only O 30 miles west of Baghdad that has been fully under the control of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant group for the past 29 months. Fallujah was a critical hub for al-Qaeda in Iraq and later ISIL in the decade before ISIL's January 2014 takeover. On the one hand it may seem surprising that Fallujah has not been liberated sooner -- after all, it has been the ISIL- controlled city closest to Baghdad for more than two years. The initial reason was that there was always something more urgent to do with Iraq's security forces. In January 2014, the Iraqi security forces were focused on preventing an ISIL takeover of Ramadi next door. The effort to retake Fallujah was judged to require detailed planning, and a hasty counterattack seemed like a pointless risk. In retrospect it may have been worth an early attempt to break up ISIL's control of the city while it was still incomplete. -
Live News: a Survival Guide for Journalists
AA SURVIVALSURVIVAL GUIDEGUIDE FORFOR JOURNALISTSJOURNALISTS LIVELIVE NEWSNEWS Front cover picture: A press photographer in a cloud of teargas during a riot in Lima, Peru, in May 2000. Photo: AP / Martin Mejia Title page picture (right) A newspaper vendor waits for customers in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, one of many countries where media have been put under threat. In November 2002, an emergency aid programme was launched by the IFJ, the Communication Assistance Foundation, International Media Support and Media Assistance International, working with the Union Nationale des Journalistes de Côte d'Ivoire (UNJCI) and the West Africa Journalists Association. The programme included training on safety and conflict reporting. Photo: AP / Clement Ntaye. LIVE NEWS A SURVIVAL GUIDE FOR JOURNALISTS Written and produced for the IFJ by Peter McIntyre Published by the International Federation of Journalists, Brussels March 2003 With the support of the European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights. (i) Live News — A survival guide for journalists Published by the International Federation of Journalists March 2003. © International Federation of Journalists International Press Centre Residence Palace Rue de la Loi 155 B-1040 Brussels, Belgium ✆ +32 2 235 2200 http://www.ifj.org Editor in Chief Aidan White, General Secretary, IFJ Managing Editor Sarah de Jong, Human Rights Officer, IFJ [email protected] Projects Director Oliver Money-Kyrle Written and designed by Peter McIntyre, Oxford, UK [email protected] Acknowledgments The IFJ would like to thank: Associated Press Photos and Reuters, who donated the use of photos; AKE Ltd, Hereford, UK, for advice, information, facilities, and support; Mark Brayne (Dart Centre Europe) for advice on post trauma stress; Rodney Pinder, for comments on the drafts; All the journalists who contributed to, or were interviewed for, this book. -
The Politics of Security in Ninewa: Preventing an ISIS Resurgence in Northern Iraq
The Politics of Security in Ninewa: Preventing an ISIS Resurgence in Northern Iraq Julie Ahn—Maeve Campbell—Pete Knoetgen Client: Office of Iraq Affairs, U.S. Department of State Harvard Kennedy School Faculty Advisor: Meghan O’Sullivan Policy Analysis Exercise Seminar Leader: Matthew Bunn May 7, 2018 This Policy Analysis Exercise reflects the views of the authors and should not be viewed as representing the views of the US Government, nor those of Harvard University or any of its faculty. Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to the many people who helped us throughout the development, research, and drafting of this report. Our field work in Iraq would not have been possible without the help of Sherzad Khidhir. His willingness to connect us with in-country stakeholders significantly contributed to the breadth of our interviews. Those interviews were made possible by our fantastic translators, Lezan, Ehsan, and Younis, who ensured that we could capture critical information and the nuance of discussions. We also greatly appreciated the willingness of U.S. State Department officials, the soldiers of Operation Inherent Resolve, and our many other interview participants to provide us with their time and insights. Thanks to their assistance, we were able to gain a better grasp of this immensely complex topic. Throughout our research, we benefitted from consultations with numerous Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) faculty, as well as with individuals from the larger Harvard community. We would especially like to thank Harvard Business School Professor Kristin Fabbe and Razzaq al-Saiedi from the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative who both provided critical support to our project. -
Ancient Cyprus: Island of Conflict?
Ancient Cyprus: Island of Conflict? Maria Natasha Ioannou Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy Discipline of Classics School of Humanities The University of Adelaide December 2012 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................ III Declaration........................................................................................................... IV Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. V Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1. Overview .......................................................................................................... 1 2. Background and Context ................................................................................. 1 3. Thesis Aims ..................................................................................................... 3 4. Thesis Summary .............................................................................................. 4 5. Literature Review ............................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1: Cyprus Considered .......................................................................... 14 1.1 Cyprus’ Internal Dynamics ........................................................................... 15 1.2 Cyprus, Phoenicia and Egypt ..................................................................... -
JOURNAL of ALEXANDER the GREAT RESOURCES Childhood
JOURNAL OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT RESOURCES Childhood and Education http://www.livius.org/sources/content/plutarch/plutarchs-alexander/alexander-and-aristotle/ https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/LEARNING-FROM-ARISTOTLE-Alexander-the-Great http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/world-history/aristotle-and-alexander-the-man-who- codified-greek-ideas-about-nature-and-the-man-who-spread-them-1608033.html http://www.biography.com/people/alexander-the-great-9180468#early-life Relationship with Bucephalus http://www.livius.org/sources/content/plutarch/plutarchs-alexander/alexander-and-bucephalus/ http://www.theequinest.com/bucephalus/ http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/alexander/g/Bucephalus.htm http://www.ancient.eu/Bucephalus/ Role in his father’s army http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/macedonias-elite-companion-cavalry-under- alexander-the-great/ http://www.livius.org/sources/content/diodorus/the-battle-of-chaeronea/ Battle of Thebes http://www.livius.org/sources/content/diodorus/the-sack-of-thebes/ https://thesecondachilles.com/2014/06/27/the-fall-of-thebes/ http://thegreatcommanders.com/destruction_thebes.html Battle of Granicus River http://www.ancient.eu/Battle_of_the_Granicus/ http://www.livius.org/sources/content/plutarch/plutarchs-alexander/battle-on-the-granicus/ http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~rauhn/Hist303/Battle%20of%20the%20Granicus%20River%20334%20BC.ht m Battle of Issus http://alexandermosaik.de/en/battle_of_issus.html http://www.livius.org/sources/content/diodorus/the-battle-of-issus/ http://greatmilitarybattles.com/Battle%20of%20Issus.htm -
Fighting the Islamic State By, With, and Through How Mattered As Much As What
Paratroopers with Charlie Battery, 2nd Battalion, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division, rotate M777 155mm howitzer in preparation to engage militants with artillery fire in support of Iraqi and Peshmerga fighters in Mosul (U.S. Army/Christopher Bigelow) Fighting the Islamic State By, With, and Through How Mattered as Much as What By J. Patrick Work n January 2017, the 2nd Brigade a simple framework: help the ISF and and approach—how we advised—offer Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Divi- hurt IS every day. Naturally, we had useful examples and angles for leaders I sion, deployed to bolster the Iraqi missteps, but our team also served ISF to ponder as we consider future excur- Security Forces (ISF) in the campaign and coalition commanders well on sions with this style of high-intensity to annihilate the so-called Islamic some terribly uncertain days. Specifi- security force assistance.1 State (IS). Task Force Falcon joined cally, how we advised ISF commanders the coalition advise-and-assist (A&A) was as important as what we advised Organizing Principles effort with 2 weeks remaining during them to do in order to win. We mixed Our mission under Operation Inherent the 100-day offensive to retake east innovative concepts and straightfor- Resolve (OIR) proved infinitely different Mosul. For the next 8 months, we ward tactics to attack IS by, with, and than the exhausting, firsthand combat wrestled a complex environment with through the ISF, yet the entire effort that many of us experienced in Iraq always centered on our partners’ lead- from 2003 to 2008. -
Imitation of Greatness: Alexander of Macedon and His Influence on Leading Romans
Imitation of Greatness: Alexander of Macedon and His Influence on Leading Romans Thomas W Foster II, McNair Scholar The Pennsylvania State University Mark Munn, Ph.D Head, Department of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies College of Liberal Arts The Pennsylvania State University Abstract This paper seeks to examine the relationship between greatness and imitation in antiquity. To do so, Alexander the Great will be compared with Romans Julius Caesar and Marcus Aurelius. The question this paper tries to answer concerns leading Romans and the idea of imitating Alexander the Great and how this affected their actions. It draws upon both ancient sources and modern scholarship. It differs from both ancient and modern attempts at comparison in distinct ways, however. This paper contains elements of the following: historiography, biography, military history, political science, character study, religion and socio-cultural traditions. Special attention has been given to the socio-cultural differences of the Greco-Roman world. Comparing multiple eras allows for the establishment of credible commonalities. These commonalities can then be applied to different eras up to and including the modern. Practically, these traits allow us to link these men of antiquity, both explicitly and implicitly. Beginning with Plutarch in the 1st/2nd century CE1, a long historical tradition of comparing great men was established. Plutarch chose to compare Alexander the Great to Julius Caesar. The reasons for such a comparison are quite obvious. Both men conquered swaths of land, changed the balance of power in the Mediterranean and caused many to either love them or plot to kill them. Scholars have assessed this comparison continuously. -
Geopolitical Overview of Conflicts 2016
Geopolitical overview of Spanish Institute for conflicts 2016 Strategic Studies MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA Geopolitical overview Spanish Institute for of conflicts 2016 Strategic Studies MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA SPANISH OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE http://publicacionesoficiales.boe.es Edita: SECRETARÍA GENERAL TÉCNICA http://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/ © Author and Publisher, 2017 NIPO: 083-16-308-8 (print on demand) NIPO: 083-16-309-3 (e-book edition) Publication date: september 2017 The authors are solely responsible for the opinions expresed in the articles in this publication. The exploitation righits of this work are protected by the Spanish Intellectual Property Act. No parts of this publication may be produced, stored or transmitted in any way nor by any means, electronic, mechanical or print, including photo- copies or any other means without prior, express, written consent of the © copyright holders. ÍNDEX Page Introduction The role of the major powers in current conflicts ...................................................... 9 Miguel Ángel Ballesteros Martín Conflict trends ............................................................................................................................... 9 The resolutions of the Security Council as a gauge of its activity ...................................... 11 Russia’s comeback as a world power ...................................................................................... 13 The military policy of China as an emerging power ............................................................. -
A Fatally Flawed Decision Was Made to Create the Barrier Minefield
HOLDFASTJuly 2019 - Number 34 www.tunnelrats.com.au OffICIal NEWslEttER of thE VIETNAM TUNNNEL Rats AssoCIatION INC. A FATALLY FLAWED DECISION WAS MADE TO CREATE THE BARRIER MINEFIELD. WAS THE NEXT BIG MISTAKE THE LACK OF TRAINING GIVEN TO THOSE BRAVE SAPPERS WHO HAD TO LAY THE MINES? NOSTALGIA PAGES 2 Optimum manning of a work team Nostalgia Pages Troop staff made sure Tunnel Rats were kept busy on menial tasks when back in base off operations, after all, who knows what a Tunnel Rat might get up to with time on his hands! The work party above is based on standard army procedure - if there are three men working you need three men watching over them. The ‘watchers’ were (L to R) Jock Meldrum, Yorkie Pages of great pics from the past to Schofield and Shorty Harrison. The fence mending is taking place at the amaze and amuse. Photo contribitions back of the 3 Troop lines in Nui Dat, some time in 1970/71. welcome. Send your favourite Vietnam pics (with descriptions, names and ap- Seriously weird sign at a prox dates) to Jim Marett 43 Heyington Vung Tau massage joint Place Toorak Vic 3142 or by email to: [email protected] HOLDFASTJuly 2019 - Number 34 www.tunnelrats.com.au OFFICIAL NEWSLETTER OF THE VIETNAM TUNNNEL RATS ASSOCIAT ION INC. A FATALLY FLAWED DECISION WAS MADE TO CREAT E THE BARRIER MINEFIELD. WAS THE NEXT BIG MISTAK E THE LACK OF TRAINING GIVEN TO THOSE BRAV E SAPPERS WHO HAD TO LAY THE MINES? Holdfast Magazine Written and edited by Jim Marett and published quarterly by the Vietnam Tunnel Rats Association 43 Heyington Place With its half man half woman illustration was this massage house way ahead Toorak Vic 3142 of its time in 1960’s Vung Tau? Were these trendsetters trying to appeal to Tel: 03-9824 4967 trans-gender folk even before we’d heard of such a thing? Or perhaps the Mobile: 0403 041 962 male soldier’s uniform and the female nurse’s uniform simply meant they [email protected] were wanting to attract business from soldiers on leave plus the nurses in www.tunnelrats.com.au the US and Australian military hospitals in Vung Tau. -
Mosul After the Battle
Mosul after the Battle Reparations for civilian harm and the future of Ninewa © Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights and Minority Rights Group International January 2020 Cover photo: This report has been produced with the financial assistance of the Swiss Federal De- A woman peeks out of a gate partment of Foreign Affairs and the European Union. The contents of this report are peppered with bullet marks after fighting between the Iraqi Army the sole responsibility of the publishers and can under no circumstances be regarded and ISIS militants in Al-Qadisiyah as reflecting the position of the Swiss FDFA or the European Union. district, Mosul, Iraq. © Iva Zimova/Panos This report was written by Khaled Zaza and Élise Steiner of Zaza Consulting, Mariam Bilikhodze and Dr. Mahmood Azzo Hamdow of the Faculty of Political Sci- ence, University of Mosul. Special thanks to Dr. Tine Gade for research support and review of the report. Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights The Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights is a new initiative to develop ‘civilian-led monitoring’ of violations of international humanitarian law or human rights, to pursue legal and political accountability for those responsible for such violations, and to develop the practice of civilian rights. The Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights is registered as a charity and a company limited by guarantee under English law; charity no: 1160083, company no: 9069133. Minority Rights Group International MRG is an NGO working to secure the rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities and indigenous peoples worldwide, and to promote cooperation and understanding between communities. MRG works with over 150 partner orga- nizations in nearly 50 countries. -
Only Afghanistan's Constitution to Decide on the Future Administration
Page 2 | NATIONAL Two Decades in Afghanistan: Was it Worth it? Page 3 | ECONOMY The Last Special It was 6am on September 12, 2001, when my phone rang and Gerry APTTA Trade Pact Forces Fighting the Brownlee said “turn on the TV, the U.S. is under attack”... Extended for Three Forever War Months Page 2 | NATIONAL Kabul Herat Nangarhar Balkh 14 / 3 17/ 4 23 / 12 16 / 9 Your Gateway to Afghanistan & the Region Sunday, March 7, 2021 Issue No. 931 www.heartofasia.af 10 afs Ghani: Only Afghanistan’s Constitution to Decide on the Future Administration decades’ achievements. Afghan-Iran Online He added: “By sacrificing, I mean Conference on Trade that all personal and group interests should be put aside, and people’s to be Held on Monday interests should be prioritized and An online conference is planned to be peace should be seen as a sacred held on opportunities and strategies goal.” for trade between Afghanistan and Iran Ghani reiterated that no one could on Monday, the portal of Iran Chamber decide on dissolving Afghanistan’s of Commerce, Industries, Mines and institutions that are approved in the Agriculture (ICCIMA) published. constitution. As per Tehran Times report, the online Calling the current opportunity for event will be attended by Hossein Salimi, peace unprecedented and unique, the chairman of Iran-Afghanistan Joint Ghani said Afghans want an end to the Chamber of Commerce. war that has continued for 42 years In this conference, the security and and that they want peace, but not the political situation of Afghanistan and peace of the graveyard.