DOCSLIB.ORG

C.F. Hanson Assistant Technical Sales Manager (Engineering

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
C.F. Hanson Assistant Technical Sales Manager (Engineering SOME TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIOHS OH THE USE OF TITANIUM CONDENSER TUBIHG IU PUBLIC UTILITY POWER GENETIATI01J TURBlliES C.F. Hanson Assistant Technical Sales Manager (Engineering) Imperial Metal Industries (Kynoch) Limited New Metals Division, Birnineham, England With pollution of rivers and estuaries in many parts of the world an unfortunate reality, performance of conventional condenser tube materials is falling short of full plant life reliability at an increasing num(ler of power station sites. The economic feasibility of using titanium for turbine conden­ sers has been proven in several installations in the United Kingdom, U. s. A. and Japa.'1 where cooling water conditions have led to prema­ ture failure of aluminium brass or cupro-nickel. Basic engineering parameters for titanium have been established and the well-documen­ ted coITosion-erosion resistance of the material in polluted saline cooling water substantiated on a practical basis. Attention of engineers is now directed tmrards those design parameters likely to lead to most effective use of titanium tube in new power stations. Design criteria discussed in this paper include heat transfer, which influences tube surfe..ce area and capital cost and galvanic corrosion, which affects choice of tube plate material and protec­ tive systems. In combination with other characteristics, these could lead to new concepts in design and fabrication of titanium condensers. 145 146 C. F. HANSON Corrosion and Erosion Proper~ies Commercially pure titanium is completely resistant to corrosion and erosion attack in sea-water at least up to 130°c.(1). 'l'he pro­ tective oxide film is maintained irrespective of oxygen, sulphide and ammonia content and under crevice conditions arising from scal­ ing, bio-fouling or local tube blockage. It is therefore resistant in polluted water causing deposit attack on copper base materials, pitting on stainless steels and all1E!onia stress corrosion on brQsses. Titanium is non-toxic to marine organisms, but remains unattacked under even severe bio-fouling. o. 5 p. p. m. chlorine injection eliminates such bio-fouling, the s;ystem no!'lllally employed on condenser installations being adequate.(2). Threshold velocity for erosion of titanium tube in clean sea­ water is 60 to 90 ft/second ( 1 ,3). In water of high sand content, threshold velocity is of the order 20 to 25 :ft/second with uninterrupted flow. At normal design velocities, 6 to 10 ft/second, impingement attack caused by local tube blockages or by air bubble release, which often afflicts copper base m~terials, is absent on titanium. The high in"tegri t;ir of titanium thus allows design of conden­ sers with much thinner tube wall than those normally specified with copper base materials. Modern titanium installations (1) use 0.028 and 0.020 in wall tubine and tubing as thin ns 0.012 in is under development in Japan (4,5). Additionally, the erosion and impineement resista~ce of titanium can allow increase in cooling water velocity in new con­ denser designs, with attendant benefit in :-educing surface area." It is normal practice to over-specify tube surface area for a given thermal duty to allow for subsequent plueeing of leaking tubes arising from corrosion or erosion damage. With titanium, this factor may be substantially reduced or eliminated. Ferrous sulphate can also be eliminated in systems re-tubed entirely in titanium but is not detrimental to titanium's resist­ ance in partially re-tubed condensers. The practice of passing spheres or brushes through conrlenser tubes to reduce the incidence of deposit attack is unnecessary with titanium, although it can be retained with high silt content cooling water as a means of improv­ ing heat transfer performance. Absence of copper, zinc and/or nickel corrosion products, particularly beneficial in once-through nuclear plant, can enable reduction in the size and cost of conden­ sate polishing plant. It is in fact the elimination of potentially hazardous chloride leakage into the system and the avoida~1ce of costly unscheduled TITANIUM CONDENSER TUBING IN POWER GENERATION TURBINES 147 outages that yields an attractive economic case in favour of ti taniu::n at power stations using polluted cooling l·1ater. Galvanic Corrosion Titanium is invariably the cathodic mel'.'lber of a bi-metal couple in a sea-water condenser. The use of compatible tube plate material, or effective protection of non-compatible tube plate material, is essential. Careful consideration of the galvanic cor1·osion hazard is even more important when nartia:: ly re-tubing . l·rit~1 titanium alongside existing copper base tubes. Naval Brass or 60:40 brass (r·1untz Netal) tube plate materials are cor•r:1only used ·with aluminiut:i brass or cupro-nickel tubing. Stainless steel clad tu.be plates are sometimes used in power gen­ eration condensers, and aluminium brass or aluminium bronze are not uncommon in the oil industry. Coating of tube plates is occasion­ ally specified, more often the steel 1mter boxes are protected in this manner. Sacrificial iron or zinc alloy anodes or platinised titanium impressed current cathodic protection systems are used, in some cases as an insurance to cover failure of coating$. There is ample evidence from U.K. experience that condenser tube plates in Naval Brass or Muntz Metal, otherwise unprotected, will suffer from accelerated corrosion attack around titanium tubes. This is supported by laboratory evidence. Fig. 1 shows that the accelerated rate of corrosion through coupling increases as the cathodic (titanium) area related to the anodic area gets larger. With 60:40 brass, corrosion is by dezincification. With naval and Admiralty Brass, corrosion is more general. Corrosion rates are higher in flowing sea-water. For example, from Fig. 1, Admiralty Brass at the extreme anode:cathode ratio of 1 :~9 (repre­ sentative of local failure of a tube plate coatine in the vicinity of a titanium tube) has a corrosion rate of 0.008 in per year in static sea-water, which increases to 0.020 in per year in flowing sea-water at 6 ft/second. Although with the brasses, tube plate thickness can incorporate a corrosion allowance, there remains the problem of preferential corrosion penetrating the brass at the tube-tube plate interface eventually causing a leakage path. Of the copper base materials, the most compatible with titanium is the high nickel content aluminium bronze (A.S.T.M. B171 Alloy E); in flowing sea-water the corrosion rate at 1 :30 anode:cathode ratio is 0.0004 in per year compared with 0.0003 in per year under static conditions. This alloy has recently been specified for a large titanium tubed turbine condenser to be installed in England during 1972. Nickel aluminium bronze (A.S.T.M. B171 Alloy D) has been used in two smaller industrial steam turbine condensers at the Coryton Refinery of Mobil Oil Company in the u. K. (1). After 3 years service there is no evidence of tube plate corrosion, as would be expected from laboratory data in Fig. 1- Fig. 1. Galvanic Corrosion of Titanium ~ Dissimilar Metal Couples at Different Area Ratios in Static Sea Water. ALUMINIUM BRONZE (ASTM Bl71 ALLOY E) UNCOUPLEp ~ STABILISED STAINLESS STEEL COUPLED ANODE: I I CAlHODE RA1101:0.1 60/40 BRASS ~1---LLLL:LI COUPLED ANODE: W:f§l CAlHODE RAllO 1: 10 BRONZE lA ST MB 171 ALLOY D) COUPLED ANODE: ™1 CAlHDDE RA110 I :30 ALUMINIUM BRASS (76 Cu -22Zn - 2 Al) MONEL (67 Ni - 31 Cu- I Fe-I Mn) 0·14 OH 0.10 0 0.02 0·04 0.06 0.08 0·10 0-12 OH 0·16 0·18 0-20 UN·COUPLED CORROSION RATE COUPLED CORROSION RATE OF DISSIMILAR METAL OF DISSIMILAR METAL IN SEA WATER IN SEA WATER AT mm /y~a r INDIC".ATED ANODE: CATHODE ::c AREA RATIOS > z mm/year Cl'l 0 z TITANIUM CONDENSER TUBING IN POWER GENERATION TURBINES 149 In these designs, the maximum anode:cathode ratio is less than 1 :10. Stainless steel clad tube plates should be compatible with titanium galvanically provided they are not subject to pitting attack. In high sulphide bearing waters, the probability of such attack is higher due to breakdown of passivity; it is because of this factor that stainless steel tubing is not employed in the United Kingdom in coastal or estuarine stations. Solid or clad titanium tube plates may eventually find appli­ cation in new condensers. Although more expensive, they could be used in high integrity nuclear plant where avoidance of chloride ingress into the core exchanger circni t is absolutely essential. On-site fabrication would be difficult, but, in thinner wall form and optimally designed for heat transfer efficiency at higher cooling water velocities, the 7Clfo reduction achievable in tube and tube plate weight compared with conventional tube materials could perhaps provide opportunity for modular construction in a fabrica­ ting shop under cfean conditions and transport of the completed module to site even for the largest turbines presently envisaged. Protective Systems As an alternative to selection of tube plate materials com­ patible with titanium, particularly in retubing where replacement would be unnecessarily expensive, it is possible to use coating or cathodic protection or both. Experience with rubber coating of brass tube plates and water boxes is variable. The primary hazard, when titanium is introduced into any system, is localised failure of the coating resulting in a very small anodic area. Either a perfect coating is required or a sacrificial anode or impressed current cathodic protection system must be used as an insurance. Coatings that have been applied on titanium tubed units include polysulphide rubber, coal tar pitch epoxy resin and metal oxide-filled epoxy resin. In each case scrupulous preparation of the tube plate surface is required to avoid dirt and grease and provide a key, the latter usually by shot blasting.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Long-Term Prospects for Northwest European Refining
    LONG-TERM PROSPECTS FOR NORTHWEST EUROPEAN REFINING ASYMMETRIC CHANGE: A LOOMING GOVERNMENT DILEMMA? ROBBERT VAN DEN BERGH MICHIEL NIVARD MAURITS KREIJKES CIEP PAPER 2016 | 01 CIEP is affiliated to the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. CIEP acts as an independent forum for governments, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, media, politicians and all others interested in changes and developments in the energy sector. CIEP organizes lectures, seminars, conferences and roundtable discussions. In addition, CIEP members of staff lecture in a variety of courses and training programmes. CIEP’s research, training and activities focus on two themes: • European energy market developments and policy-making; • Geopolitics of energy policy-making and energy markets CIEP is endorsed by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, BP Europe SE- BP Nederland, Coöperatieve Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A. ('Rabobank'), Delta N.V., ENGIE Energie Nederland N.V., ENGIE E&P Nederland B.V., Eneco Holding N.V., EBN B.V., Essent N.V., Esso Nederland B.V., GasTerra B.V., N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie, Heerema Marine Contractors Nederland B.V., ING Commercial Banking, Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij B.V., N.V. NUON Energy, TenneT TSO B.V., Oranje-Nassau Energie B.V., Havenbedrijf Rotterdam N.V., Shell Nederland B.V., TAQA Energy B.V.,Total E&P Nederland B.V., Koninklijke Vopak N.V. and Wintershall Nederland B.V. CIEP Energy
    [Show full text]
  • The DA GHGI Improvement Programme 2009-2010 Industry Sector Task
    The DA GHGI Improvement Programme 2009-2010 Industry Sector Task DECC, The Scottish Government, The Welsh Assembly Government and the Northern Ireland Department of the Environment AEAT/ENV/R/2990_3 Issue 1 May 2010 DA GHGI Improvements 2009-2010: Industry Task Restricted – Commercial AEAT/ENV/R/2990_3 Title The DA GHGI Improvement Programme 2009-2010: Industry Sector Task Customer DECC, The Scottish Government, The Welsh Assembly Government and the Northern Ireland Department of the Environment Customer reference NAEI Framework Agreement/DA GHGI Improvement Programme Confidentiality, Crown Copyright copyright and reproduction File reference 45322/2008/CD6774/GT Reference number AEAT/ENV/R/2990_3 /Issue 1 AEA Group 329 Harwell Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0QJ Tel.: 0870 190 6584 AEA is a business name of AEA Technology plc AEA is certificated to ISO9001 and ISO14001 Authors Name Stuart Sneddon and Glen Thistlethwaite Approved by Name Neil Passant Signature Date 20th May 2010 ii AEA Restricted – Commercial DA GHGI Improvements 2009-2010: Industry Task AEAT/ENV/R/2990_3 Executive Summary This research has been commissioned under the UK and DA GHG inventory improvement programme, and aims to research emissions data for a group of source sectors and specific sites where uncertainties have been identified in the scope and accuracy of available source data. Primarily this research aims to review site-specific data and regulatory information, to resolve differences between GHG data reported across different emission reporting mechanisms. The research has comprised: 1) Data review from different reporting mechanisms (IPPC, EU ETS and EEMS) to identify priority sites (primarily oil & gas terminals, refineries and petrochemicals), i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Petroplus, Land Part of Area 418. Coryton Refinery, the Manorway, Stanford-Le-Hope
    Planning Committee 14 January 2016 Application Reference: 15/00877/FUL Reference: Site: 15/00877/FUL Petroplus, land part of Area 418. Coryton Refinery, The Manorway, Stanford-le-Hope Ward: Proposal: Corringham and Full planning permission for the installation and operation of a Fobbing ground mounted solar photovoltaic array to generate electricity of up to 5MW capacity comprising photovoltaic panels, inverters, security fencing and cameras and other associated infrastructure. Plan Number(s): Reference Name Received 15K62-CV-GS-101 Rev. AB Site Location 21.12.15 15K62-CV-GS-104 Rev. AA Site Plan 21.09.15 15K62-EL-LY-101 Rev. AC Layout 21.12.15 15K62-EL-LY-101 A Rev. AB Layout 21.09.15 15K62-EL-LY-101 B Rev. AB Layout 21.09.15 15K62-EL-LY-101 C Rev. AB Layout 21.09.15 15K62-EL-LY-101 D Rev. AB Layout 21.09.15 15K62-HS-LY-104 Rev. AA CCTV Layout & CCTV Pole Details 21.09.15 15K62-CV-FC-103 Rev. AA Fence & Gate Details 21.09.15 15K62-CV-HS-101 Rev. AA Inverter Housing Elevation 21.09.15 15K06-CV-HS-102 Rev. AA Control Cabin Elevation 21.09.15 15K06-CV-HS-103 Rev. AA Storage Container Elevation 21.09.15 15K62-EL-PA-101 Rev. AA PV Array Elevation 21.09.15 15K62-EL-CR-101 Rev. AA Cable Route & PoC 21.09.15 The application is also accompanied by: Design and Access Statement Environmental Statement, including: - Screening Opinion - Layout of the Development - Landscape and Visual Assessment - Preliminary Ecological Assessment - Botanical Survey - Great Crested Newt Survey - Breeding Bird Survey - Reptile Survey - Water Vole Survey - Invertebrate Survey Planning Committee 14 January 2016 Application Reference: 15/00877/FUL - Flood Risk Assessment - Non-Technical Assessment Planning Statement Applicant: Validated: Sun4Net Limited 22 September 2015 Date of expiry: 12 January 2016 Recommendation: Approve subject to conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Buncefield Investigation Progress Report the Buncefield Investigation
    The Buncefield Investigation Progress report The Buncefield Investigation Contents Foreword 3 Part 1 The Investigation so far 4 1.1 The incident 4 1.2 What is known about the explosions and fire 9 1.3 The continuing Investigation 12 1.4 Review of HSE/EA roles in regulating activities at Buncefield 14 1.5 Major Incident Investigation Board 15 Part 2 Background 16 2.1 Site description 16 2.2 Regulation of high-hazard sites 19 Annexes 1 Background to the COMAH Regulations 21 2 HSE’s current approach to land use planning 22 3 Investigation terms of reference 25 4 Major Incident Investigation organogram 26 5 Further information 27 Glossary 28 Photographs are courtesy of the Chiltern Air Support Unit and Hertfordshire County Council 2 The Buncefield Investigation Foreword At the first meeting of the Major Incident Investigation Board (MIIB) on 24 January I was asked to prepare, for the second (10 February) meeting, a progress report on the Buncefield Major Incident Investigation by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and the Environment Agency (EA). This was to bring together relevant background material and to cover progress with the investigation and such facts as have been established to this point. The MIIB said that this progress report would not constitute the ‘initial report’ required by Terms of Reference 6, since some of the main facts have yet to be established. This progress report is a stepping stone towards the initial report. The report describes the incident and the nature of the site and surrounding communities and the initial responses by EA and HSE.
    [Show full text]
  • Thurrock Council
    Third Round Updating and Screening Assessment for Thurrock Council June 2006 Third Round Updating and Screening Assessment Thurrock Council Acknowledgements The assistance of Dheshnee Nadar and Mark Gentry from Thurrock Council is gratefully acknowledged in the production of this report. 2 Environmental Research Group, King’s College London Thurrock Council Third Round Updating and Screening Assessment Executive Summary The role of the local authority review and assessment process is to identify areas where it is considered that the government’s air quality objectives will be exceeded. The Thurrock Council has previously undertaken the earlier rounds of review and assessment (R&A) of local air quality management and identified areas where the objectives are exceeded and where there is relevant public exposure. As a consequence, it has designated Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) across its area. This report concerns the third round Updating and Screening Assessment. Local authorities are required to review and assess air quality against the objectives in the Air Quality Regulations 2000 and the amendment regulations as part of a rolling three-year cycle ending in 2010. The air quality objectives to be assessed are for the following seven pollutants: carbon monoxide, benzene, 1,3- butadiene, lead, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and particles (PM10). This report provides a new assessment to identify those matters that have changed since the last review and assessment, and which might lead to a risk of the objective being exceeded. The report follows the prescribed guidance given in technical guidance LAQM. TG (03) and the additional advice provided by DEFRA (as Frequently Asked Questions) for the purposes of this round of R&A.
    [Show full text]
  • Port Trades Origins and Destinations Report
    London is the UK’s most diverse port in terms of cargoes handled. The following case studies of terminal operators participating in PLA research demonstrates some of the variety of locations and cargoes handled. North Sea Jetty is the larger of Brett Aggregates Group’s two facilities on ț the Thames. It handles some one The Port of London plays an The river is an important route for onward and a quarter million tonnes of sand distribution of goods by water, handling and gravel a year, principally from essential role as a transport hub newly consented dredging grounds two to three million tonnes of goods annually. nationally, for the South East region in the Eastern English Channel and established licences in the North and locally within London, Essex Sea and around the Isle of White. and Kent. Each year the Port The Thames: Just under half of the terminal’s throughput is used on site in ț Accounted for 77% of all sea-dredged aggregates block making, concrete production and bagging. handles in excess of 50 million moved in UK waterways in 2006. A further quarter leaves the site from dedicated rail sidings for tonnes of cargo. depots in South and West London; the remaining quarter is transported by road to concrete plants and other sites in the Economic impact South East. This report summarises the findings Earlier research has concluded that the Port of The company is investing in new conveyors at the site, both to Cobelfret Ferries operates a three of research commissioned by the increase the rate of discharge from dredgers and to load vessels London makes a major economic contribution to the times weekday ro-ro service for for transhipment upstream.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Outsourcing of Maintenance in UK Petrochemicals
    Strategy, flexibility and human resource management: a study of the outsourcing of maintenance in UK petrochemicals by Neil Henry Ritson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of PhD (by Published Works) at the University of Central Lancashire March 2008 ate uclan University of Central Lancashire Student Declaration Concurrent registration for two or more academic awards Either *1 declare that while registered as a candidate for the research degree, I have not been a registered candidate or enrolled student for another award of the University or other academic or professional institution or *1 dec1re that for for Material submitted for another award Either *1 declare that no material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award and is solely my own work. or (state award and awarding body and list the material below): Collaboration Where a candidate's research prog9mrrl1s part of a collaborative project, the thesis must indicate in addition clearly the candidate' ividual contribution and the extent of the collaboration. Please state below Signature of Candidate Type of Award Department Part I The Thesis Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the Degree of PhD University of Central Lancashire March 2008 Candidate: Neil Henry Ritson Title Strategy, flexibility and human resource management: a study of the outsourcing of maintenance in UK petrochemicals Table of Contents Abstract page 4 Acknowledgements page 5 Preface pages 6-7 Chapter 1 Introduction pages
    [Show full text]
  • A Lifecycle Assessment of Petroleum Processing Activities in the United Kingdom
    From Ground to Gate: A lifecycle assessment of petroleum processing activities in the United Kingdom Reyn OBorn Master in Industrial Ecology Submission date: June 2012 Supervisor: Anders Hammer Strømman, EPT Co-supervisor: Olav Bolland, EPT Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Energy and Process Engineering Abstract Petroleum products are an important component of today’s societal energy needs. Petroleum powers everything from the vehicles people rely on, to the ships that carry goods around the world, to the heating of homes in colder climates. The petroleum process chain is complex and the environmental impacts within the process chain are not always well understood. A deeper understanding of where emissions come from along the process chain will help policy makers in the path towards a less carbon intensive society. One of the core processes of the petroleum process chain is refining. Petroleum refining is a complicated process which can have varying crude inputs and varying fuel outputs depending upon the refinery make-up, the crude blend and the market conditions at the time of production. The goal of this paper is to introduce a lifecycle analysis on the UK petroleum refining sector. Where emissions occur along the process chain and which fuels cause the most pollution on a per unit basis will be reported and discussed using lifecycle analysis framework. The refining process is difficult to maneuver around and it can be difficult to discern which processes create which products. The analysis is broadened to understand the refining emissions associated with different fuel types at both a process and country level.
    [Show full text]
  • IMO Ref. T5/101 MEPC.3/Circ.4 18 November 2003 FACILITIES IN
    INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION 4 ALBERT EMBANKMENT LONDON SE1 7SR E Telephone: 020 7735 7611 Fax: 020 7587 3210 Telex: 23588 IMOLDN G IMO Ref. T5/101 MEPC.3/Circ.4 18 November 2003 FACILITIES IN PORTS FOR THE RECEPTION OF OILY WASTES FROM SHIPS 1 It will be recalled that the Government of a Party to MARPOL 73/78 undertakes to ensure the provision of adequate reception facilities in its ports for the reception of oily wastes from oil tankers and other ships using its ports in accordance with regulation 12 of Annex I of the Convention. Furthermore, all Parties to the Convention are required to communicate to the Organization a list of reception facilities in their ports in accordance with article 11(1)(d) of the Convention, and all IMO Member States which are not yet Party to the Convention are also invited to provide such information. 2 With the aim of promoting the effective implementation of the Convention, the Organization, since 1983, has been collecting and disseminating information on the availability of reception facilities through MEPC circulars. 3 The list of oily waste reception facilities is also available on the Internet and can be accessed as follows: http:/www.imo.org (select 'Quick links/Circulars/Reception Facilities). 4 The attached is a complete list of information on oily waste reception facilities submitted by Governments up to October 2003 and supersedes all other circulars on this matter. The list of IMO Member States which have submitted information on oily waste reception facilities contained in this Circular is set out in annex 1 to this circular and the list of facilities in annex 2.
    [Show full text]
  • UK Fuel Market Review
    UK fuel market review Refining www.racfoundation.org/uk-fuel-market-review • Understanding the latest structural changes in the global and European refining sectors is essential for an appreciation of the recent developments in UK refining. • Demand for refined products has been gradually declining in the US and Europe; this is reflected in the flat or falling refinery capacity and utilisation rates in these regions. • In contrast, demand for oil products has been growing in emerging countries, which is where the majority of growth in refinery capacity has occurred in the past five years. • There is an increasing imbalance between demand and supply for refined products in the US and Europe. • Growing environmental regulations in Europe and the US are also increasing the cost of refining. • The UK refinery sector faces similar challenges: demand for oil-refined products is overall flat while the structure of demand is changing. The UK increasingly relies on trade flows to counter the impact of changes in the structure of demand. • The UK had nine refineries nine years ago. Two refineries have closed and all but one have been sold or put up for sale in the past three years. 1. Recent developments in the global and European refining sector Figure 1: Crude oil production by country in 2011 (000 barrels per day) 30 25 20 15 10 Million barrels per day 5 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 OECD North America OECD Europe OECD Pacific China and India Note: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Pacific includes Australia, Japan and Korea Source: Collected from the January issues of the Oil Market Review of the International Energy Agency (IEA) While demand in China and India has been increasing in the past five years, it has been falling in the more mature markets of North America, Europe and the Pacific.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Refining Sector: a Diversity of Markets?
    THE EUROPEAN REFINING SECTOR: A DIVERSITY OF MARKETS? MICHIEL NIVARD AND MAURITS KREIJKES CIEP PAPER 2017 | 02 CIEP is affiliated to the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. CIEP acts as an independent forum for governments, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, media, politicians and all others interested in changes and developments in the energy sector. CIEP organizes lectures, seminars, conferences and roundtable discussions. In addition, CIEP members of staff lecture in a variety of courses and training programmes. CIEP’s research, training and activities focus on European energy market developments, (EU) energy policy-making, developments in energy transition and the geopolitics of energy markets. CIEP is endorsed by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, BP Europe SE- BP Nederland, Coöperatieve Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A. ('Rabobank'), PZEM N.V., ENGIE Energie Nederland N.V., ENGIE E&P Nederland B.V., Eneco Holding N.V., EBN B.V., Essent N.V., Esso Nederland B.V., GasTerra B.V., N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie, Heerema Marine Contractors Nederland B.V., ING Commercial Banking, Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij B.V., N.V. NUON Energy, TenneT TSO B.V., Oranje-Nassau Energie B.V., Havenbedrijf Rotterdam N.V., RWE Generation NL B.V., Shell Nederland B.V., Statoil ASA, TAQA Energy B.V.,Total E&P Nederland B.V., Koninklijke Vopak N.V., Uniper Benelux and Wintershall Nederland B.V. CIEP Energy Papers are published on the CIEP website: www.clingendaelenergy.com/ publications TITLE The European Refining Sector: A Diversity of Markets? COPYRIGHT © 2017 Clingendael International Energy Programme (CIEP) NUMBER 2017 | 02 AUTHORS Michiel Nivard and Maurits Kreijkes EDITOR Heather Montague DESIGN Studio Maartje de Sonnaville PUBLISHED BY Clingendael International Energy Programme (CIEP) ADDRESS Clingendael 12, 2597 VH The Hague, The Netherlands P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Oil Refining Sector? 1
    This report has been prepared for the Department of Energy and Climate Change and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills Industrial Decarbonisation & Energy Efficiency Roadmaps to 2050 Oil Refining MARCH 2015 CONTENTS CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................................I LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... VII ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................ VIII 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 What is the ‘Decarbonisation and Energy Efficiency Roadmap’ for the Oil Refining Sector? 1 1.2 Developing the Oil Refining Sector Roadmap 1 1.3 Sector Findings 2 1.4 Enablers and Barriers for Decarbonisation in the Oil Refining Sector 3 1.5 Analysis of Decarbonisation Potential in the Oil Refining Sector 3 1.6 Conclusions and Key Technology Groups 5 2. INTRODUCTION, INCLUDING METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... 7 2.1 Project Aims and Research Questions 7 2.1.1 Introduction 7 2.1.2 Aims of the Project 8 2.1.3 What is a Roadmap?
    [Show full text]