Izr. Prof. Dr. Cirila Toplak Politična Misel Lee Kuan Yewa Magistrsko

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Izr. Prof. Dr. Cirila Toplak Politična Misel Lee Kuan Yewa Magistrsko UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Peter Kolenko Politična misel Lee Kuan Yewa Magistrsko delo Ljubljana, 2015 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Peter Kolenko Mentorica: izr. prof. dr. Cirila Toplak Politična misel Lee Kuan Yewa Magistrsko delo Ljubljana, 2015 Politična misel Lee Kuan Yewa V magistrskem delu raziskujem družbeno-politično misel Lee Kuan Yewa oz. t. i. singapurski model, pri čemer gre za politične koncepte, okrog katerih se vrtita njegova politična misel in praksa. Lee je bil prvi predsednik vlade in velja za »očeta« sodobnega Singapurja, majhne otoške države, danes najbogatejše nedemokratične države, ki ne proizvaja nafte, in je kljub idealnim pogojem za demokracijo v teoriji hegemonska strankarska avtokracija, ki ji že 56 let nepretrgoma vlada stranka PAP (People's Action Party), ki jo je s somišljeniki ustanovil Lee. Leeja prištevajo med tvorce ekonomskega razvoja v Aziji. V delu se osredotočam na temeljne ideologije, na katerih je zgrajen sodobni Singapur. Pri tem gre predvsem za »multikulturnost oz. t. i. rasno in religiozno harmonijo«, »meritokracijo« in »azijske vrednote«. Lee je vedno poudarjal kulturne dejavnike, je oče diskurza azijskih vrednot, s katerim je zavračal pozahodnjenje, sočasno pa sprejemal modernizacijo in spremembe načina življenja, s pridržkom, da demokracija v Aziji ne more delovati. Vladal je avtoritarno, močno je omejil številne državljanske svoboščine, vključno s svobodo govora in pravico do zborovanja, koncept oblasti v Singapurju pa temelji na geslu učinkovitosti kot edinem kriteriju. Ta učinkovitost se meri predvsem skozi številke in rast BDP. Leejev avtokratski hegemonski politični režim ni dosegel samo ekonomskih uspehov, ampak je ustvaril tudi družbo »enakovrednih« državljanov, ne glede na raso, religijo ali jezik oz. družbo z malo rasnimi napetostmi, medtem ko ima visoko stopnjo rasnega zavedanja. Ob tem gre za družbo, ki ji vladajo najboljši oz. najsposobnejši posamezniki in ki temelji na konfucijanskem načelu, kjer je družina osnovna enota družbe, njena naloga pa je prevzem odgovornosti za svoje člane. Ključne besede: grajenje nacije, multikulturalizem, meritokracija, azijske vrednote, Singapur. Political thought of Lee Kuan Yew In this master's thesis I am expoloring the socio-political thought of Lee Kuan Yew, the so called »Singapore model« and political concepts around which his political thought and praxes revolve. Lee Kuan Yew was the first Prime Minister and is recognised as the founding father of the independent Singapore.A small city-state, which is now the richest undemocratic country that does not produce oil. Despite the ideal conditions for democracy, Singapore remains hegemonic partisan autocracy led uninterruptedly by People's Action Party (PAP), founded by Lee and his adherents. Lee is also regarded as one of the creators of economic development in Asia. In the thesis I focus on the fundamental ideologies which modern-day Singapore is built on.This refers mainly to the »multiculturalism« – the so called »racial and religious harmony«, »meritocracy« and »Asian values«. Lee has always emphasized the cultural factors and is the father of Asian values discourse which has refused westernisation, while at the same time he accepted modernisation and lifestyle changes. He believed that democracy cannot work in Asia. Lee ruled in an authoritarian style and highly restricted many civil liberties including the freedom of speech and the right to assembly. The concept of authority in Singapore is based on a motto of effectiveness as the sole criterion. The effectiveness is measured primarily through numbers and GDP growth. Lee's autocratic hegemonic political regime has not only achieved economic success but also created a society of »equivalent« citizens irrespective of race, religion or language. Namely, a society with little racial tensions, while it contains a high level of racial awareness. At the same time it is a society ruled by »the best and the most capable individuals« and based on Confucian principle where family is the basic unit of society and should take responsibility for its members. Key words: nation building, multiculturalism, meritocracy, Asian values, Singapore. KAZALO 1 Uvod ........................................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Opredelitev raziskovalnega vprašanja ......................................................................... 8 1.2 Metodologija ................................................................................................................ 9 1.3 Zgradba dela .............................................................................................................. 10 2 Zgodovinski in geopolitični okvir ......................................................................................... 11 2.1 Lee Kuan Yew ........................................................................................................... 13 3 Ekonomski okvir ................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Singapur in globalizacija ........................................................................................... 20 3.2 Pozelenitev Singapurja .............................................................................................. 22 4 Politični okvir ........................................................................................................................ 25 4.1 Stranka PAP ............................................................................................................... 26 4.2 Soočenje s komunizmom, zakon o notranji varnosti in politična opozicija .............. 27 4.3 Politična legitimacija ................................................................................................. 31 4.4 Državljanske pravice ................................................................................................. 33 5 Meritokracija ......................................................................................................................... 37 5.1 Izobraževalni sistem in elitizem ............................................................................... 42 5.2 Državljanska vzgoja .................................................................................................. 47 6 Multikulturnost oz. rasa in rasna harmonija .......................................................................... 50 7 Nadzorovanje populacije ....................................................................................................... 54 7.1 Tuji talenti in tuji delavci .......................................................................................... 57 8 Vrednote ................................................................................................................................ 61 8.1 Azijske vrednote ........................................................................................................ 61 8.2 Konfucianizem .......................................................................................................... 64 8.3 Deljene vrednote ........................................................................................................ 68 9 Singapur danes....................................................................................................................... 74 10 Sklepni del ........................................................................................................................... 83 11 Literatura ............................................................................................................................. 89 4 1 Uvod Lee Kuan Yew je bil prvi predsednik vlade mestne države Singapur. Na tem položaju je bil od 1959, ko je prevzel Stranko ljudske akcije – PAP (People's Action Party), pa do 1990, ko je ostal v kabinetu kot »Senior Minister« in »Minister mentor«. S funkcij je odstopil leta 2011, vendar pa je vse do smrti ostal član parlamenta. Po Ferfili (2001) je Lee Kuan Yewa mogoče šteti za »očeta« sodobnega Singapurja, ki je bil zgrajen skoraj iz »nič«. Kljub zahodnim kritikam je ta politik izjemno cenjen še danes, ohranil pa je tudi velik vpliv na vladno politiko ter javno dogajanje. (Ferfila 2001, 728) Filozof Slavoj Žižek meni, do bo Lee Kuan Yew nemara med tistimi, ki jim bodo čez stoletje postavljali spomenike, saj ne bo ostal v spominu le kot prvi predsednik singapurske vlade, ampak tudi kot tvorec avtoritarnega kapitalizma – ideologije, ki bo oblikovala naslednje stoletje, tako kot je demokracija prejšnje. (Financial Times 2015) Lee je širše znan kot arhitekt politične stabilnosti in mednarodnega ekonomskega uspeha Singapurja, prav tako pa ga prištevajo med tvorce ekonomskega razvoja v Aziji, kar ga uvršča med pomembnejše azijske osebnosti 20. stoletja. Ob tem pa je znan tudi po vladavini, ki je posegala domala na vsa področja življenja in kjer ni bilo prostora za drugačna mnenja, zaradi česar velja za kontroverzno osebnost, tako v življenju in tudi ob smrti leta 2015. Lee Kuan Yew je svoje življenje posvetil Singapurju, saj si je projekt »grajenja nacije« vzel za svoj osebni cilj. Menil je, da je »porabil toliko življenja za grajenje Singapurja, da mu ni bilo potrebno narediti nič več. In kaj je dobil? Uspešen Singapur. In čemu se je odrekel? Življenju.« (Lee 2011) Vizionar, ki je strogo sledil svojim vizijam o napredku Singapurja, je vladal avtoritarno in s trdo roko, saj je močno omejil številne državljanske
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