DOCSLIB.ORG

(2) Mouth Is Encircled by True Jaws. (3) Movement by Paired Fins Or Legs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(2) Mouth Is Encircled by True Jaws. (3) Movement by Paired Fins Or Legs Division (2) Gnathostomata (1) These are developed vertebrates. (2) Mouth is encircled by true jaws. (3) Movement by paired fins or legs. (4) Vertebral column well developed. (5) Mouth is not rounded. (6) Pineal eye is absent. (7) 3 Semi circular canals are found in internal ear. (8) Animals are unisexual, gonads are paired, genital ducts are present. (9) Gills or lungs are meant for respiration. Group Gnathostomata is classified into two super classes on the basis of locomotory organs, respiratory organs, heart, nostrils and blood vascular system. [2] Super Class of G-nathostomata : [1] Pisces [2] Tetrapoda [1] SUPER CLASS - PISCES (1) This superclass includes true fishes. (2) Animals are aquatic, may be fresh water or marine. (3) These are cold blooded or poikilothermic animals. (4) Body is long, boat shaped and stream lined, which is divided into head, trunk and tail. Neck is absent. (5) Body is covered by dermal scales. Exceptions :- 1. Cat fish 2. Torpedo Both these fishes are scale less. (6) Paired fins are present for swimming, e.g. Pectoral and pelvic fins, along with these fins are also found on the body e.g. mid dorsal fin and caudal fin. (7) Endoskeleton is made up of cartilage or bones. (8) External nares are one pair. This condition is known as Dirhynous condition. (9) Respiration by gills, gills are 5 to 7 pairs and naked or covered by operculum. (10) Heart two chambered, known as “Venous heart”, because it contains only impure blood, which goes to gills for purification from heart. Pure blood is then distributed to all parts of body directly from gills, i.e. circulation of blood is unicircuit. (11) Their RBC (Present in blood) are nucleated. Sinus venosus, renal and hepatic portal systems are found in circulatory system. (12) External and middle ears are absent, only internal ear is present in which three semi - circular canals are present, which work as statoreceptor. (13) Kidneys in fishes are mesonephric type. Cartilagenous fishes excrete urea and marine bony fishes excrete trimethylamine oxide. (14) Cranial nerves are 10 - pairs. (15) Lateral line receptor system is present in the body of fishes, which includes many organs. (16) “Air bladder” helps in respiration in lung-fishes (Group - Dipnoi) (17) Vertebrae in fishes are amphicoelus, in which centrum is concave at both the surfaces. (18) Fishes are unisexual. (19) Fertilization is internal or external. Females are oviparous or ovoviviparous. (20) In the skull of fishes only one occipital condyle is present, so their skull is called monocondylar type. (21) Eggs are mesolecithal or megalecithal type. (22) Cleavage in fishes is holoblastic unequal, or meroblastic discoidal type. (23) Extraembryonic membranes are absent in fishes so all the fishes are placed under anamniota. (24) Metamorphosis is direct i.e. larval stage is lacking during development. (25) Small fishes (Baby fishes) are called “FRY”. (26) Fishes show a seasonal migration in a particular season. [A] Migration of fishes from fresh water to marine water is called catadromous migration. Example :- Anguilla [B] Migration of fishes from marine water to fresh water is called Anadromous migration. Example :- (1) Salmon (2) Sturgeon (3) Hilsa (4) Trout (27) “Devonian era” is called “era of fishes” Study of fishes is Icthyology. Romer classified super class pisces into three classes :- Super Class Pisces classify into three classes :- (A) Class - Placodermi (B) Class - Chondrichthyes (C) Class - Osteichthyes (A) CLASS - PLACODERMI :- (1) In this class, all extinct fishes are included, which lived from devonian period to permian pe- riod. So these were the “first fresh water true fishes”. (2) Their entire body was covered by bony plates, so these were called “Armoured fishes” Examples 1. Dinicthyes 2. Coccosteus 3. Climatius - first jawed fish (B) CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES OR ELASMOBRANCHI :- (1) This class includes cartilagenous fishes. (2) Fishes are normally marine of this class. (3) Endoskeleton is made up of cartilage. (4) Exoskeleton over the skin is made up of placoid scales. These scales are like denticle and are originated by dermis of skin. (5) In these fishes, 5-7 pairs of gills are present, which open directly outside the body by gill slits, operculum is normally absent in these fishes. (6) 5 pairs spiracles are found in them. Exception :- Fishes of group Holocephali have operculum over their gills. Example :- Chimaera (Rat fish) 5. Stegostoma :- Tiger shark 6. Trygon :- Sting ray - Its dorsal fin has poisonous spines. 7. Torpedo :- Electric ray - In this fish an electric organ is found which is a modified muscle it can give shock of about 100 volts. It is exoskeletonless. 8. Rhineodon :- Whale shark - It is the largest true fish. Its length is 13 - 14 mt 9. Carcharodon :- Greate white shark. 10. Chimaera :- “Rat fish” or “King of herrings” or ghost fish. Chimaera is supposed to be the connecting link between bony and cartilagenous fishes. 11. Raja :- Scate 12. Myliobatis :- Eagle - Ray Note :- Dry skin of cartilagenous fishes is called “Sagreen” [C] CLASS - OSTEICHTHYES OR TELEOSTOMI :- (1) Fishes of this class are found in fresh water as well as marine water. (2) Body is spindle shaped and boat - shaped. (3) Their exoskeleton is made up of scales, which may be cycloid or ctenoid or ganoid Placoid scales are absent. (4) Mouth is normally terminal or subterminal, teeth are found in Jaws. (5) Endoskeleton of these fishes is made up of bones, so these fishes are called “bony - fishes” (6) Notochord is modified into vertebral column. Pelvic girdle is simple, small or may be absent. (7) Respiration by 4 - pairs of gills. These gills are covered by operculum at each side of body. (8) Spiracles are absent. (9) Helping respiratory organs “air-bladders” are present. Lung fishes respire through air bladders. In other fishes these air bladders are hydrostatic i.e. help in maintaining balance of body. (10) Scroll valve in intestine and ampulla of Lorenzini are absent. (11) Internal nares are present. (12) Liver is trilobed. (13) Cloaca absent, in place of cloacal aperture anus is present. (14) Tail is normally homocercal type but sometimes it may be diphycercal type. (15) Heart two chambered, sinus venosus and bulbous arteriosus are present. (16) Genital ducts open outside the body through separate apertures. (17) These fishes are unisexual. (18) Fertilization is external and claspers are absent in male fishes. (19) Female fishes are oviparous but may be ovoviviparous Examples (1) Labeo :- “Rohu”or “Indian carp” - It is a fresh water fish. (2) Clarius :- “Cat fish” or magur (3) Hippocampus :- “Sea - horse” or “Pregnant male” :- It swims in water in its vertical position. A pouch like structure is present at the abdomen of male fishes known as “Brood - pouch”. In this pouch male collects the eggs. Secondary vivipary and parental care is found in hippocampus. (4) Anabas :- Climbing perch. (5) Exocetus :- Flying fish - Its dorsal fin is long, it can fly (glide) over 400 metre with the help of this fin. (6) Amia :- Bow - fish. (7) Anguila :- Eel :- Its body is snake like (8) Acipensor :- Sturgeon - endoskeleton is made up of cartilages. (9) Echeneis :- Sucker fish - Dorsal fin modified into suckers. Shows commensal with shark. (10) Pleuronectus :- Flat fish (11) Latimaria :- Living fossil fish :- It is the oldest living vertebrate known till now. (12) Opsanus :- Toad fish (13) Syngnathus :- Pipe fish (14) Synanceja horrida :- Stone fish .- It is the most poisonous fish. (15) Lepidosteus :- Gar - pike (16) Harpodon :- Bombay duck. (17) Gambusia :- Larvivorous fish. (18) Fistularia :- Flute fish. Dipnoi :- These are called “lung fishes”, because their air bladder help in respiration. (1) External and internal both the nares are present. (2) Their tail is heterocercal type. These are freshwater fishes. Fishes of dipnoi group are called Lung - fishes or “Uncle of amphibians” Example 1. Protopterus : African lung fish :- It is living fossil fish. 2. Lepidosiren :- South american lung fish. 3. Neoceratodus :- Australian lung fish. SPECIAL (IMPORTANT) POINTS (1) Cycloid, ctenoid, ganoid scales are mesodermal in origin. (2) Scroll valve present in the intestine of some fishes increases the absorptive surface area. (3) Scoliodon and Mustellus fishes are viviparous. Fish liver oil is rich in Vit - A & D Shark liver oil is rich in Vit - A Cod liver oil is rich in Vit - D (4) Lung fish remains alive outside the water, but rest of the fishes require water for gill respiration. (5) Fishes can change their direction of swimming at any time by their caudal fin. (6) Egg capsule of Sharks and Skates refers to “Mermaid purse” (7) Issinglass is gelly like substance obtained from air bladder of certain fishes it is used for clari- fication of wines and Beers. (2) Superclass - Tetrapoda (1) Members of this superclass are found in water and on land. (2) Locomotion by 2 pairs of pentadactylous limbs. (3) Gills are present only in embryonic stages. Main respiratory organ in adults is lung. (4) Exoskeleton is made up of scales, feathers or hair. (5) Endoskeleton is made up of bones. (6) Heart is three or four chambered and double circulation is found in them. (7) Kidneys are mesonephric or metanephric type. (8) Middle ear is present. Birds and mammals have external ears also. Superclass - Tetrapoda is divided into four classes Class [A] - Amphibia Class [B] - Reptilia Class [C] - Aves Class [D] - Mammalia Class amphibia includes amphibious animals which can live on both the places i.e. - under water and on the land. These are the first chordate animals which come out from the water but these are not able to live on land permanently, they depend on water for their reproduction. Class amphibia shows the double nature of animals. Amphibia class is placed between pisces class and reptilia class and they are originated in Devonion period.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Updated Checklist of Marine Fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the Proposed Extension of the Portuguese Continental Shelf
    European Journal of Taxonomy 73: 1-73 ISSN 2118-9773 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2014.73 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2014 · Carneiro M. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Monograph urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9A5F217D-8E7B-448A-9CAB-2CCC9CC6F857 Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf Miguel CARNEIRO1,5, Rogélia MARTINS2,6, Monica LANDI*,3,7 & Filipe O. COSTA4,8 1,2 DIV-RP (Modelling and Management Fishery Resources Division), Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. Brasilia 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 3,4 CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] * corresponding author: [email protected] 5 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:90A98A50-327E-4648-9DCE-75709C7A2472 6 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:1EB6DE00-9E91-407C-B7C4-34F31F29FD88 7 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:6D3AC760-77F2-4CFA-B5C7-665CB07F4CEB 8 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:48E53CF3-71C8-403C-BECD-10B20B3C15B4 Abstract. The study of the Portuguese marine ichthyofauna has a long historical tradition, rooted back in the 18th Century. Here we present an annotated checklist of the marine fishes from Portuguese waters, including the area encompassed by the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf and the Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ). The list is based on historical literature records and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history collections, together with new revisions and occurrences.
    [Show full text]
  • Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J.
    [Show full text]
  • Relationship Between Sagittal Otolith Size and Fish Size in Engraulis Encrasicolus and Sardina Pilchardus
    EISSN 2602-473X AQUATIC SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING Aquat Sci Eng 2018; 33(3): 72-76. • DOI: 10.26650/ASE201812 Original Article Relationship between Sagittal Otolith Size and Fish Size in Engraulis encrasicolus and Sardina pilchardus (Osteichthyes: Clupeiformes) in the Southern Aegean Sea, Turkey Gökçen Bilge Cite this article as: Bilge, G. (2018). Relationship between sagittal otolith size and fish size inEngraulis encrasicolus and Sardina pilchardus (Osteichthyes: Clupeiformes) in the southern Aegean Sea, Turkey. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 33(3): 72-76. ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the regressions between otolith size (length and height), oto- lith weight vs. fish length, and weight of European anchovyEngraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) (n=360) and European pilchard Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) (n=360), living off Güllük Bay, Turkey. Fish were caught using a purse seine between January and March 2014 in the southern Aegean Sea. No differences were found between the size and weight of the left and right otoliths. Equations were used to reconstruct the original dimensions of prey from the size of hard structures found in food samples of piscivorous preda- tors living in or in the vicinity of the aquatic habitat. A linear regression model was used to determine the relationship between fish length and otolith size, whereas an exponential regression model was used to describe the relationships between lengths and weights of otoliths and fish for both species. All regressions yielded high coefficients of determination (r2) of 0.78–0.93 for E. encrasicolus and 0.80–0.95 for S. pilchardus. We conclude that otolith length and otolith weight are good indicators of the length and weight of the two species.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Crossroads in Developmental Biology: Cyclostomes (Lamprey and Hagfish) Sebastian M
    PRIMER SERIES PRIMER 2091 Development 139, 2091-2099 (2012) doi:10.1242/dev.074716 © 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: cyclostomes (lamprey and hagfish) Sebastian M. Shimeld1,* and Phillip C. J. Donoghue2 Summary and is appealing because it implies a gradual assembly of vertebrate Lampreys and hagfish, which together are known as the characters, and supports the hagfish and lampreys as experimental cyclostomes or ‘agnathans’, are the only surviving lineages of models for distinct craniate and vertebrate evolutionary grades (i.e. jawless fish. They diverged early in vertebrate evolution, perceived ‘stages’ in evolution). However, only comparative before the origin of the hinged jaws that are characteristic of morphology provides support for this phylogenetic hypothesis. The gnathostome (jawed) vertebrates and before the evolution of competing hypothesis, which unites lampreys and hagfish as sister paired appendages. However, they do share numerous taxa in the clade Cyclostomata, thus equally related to characteristics with jawed vertebrates. Studies of cyclostome gnathostomes, has enjoyed unequivocal support from phylogenetic development can thus help us to understand when, and how, analyses of protein-coding sequence data (e.g. Delarbre et al., 2002; key aspects of the vertebrate body evolved. Here, we Furlong and Holland, 2002; Kuraku et al., 1999). Support for summarise the development of cyclostomes, highlighting the cyclostome theory is now overwhelming, with the recognition of key species studied and experimental methods available. We novel families of non-coding microRNAs that are shared then discuss how studies of cyclostomes have provided exclusively by hagfish and lampreys (Heimberg et al., 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • SCIENCE CHINA Cranial Morphology of the Silurian Sarcopterygian Guiyu Oneiros (Gnathostomata: Osteichthyes)
    SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences • RESEARCH PAPER • December 2010 Vol.53 No.12: 1836–1848 doi: 10.1007/s11430-010-4089-6 Cranial morphology of the Silurian sarcopterygian Guiyu oneiros (Gnathostomata: Osteichthyes) QIAO Tuo1,2 & ZHU Min1* 1 Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; 2 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Received April 6, 2010; accepted July 13, 2010 Cranial morphological features of the stem-group sarcopterygian Guiyu oneiros Zhu et al., 2009 provided here include the dermal bone pattern and anatomical details of the ethmosphenoid. Based on those features, we restored, for the first time, the skull roof bone pattern in the Guiyu clade that comprises Psarolepis and Achoania. Comparisons with Onychodus, Achoania, coelacanths, and actinopterygians show that the posterior nostril enclosed by the preorbital or the preorbital process is shared by actinopterygians and sarcopterygians, and the lachrymals in sarcopterygians and actinopterygians are not homologous. The endocranium closely resembles that of Psarolepis, Achoania and Onychodus; however, the attachment area of the vomer pos- sesses irregular ridges and grooves as in Youngolepis and Diabolepis. The orbito-nasal canal is positioned mesial to the nasal capsule as in Youngolepis and porolepiforms. The position of the hypophysial canal at the same level or slightly anterior to the ethmoid articulation represents a synapmorphy of the Guiyu clade. The large attachment area of the basicranial muscle indi- cates the presence of a well-developed intracranial joint in Guiyu. Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes, Cranial morphology, homology, Silurian, China Citation: Qiao T, Zhu M.
    [Show full text]
  • PHYLUM CHORDATA Subphylum VERTEBRATA FISHES
    Natural Sciences 360 Legacy of Life Lecture 10 Dr. Stuart Sumida PHYLUM CHORDATA Subphylum VERTEBRATA FISHES So, then what’s a vertebrate…? Phylogenetic Context for Vertebrata: Vertebrates are chordates Echinodermata Hemichordata Urochordata Cephalochordata Chordata Vertebrata All vertebrates possess an embryological material known as NEURAL CREST. Neural crest gives rise to particular structures found in all vertebrates, and only in vertebrates. Phylogenetic Context for Vertebrata Echinodermata Hemichordata Urochordata Cephalochordata Vertebrata (Posess neural crest and its derivatives) EVERYONE will be able to demonstrate a cross-sectional view of a vertebrate… Remember the basic chordate features: •Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord •Notochord •Pharyngeal Gill Slits •Post Anal Tail So what exactly is a fish…? Jawless fish Conodonts Placodermi Chondrichthyes Gnathostomata Acanthodii Actinopterygii Osteichthyes (“Bony Fish”) Sarcopterygii THE ORIGINAL CONDITION Jawless fish OF VEWRTEBRATES WAS WITHOUT JAWS Conodonts Placodermi Chondrichthyes Gnathostomata Acanthodii Actinopterygii Osteichthyes (“Bony Fish”) Sarcopterygii Jawless fish Conodonts Placodermi Chondrichthyes Gnathostomata Acanthodii Actinopterygii Osteichthyes (“Bony Fish”) Sarcopterygii CONDONTS: Originally thought not to be vertebrates, but their best known components made of same material as teeth and bones (probably from neural crest material) CONDONTS: Originally thought not to be vertebrates, but their best known components made of same material as teeth and bones (probably from
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 3 - Early Fishes
    Lecture 3 - Early Fishes 1. Early Chordates 2. Conodonts 3. Early Vertebrates 4. Jawless fishes 5. Agnatha/ Gnathostomes junction 6. Placoderms 7. Chondrichthyes Early Chordates Cephalochordates (lancelets) most primitive chordates? Urochordates (tunicates and salps) notochord: stiffening rod that provides support - lack vertebrae, brain, image • crucial to vertebrate forming eyes, & heart embryological development Cephalochordates are sister to vertebrates • embrace your inner lancelet! Craniata (= Vertebrates) Synapomorphies: Cranium present Cartilage or bone or both are present Heart chambered Neural crests Conodonts • 600 – 200 mybp • “elements” were abundant in fossil beds • Not until 1980’s did we find fossilized soft body parts • cartilaginous head skeleton Agnatha - Jawless Fishes Agnatha • appeared 530 mybp • previously given superclass status • now recognized as paraphyletic • Myxinomorphs now considered separate in own superclass • still used as informal adjective for jawless fishes Agnatha – Ostracoderms • Name means “shell-skinned” referring to bony shield that covered head and thorax • heavily armored • first ossified bones evolve • jawless & no pelvic fin Ostracoderms are paraphyletic …making “ostracoderm” a false designation • likely 4 superclasses of jawless fishes Hagfishes - Class Myxini 81 species Live deep – scavengers & predators Strictly marine • isoosmotic - no osmoregulation Hagfishes - Class Myxini • 4 rudimentary hearts • 70-200 pairs of slime glands • eye spots • lack vertebrae Rasping tongue Hagfish feeding Hagfishes
    [Show full text]
  • SCIENCE CHINA Cranial Morphology of the Silurian Sarcopterygian Guiyu Oneiros (Gnathostomata: Osteichthyes)
    SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences • RESEARCH PAPER • December 2010 Vol.53 No.12: 1836–1848 doi: 10.1007/s11430-010-4089-6 Cranial morphology of the Silurian sarcopterygian Guiyu oneiros (Gnathostomata: Osteichthyes) QIAO Tuo1,2 & ZHU Min1* 1 Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; 2 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Received April 6, 2010; accepted July 13, 2010 Cranial morphological features of the stem-group sarcopterygian Guiyu oneiros Zhu et al., 2009 provided here include the dermal bone pattern and anatomical details of the ethmosphenoid. Based on those features, we restored, for the first time, the skull roof bone pattern in the Guiyu clade that comprises Psarolepis and Achoania. Comparisons with Onychodus, Achoania, coelacanths, and actinopterygians show that the posterior nostril enclosed by the preorbital or the preorbital process is shared by actinopterygians and sarcopterygians, and the lachrymals in sarcopterygians and actinopterygians are not homologous. The endocranium closely resembles that of Psarolepis, Achoania and Onychodus; however, the attachment area of the vomer pos- sesses irregular ridges and grooves as in Youngolepis and Diabolepis. The orbito-nasal canal is positioned mesial to the nasal capsule as in Youngolepis and porolepiforms. The position of the hypophysial canal at the same level or slightly anterior to the ethmoid articulation represents a synapmorphy of the Guiyu clade. The large attachment area of the basicranial muscle indi- cates the presence of a well-developed intracranial joint in Guiyu. Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes, Cranial morphology, homology, Silurian, China Citation: Qiao T, Zhu M.
    [Show full text]
  • LECTURE 5 - OUTLINE Evolution & Classification - Part I
    LECTURE 5 - OUTLINE Evolution & Classification - Part I Evolution & Classification 1. Overview - vertebrate origins 2. Overview - extant fishes Agnatha 3. Phylogenetic relationships 4. Conodonta 5. Pteraspidomorphi BIOL 4340 – Lecture 5 - 1 Overview : origin of vertebrates Gnathostome(s)Sacabambaspis - raptorial feeders - pharyngeal expansion rapid & strong - rapid mouth closure & strong bite Agnathan(s) - exploited expanded pharyngeal pump - deposit feeders, mud grubbers etc. - transitional raptorial feeders 1. expansion of pharyngeal pump 2. definitive mouth closure Prevertebrate(s) - suspension feeders - feeding based on ciliary “pumps” - developed muscular pharyngeal pump 1. encircling band of muscles - pharynx 2. cartilage replaced collagen - pharyngeal bar BIOL 4340 – Lecture 5 - 2 1 MBP (millions of years before present) - each column, first known fossil trace - widths, estimates of abundance and diversity - traditional broad groups across top - conodonts missing BIOL 4340 – Lecture 5 - 3 Overview : extant fishes Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) Superclass Agnatha Superclass Gnathostomata (jawless vertebrates) (jawed vertebrates) Class Myxini Class Chondrichthyes (hagfishes) Subclass Holocephali Class Cephalaspidomorphi (ratfish) (lampreys) Subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks/skates/rays) BIOL 4340 – Lecture 5 - 4 2 Overview : extant fishes Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) Superclass Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Class Sarcopterygii Subclass Coelocanthimorpha (coelocanths) Subclass Dipnoi (lungfish)
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Resource Guide
    Fish Resource Guide What is a Fish? At first, this might seem like an easy question to answer, but, it is difficult to define what a fish is because there are so many things that we call fish in the world! There are more than 27,900 species of fishes alive today. Fishes are found in marine or freshwaters, in environments as hot as 104°F/40°C to as cold as 28°F/-2°C, and can range in size from 8 mm to 12 m in length. What characteristics unite such a diverse group of animals? Well, what we can say is that: All Fishes • Are craniates, or animals with a brain surrounded and protected by a braincase and a distinct head region with a pair of eyes, teeth, and other sensory organs • Are vertebrates with vertebrae surrounding and protecting the spinal cord (except hagfish) Most Fishes • Are aquatic organisms, or animals that live in water • Respire or breathe primarily with gills rather than lungs • Have appendages, or limbs we call fins that help the fish move through the water • Are “cold blooded” (ectothermic), or unable to regulate their own internal body temperatures like humans do. Their body temperatures change based on the temperature of the environment they are in. • Are covered with scales to protect their bodies WARNING!!! There are exceptions to this definition. • The mudskipper can live outside of water. • Fishes like lungfishes, some catfishes, and gars do not rely only on gills to respire; they have lungs or other breathing structures. This is not surprising because these animals can sometimes live in oxygen poor waters where using gills alone may not be enough to survive.
    [Show full text]
  • New Insights Into Late Devonian Vertebrates and Associated Fauna from the Cuche Formation (Floresta Massif, Colombia)
    Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ISSN: 0272-4634 (Print) 1937-2809 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujvp20 New insights into Late Devonian vertebrates and associated fauna from the Cuche Formation (Floresta Massif, Colombia) Sébastien Olive, Alan Pradel, Carlos Martinez-Pérez, Philippe Janvier, James C. Lamsdell, Pierre Gueriau, Nicolas Rabet, Philippe Duranleau-Gagnon, Andrés L. Cárdenas-Rozo, Paula A. Zapata Ramírez & Héctor Botella To cite this article: Sébastien Olive, Alan Pradel, Carlos Martinez-Pérez, Philippe Janvier, James C. Lamsdell, Pierre Gueriau, Nicolas Rabet, Philippe Duranleau-Gagnon, Andrés L. Cárdenas-Rozo, Paula A. Zapata Ramírez & Héctor Botella (2019) New insights into Late Devonian vertebrates and associated fauna from the Cuche Formation (Floresta Massif, Colombia), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 39:3, e1620247, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2019.1620247 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1620247 View supplementary material Published online: 01 Jul 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 144 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ujvp20 Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e1620247 (18 pages) © by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2019.1620247 ARTICLE NEW INSIGHTS INTO LATE DEVONIAN VERTEBRATES AND ASSOCIATED FAUNA FROM THE CUCHE FORMATION (FLORESTA MASSIF,
    [Show full text]
  • Family-Group Names of Fossil Fishes
    © European Journal of Taxonomy; download unter http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu; www.zobodat.at European Journal of Taxonomy 466: 1–167 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.466 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2018 · Van der Laan R. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Monograph urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1F74D019-D13C-426F-835A-24A9A1126C55 Family-group names of fossil fi shes Richard VAN DER LAAN Grasmeent 80, 1357JJ Almere, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected] urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:55EA63EE-63FD-49E6-A216-A6D2BEB91B82 Abstract. The family-group names of animals (superfamily, family, subfamily, supertribe, tribe and subtribe) are regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Particularly, the family names are very important, because they are among the most widely used of all technical animal names. A uniform name and spelling are essential for the location of information. To facilitate this, a list of family- group names for fossil fi shes has been compiled. I use the concept ‘Fishes’ in the usual sense, i.e., starting with the Agnatha up to the †Osteolepidiformes. All the family-group names proposed for fossil fi shes found to date are listed, together with their author(s) and year of publication. The main goal of the list is to contribute to the usage of the correct family-group names for fossil fi shes with a uniform spelling and to list the author(s) and date of those names. No valid family-group name description could be located for the following family-group names currently in usage: †Brindabellaspidae, †Diabolepididae, †Dorsetichthyidae, †Erichalcidae, †Holodipteridae, †Kentuckiidae, †Lepidaspididae, †Loganelliidae and †Pituriaspididae.
    [Show full text]