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2021Hallasphd Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Two rhymed offices composed for the feast of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary: comparative study and critical edition Hallas, Rhianydd Award date: 2021 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 03. Oct. 2021 Two rhymed offices composed for the feast of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary: comparative study and critical edition Dvě rýmovaná officia, složená pro svátek Navštívení Panny Marie: srovnávací studie a kritická edice Rhianydd Hallas School of Music and Media, Bangor University Institute of Musicology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University PhD Thesis: Musicology/Theory and History of Arts and Culture 2021 Supervisors: Dr Hana Vlhová-Wörner and Prof Sue Niebrzydowski P a g e | 1 Declarations I hereby declare that this thesis is the results of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. All other sources are acknowledged by bibliographic references. This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree unless, as agreed by the University, for approved dual awards. I hereby declare that this thesis is submitted with the agreement of my supervisors. Signature: P a g e | 2 Abstract The feast of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary was one of the last medieval Marian feasts to be introduced into the Roman Calendar, and is unusual in the wealth of contemporary, and near contemporary, documentation available for study in relation to its introduction. The offices written by Jan of Jenštejn [1347-1400] and Adam Easton [1330-1397] for the feast of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary have never been the subject of detailed examination or comparison, nor have critical editions of these offices been produced. This thesis addresses both these gaps in scholarship and presents an analysis and comparison of the texts, melodies, and dissemination of the offices. Using contemporary evidence and secondary sources the reasons for the institution of the new feast, the motivations of both Jenštejn and Easton, their compositional styles including choice of texts and melodies, and the introduction process itself are examined within the wider context of contemporary Marian devotion and fourteenth- century textual and musical composition. Chapter One provides a contextual background to the celebration of the Visitation, from its inclusion in the Gospel of Luke and apocryphal sources to contemporary sermons, showing the importance of the Visitation in the West long before the new feast’s introduction. Chapter Two examines the lives of Jan of Jenštejn and Adam Easton focussing particularly on their motivations for composing for the feast of the Visitation. Contemporary accounts including Jenštejn’s Vita, letters written by Jenštejn to the pope, and reports by Nicholas of Rakovník are used within Chapter Three to detail the introduction process of the feast, from Jenštejn’s initial conception of the feast as an intercession for the healing of the Schism, to the papal decision to promulgate Easton’s Accedunt laudes virginis as the official office. The authorship of the two offices is discussed in Chapters Six and Seven, confirming the ascriptions to Easton and Jenštejn. The co-authorship of Jenštejn’s office, Exurgens autem Maria, is raised, with Jenštejn’s assistant at the Papal Curia, Nicholas of Rakovník, proposed as the most likely contributor, and a possible division of authorship suggested. Detailed information on the sources used within the thesis is provided in Chapter Four, and the editorial principles used for the edition are given in Chapter Five. The textual and musical editions are placed at the close of the thesis. Analysis of Jenštejn’s office, Exurgens autem Maria, in Chapter Six demonstrates that the texts were composed to foreground the biblical authority of the new feast, focussing particularly on Mary’s role as Mediatrix for humanity. Jenštejn’s melodies adhere to contemporary composition norms, particularly P a g e | 3 through the use of pre-existing melodies for hymns and responsory verses and the use of standard melodic phrases. Easton’s office, Accedunt laudes virginis, is analysed in Chapter Seven, with particular regard to his modification of the melodies of Julian of Speyer’s office for St Francis of Assisi, leading to the suggestion that Easton’s office should be classified as a ‘modified contrafact’. Examination of the text reveals that his office was written to demonstrate the importance and relevance of the Visitation within contemporary lives. The dissemination of both offices and later modifications are examined in their respective chapters which demonstrates that although Easton’s office was officially promulgated, Jenštejn’s continued to be in active use across Europe until at least the mid-sixteenth century. The Conclusion presents a final comparison between Jenštejn’s and Easton’s offices and suggests avenues for further research that have been revealed by this thesis. P a g e | 4 Abstrakt Svátek Navštívení Panny Marie představuje jeden z posledních mariánských svátků, které byly zařazeny do římského kalendáře a který se také vyznačuje neobvyklým množstvím současné a téměř současné dokumentace, která je k dispozici pro moderní studium v souvislosti s jeho uvedením. Oficia pro svátek Navštívení Panny Marie složená Janem z Jenštejna [1347-1400] a Adamem Eastonem [1330-1397] se dosud nestala předmětem podrobného zkoumání nebo srovnání, a rovněž nejsou přistupná v kritických hudebních edicích. Předkládaná disertace vyplňuje obě tyto mezery v moderním výzkumu a přináší analýzu a srovnání textů, melodií a jejich rozšíření. S využitím soudobých primárních a sekundárních pramenů jsou zde popsány důvody pro zavedení nového svátku, zájem Jenštejna i Eastona, jejich kompoziční styl i strategie při volbě existujících textů a melodií, a to vše v širším kontextu současné mariánské zbožnosti a kompozičních postupů ve čtrnáctém století. První kapitola se zabývá kontextuálním pozadím svátku Navštívení, od začlenění příběhu do biblických a apokryfních pramenů až po soudobá kázání, a dokumentuje význam obrazu Navštívení v západní církvi dlouho před uvedením nového svátku do církevního kalendáře. Druhá kapitola popisuje život Jana z Jenštejna a Adama Eastona a zaměřuje se zejména na jejich důvody ke složení repertoáru pro svátek Navštívení. Ve třetí kapitole jsou shrnuty údaje ze soudobých dokumentů včetně Jenštejnovy biografie (Vita), dopisů, které psal Jenštejn papeži, a výpovědi Mikuláše Rakovníka. Ty jsou dále použity k podrobnému popisu procesu uvedení svátku, od Jenštejnovy původní myšlenky uvést svátek jako přímluvu za "uzdravení" církve v době Schizmatu až po papežské rozhodnutí o uvedení Eastonova oficia Accedunt laudes virginis jako závazného repertoáru. O autorství obou oficií pojednávají kapitoly šest a sedm, které potvrzují původní autorské atribuce. U Jenštejnova oficia je zařazena diskuse o možném spoluautorství a konkrétním podílu Jenštejnova pobočníka u papežské kurie Mikuláše Rakovníka. Podrobné informace o pramenech použitých v disertační práci jsou uvedeny ve čtvrté kapitole a pátá kapitola shrnuje ediční zásady použité v kritické edici. V závěrečné části disertační práce je zařazena textová a hudební edice. Analýza Jenštejnovy oficia Exurgens autem Maria v šesté kapitole ukazuje, že texty byly sestaveny tak, aby vyzdvihly biblické potvrzení nového svátku a že text především vyzdvihuje roli Marie jako mediatrix (zprostředkovatelky). Jenštejnovy melodie se drží současných kompozičních norem, zejména P a g e | 5 přebíráním již existujících melodií pro hymny a responsoriální verše a používáním standardních melodických frází. Eastonovo oficium Accedunt laudes virginis je analyzováno v sedmé kapitole, se zvláštním zřetelem na úpravu melodií oficia pro svátek svatého Františka z Assisi Juliana ze Špýru. Výsledek analýzy vede k návrhu klasifikovat Eastonovo oficium jako "modifikované kontrafaktum." Studie textu odhaluje, že tento text byl sepsán k zvýraznění významu a platnosti svátku Navštívení v tehdejším životě. V příslušných kapitolách je rovněž diskutováno rozšíření obou oficií a pozdější úpravy, které ukazují, že navzdory uvedení Eastonova oficia jako oficiálního repertoáru do římské církve se Jenštejnovo oficium aktivně tradovalo v Evropě do poloviny 16. století. Závěrečná kapitola přináší detailní srovnání Jenštejnova a Eastonova oficia a navrhuje směr, kam se na základě předkládané disertace může ubírat další výzkum. P a g e | 6 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr Hana Vlhová-Wörner and Professor Sue Niebrzydowski for their support, encouragement, and constructive criticism throughout my studies. My thanks also to Professor Chris
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