Appendix C

Consultant Report Flora and Fauna Prepared by Bangalay Botanical Surveys Excerpts from this report are included to provide a more complete study of the Archaeological resource of the site. The key policy recommendations are located in Section 6.0 of Volume 1. This study also provides extensive detail that is not contained in the main body of the report.

TRIAL BAY GAOL PAUL DAVIES PTY LTD CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT AND CULTURAL TOURISM PLAN APRIL 2004 TRIAL BAY GOAL SOUTH WEST ROCKS

FLORA, FAUNA & BUSHFIRE RISK COMPONENT

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT AND CULTURAL TOURISM PLAN

FINAL REPORT

June 2003

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 16, Pacific Crescent, Maianbar, NSW 2230 ph: 02 9544 3941 m: 0428 9544 39 email: [email protected] Flora & Fauna Assessments ! Vegetation Mapping ! Arboricultural Report ! Bushfire Risk Assessment Signed:

Date: 1st June, 2003

Claire deLacey and Steve Chamberlain Bangalay Botanical Surveys ph: 02 9544 3941 m: 0428 9544 39

Business Registration No: BN 97826908 [email protected]

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 2 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 7 1.1 Background...... 7 1.2 Objectives ...... 7 1.3 Site Location...... 8 1.4 Environmental Setting ...... 8 1.4.1 Regional Context ...... 8 1.4.2 Climate ...... 8 1.4.3 Soils and Geology...... 8

2.0 METHODS ...... 9 2.1 Flora ...... 9 2.1.1 Literature Search...... 9 2.1.2 Field Surveys ...... 10 2.2 Fauna ...... 10 2.2.1 Literature Search...... 10

3.0 FLORA...... 10 3.1 Previous Studies...... 10 3.2 Plant Communities...... 12 3.2.1 Map Unit 1a Littoral Rainforest...... 12 3.2.2 Map Unit 2a Forest/ Open Forest ...... 14 3.2.3 Map Unit 2b Forest/ Open Forest ...... 15 3.2.4 Map Unit 3a Open Forest/ Woodland...... 16 3.2.5 Map Unit 4a Dune Woodland/Scrub ...... 17 3.2.6 Map Unit 5a Scrub/ Woodland/ Open Forest ...... 18 3.2.7 Map Unit 5b Scrub/ Open Scrub/ Heath...... 20 3.2.8 Map Unit 6a Coastal Scrub/ Open woodland ...... 21 3.2.9 Map Unit 7a Cleared/ disturbed...... 22

4.0 PLANT SPECIES ...... 23 4.1 Indigenous Plant Species ...... 23 4.2 Introduced Plant Species...... 23 4.2.1 Noxious and Environmental Weed Species...... 23 Table 1 Noxious Weed species within the survey area as per Noxious Weeds Act 1993 (Order No. 14, 1999)...... 23 Table 2 Environmental Weed Species recorded on the subject site (Blood, 2001)...... 24

5.0 FAUNA...... 26 5.1 Introduction ...... 26 5.2 Fauna Species Known To Occur in the Area...... 26

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 3 Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS?????? 5.4 Fauna Species Unlikely to Occur in the Area...... 28

6.0 CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE ...... 31 6.1 Flora ...... 31 6.1.1 Threatened Plant Species...... 31 Table 3 Species of Conservation Significance in the North Coast Bioregion where habitat occurs within the survey area (extracted from Sheringham; NPWS, 1998)...... 32 6.1.2 Regionally Significant Flora Species...... 38 6.1.3 Conservation Significance of Vegetation Communities/Habitat...... 38 6.1.3.1 General ...... 38 6.1.3.2 Conservation Significance of Vegetation Communities within the survey area ...... 38 6.2 Vegetation Communities as Habitat for Conservation Significant Species...... 39

7.0 CULTURALLY AND NATURALLY SIGNIFICANT ELEMENTS ...... 40 7.1 Cultural Significance of plant species ...... 40 7.1.1 Aboriginal uses of plant species ...... 40 Table 4 Plant species occurring in the survey area known to have been used by Aboriginal communities in the area...... 40 7.1.2 Current cultural significance of plant species...... 41 7.2 Managing visual amenity...... 42 7.2.1 Natural and semi-natural landscapes ...... 42 7.2.2 Modified landscapes ...... 42 7.3 Natural and cultural values of vegetation types on the site ...... 43 7.4 Managing cultural landscapes...... 43 7.4.1 Gaol precinct...... 44 7.4.2 Managed and semi-natural areas...... 45 7.5 Managing cultural and natural landscape interface ...... 47 7.6 Managing functional amenity ...... 48 7.6.1 Natural areas ...... 48 7.6.2 Managed and semi-natural areas...... 48 7.7 Determining appropriate landscape works ...... 49 7.7.1 Integrity of landscape ...... 49 7.8 Managing environmental impacts...... 50 7.8.1 Management Considerations - fauna ...... 50 7.8.2 Vegetation and flora ...... 51 7.8.3 Reconstruction or rehabilitation of built heritage items ...... 52 7.8.4 Review of management plan...... 53 7.9 Managing visitor use...... 53 7.10 Managing service and infrastructure impacts ...... 55 7.11 Maintenance of cultural landscapes...... 55 7.12 Maintenance of natural landscapes...... 56 7.12.1 General ...... 56 7.12.2 Bushfire ...... 57

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 4 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 8.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES ...... 59 8.1 Flora and Fauna ...... 59

9.0 EMERGENCY PLANNING: bushfire management ...... 60 9.1 Legislative Requirements ...... 60 9.2 Background...... 60 9.2.1 Bush Fire History...... 60 9.2.2 Local Climate...... 60 9.3 Bush Fire Risk Management Plan ...... 61 9.3.1 Vegetation Characteristics and Fire Behaviour ...... 61 9.3.2 Bushfire Hazard and Bushfire Risk ...... 62 9.3.2.1 Urban Environment ...... 62 9.3.2.2 Environmental and Ecological Risk ...... 62 9.4 Assets ...... 62 9.4.1 Community Assets...... 62 9.4.2 Environmental and Ecological Assets ...... 63 9.4.3 Places of Aboriginal Significance...... 63 9.4.4 Historic Heritage...... 63 9.5 Statutory Considerations...... 63 9.5.1 The Rural Fires Act 1997 and Rural Fires and Environmental Assessment Legislation Amendment Act 2002 No 67...... 63 9.5.2 New South Wales State Bush Fire Plan: a Sub Plan Of The State Disaster Plan (Displan, 2002) ...... 64 9.5.3 Kempsey District Bush Fire Management Plan Operations ...... 64 9.5.4 Plans of Management ...... 65 9.5.5 Fire Management Manual (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2002)...... 67 9.5.6 Principles of Ecologically Sustainable Development...... 68 9.6 Managing Risk...... 69 9.6.1 Kempsey District Bush Fire Management Plan Operations ...... 69 Table 5 Bush Fire Risk Management Options...... 70 9.6.2 Fire Management Manual (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2002)...... 70 9.7 Bush fire hazard reduction...... 73 9.7.1 Requirements for Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 73 9.8 Emergency Evacuation ...... 74 9.8.1 Fire Management Manual (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2002)...... 74 9.8.2 Bushfire Evacuation Plan (NSW Rural Fire Service, 2003)...... 75 9.9 Planning for Bushfire Protection: A Guide for Councils, Planners, Fire Authorities, Developers and Home Owners 2001 ...... 75 9.9.1 The Building Code of Australia and AS 3959-1999...... 76 9.10 Use of Appropriate Fire Regimes in Fire Management...... 76

10.0 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 78

APPENDIX 1 Table 6 Vascular plant species recorded within the survey area at Trial Bay and Arakoon SCA...... 85

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 5 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 APPENDIX 2 Table 7. Threatened fauna species previously recorded in the local area (10 km radius), their preferred habitat and likelihood of occurring in the study area...... 104 APPENDIX 3 Table 8. Explanation of RoTAP codes (adapted from Briggs & Leigh 1996)...... 109 APPENDIX 4 Table 9. Explanation of Noxious Weeds categories (Noxious Weeds Act 1993, Order No. 14, August 1999)...... 111 APPENDIX 5 Table 10. Regionally Significant Flora Species...... 112 APPENDIX 6 Table 11. Conservation Significance of Vegetation Communities in the North Coast Bioregion where they occur within or near the survey area (extracted from Sheringham; NPWS, 1998; Griffith, 1993)...... 127 APPENDIX 7 Table 12. Fauna species of conservation significance recorded within 10km of the subject site (NP&WS Atlas database) ...... 130 APPENDIX 8 Table 13. Natural and cultural values of vegetation types on the site...134 APPENDIX 9 Table 14. Summary of natural values and conflicts with cultural values and usages...... 139 APPENDIX 11 Fig. 1 Vegetation mapping for the survey area...... 153 APPENDIX 12 Key Threatening Processes which should be taken in to consideration...... 154

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 6 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Trial Bay Goal Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk June 2003

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Paul Davies Architects Pty. Ltd. has been commissioned by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NP&WS) to develop and prepare a Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan (CMCTP) for the Trial Bay Gaol site and its immediate surrounds, including parts of Arakoon SCA. This Plan is to describe and assess the natural and cultural values of the site, describe its social and community values, and is to deliver a forward-looking and cohesive document for the site, which is also to inform the Arakoon State Conservation Area Plan of Management.

The Trail Bay Gaol site is located within Arakoon State Conservation Area (SCA), formerly Arakoon State Recreation Area (SRA), which is currently managed by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.

As part of the overall CMCTP, this Flora and Fauna and Bushfire Assessment report is to include descriptions of the natural and landscape values of the site and to set out management guidelines for the survey area.

1.2 Objectives The objectives of the vegetation surveys undertaken on the survey area are to: • establish floristic and structural data for the vegetation types occurring on the site; • assess the various vegetation types occurring on the site for their habitat values for conservation significant flora and fauna taxa; • assess areas, sites or vegetation types where management for conservation values may be achieved without compromising the site’s tourism values; • assess areas, sites or vegetation types where management for tourism may be achieved without compromising the site’s conservation values; • assess areas, sites or vegetation types where management of conservation and tourism values are currently at variance with each other, or where the potential for conlicting uses may occur in the future.

Within the context of the CMCTP, this report (based on the current vegetation survey, along with previous mapping and survey effort in the area and the broader region) aims to: • propose options for management of conservation significant flora and fauna taxa, vegetation types or habitats; • inform the CMP of possible constraints and opportunities with respect to significant cultural and natural heritage values; • propose options for managing visual and functional amenity on the site; • define and manage environmental impacts; • assist in refining NPWS conservation management policies for the site;

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 7 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 • inform the Arakoon SCA PoM; • contribute to existing information on the biodiversity of the site, and • contribute to validation or redefinition of existing vegetation mapping on the site.

1.3 Site Location Trial Bay and Arakoon SCA are situated on the New South Wales mid-north coast, roughly equidistant from Sydney and Brisbane (Jackson et al 1982; NPWS 1998) and is located within the North Coast bioregion of New South Wales (Interim Bio-geographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA); Thackway & Cresswell, 1995). The site is located approximately 35km north-east of Kempsey.

For the purposes of this CMCTP, the survey area is defined as delineated on the accompanying maps (see Appendix 5). Broadly, the suvey area extends from the coastline in the east to Front Beach in the west, with the southern boundary of the survey area occurring just to the south of the cemetery at Monument Hill, crossing the main entry road to the south of the kiosk café.

1.4 Environmental Setting 1.4.1 Regional Context Within the North Coast botanical subdivision, Trial Bay and Arakoon SCA are part of a number of National Parks (NP), Nature Reserves (NR) and State Conservation Areas (SCA) along the New South Wales north coast. To the immediate south of Arakoon SCA is Hat Head National Park: other National Parks and Nature Reserves on the mid-north coast of New South Wales include Khappingat NR, Limeburners Creek NR, Kattang NR, Lake Innes NR and Bongil Bongil NP. (NPWS 1998).

1.4.2 Climate Trial Bay and Arakoon State Conservation Area (SCA) have a warm temperate climate, with mean temperature ranges of 19-290 in the summer, and 6-190 in winter. The mean annual rainfall is 1200mm, with the majority of this rain falling in the summer and autumn. Local topography (notably the Smoky Cape range) creates an orographic effect, where slopes with an easterly aspect receive more rainfall than west-facing slopes. Prevailing winds are north- easterly in summer, and generally westerly in winter. (Jackson et al 1982; NPWS 1998).

1.4.3 Soils and Geology The topography of the Trial Bay Gaol site is dominated by the presence of Little Smoky mountain (elevation 210m) and, to a lesser extent, by Monument Hill. Both of these features are composed of Smoky Cape Granite (adamellite), which forms the geology of the major part of the Trial Bay Gaol site, particularly in the central and eastern parts of the survey area. The most common of these granitic rocks is a coarse-grained pink or white granite, which was historically quarried and used in the construction of both the gaol and the breakwater. Areas to the south of the Trial Bay site (within Hat Head NP) feature Kempsey Bed Sedimentary rocks, and a range of recent sediments and sands. (NP&WS 1998).

To the west of the site, bedrock has been overlain by sand deposits and more recent alluvial and estuarine deposits: the flat, poorly-drained nature of these areas has led to the formation of wetlands and swamp vegetation characteristic of coastal northern New South Wales.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 8 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 The major part of the Trail Bay Gaol site and the northern section of Arakoon SCA drain via a system of short gullies to the west into Salt Water Lagoon, a low-lying area to the rear of the foredune which forms Front Beach.

Soil Landscapes (Eddie; 2000) occurring within the survey area are as follows:- • bs – Big Smoky (Colluvial landscapes): “…Rolling to steep hills, on granitics (Rc). Relief 90->300m, elevation 20->300m, slopes 25-50%. Mostly uncleared open (dry sclerophyll) forest…Stony soils with low wet bearing strength, acidity, high erodibility, sodicity/dispersibility, hardsetting surfaces, low fertility. Steep sideslopes, mass movement hazard, high sheet and gully erosion hazards, moderate wind erosion hazard, localised shallow soils, rock outcrop, engineering hazard, rapid drainage, low moisture availability…” – occurs throughout areas of higher elevation in the central and eastern parts of the survey area; • go – Goolawah (beach landscapes): “…mainland and barrier beaches, foredunes and hind dunes on holocene outer barrier sands. Beaches and backplains with elevation and relief <3m and slopes <5%…mostly bare sand on beaches and low shrubland on dunes…sandy soils with very high erodibility, high permeability, low available water-holding capacity, low fertility. Localised steep slopes, complex terrain, localised mass movement hazard, rapid drainage, groundwater pollution hazard, extreme wind erosion hazard, coastal erosion hazard, non- cohesive soils, very low soil moisture availability…” – predominantly along foredunes and beachfront sites (i.e. Front Beach); • goa – Goolawah landscape variant goa (aeolian landscapes): “…stable vegetated foredunes and hind dunes on holocene outer barrier sands…most extensive areas are south of Smoky Cape in Hat Head NP…” – throughout low-lying areas of the survey area, behind foredunes and beachfront sites (e.g. camping areas, poorly- drained sites with swamp-sclerophyll forest and woodland); • xx – Disturbed: “…level to hummocky terrain, extensively disturbed by human activity, including complete disturbance, removal or burial of soil. Variable relief and slopes. Includes quarries, tips, land reclamation and alrge cut and fill features. Original vegetation cleared, and weeds may be abundant…” – predominantly surrounding the gaol site, including the breakwater and quarries along the seaboard.

More detailed analyses of geology and topography of the site and its immediate environs are given in cited documents, including NP&WS (1987) and Jackson et al (1982).

2.0 METHODS 2.1 Flora 2.1.1 Literature Search Literature searches included reviewing a variety of existing documents pertaining to the subject site, previous flora and fauna surveys in the area, reviewing documents published by local or other governnmental bodies, previous broad-scale vegetation mapping prepared by a range of authorities (e.g. CRA/ RACAC/ NP&WS (various dates)), and documentation of other relevant environmental factors (e.g. soil landscape maps). Records of threatened flora species previously recorded within a 10km radius of the subject site were obtained from the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service (NPWS) Atlas of NSW Wildlife database.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 9 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 2.1.2 Field Surveys Site inspections and botanical surveys were conducted on the subject site on the 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th of February, 2003, comprising a total field survey effort of 40 person-hours. General field investigations involved the application of general traverses throughout the site, according to the methods described in York et al (1991). Given the purposes of this report and those of the project in general, specific searches for plant species of conservation significance known from the locality were not conducted; however, areas of potential habitat for species as listed as occurring within a 10km radius of the site in the NP&WS Atlas of NSW Wildlife database search were noted, and any incidental sightings of conservation significant flora taxa or vegetation communities were noted.

Native vegetation was surveyed and assessed according to the structural classifications detailed in Specht & Specht (1999), with characteristic and common plant species identified and recorded. Plant species identifications conform to recent nomenclature in Harden (1990- 1993, 2002) and Harden & Murray (2000), and to recent name changes listed in Cunninghamia and Telopea.

The scientific and conservation significance of individual species was established with reference to the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and Rare or Threatened Australian Plants (RoTAP; Briggs & Leigh, 1996) in the national context, and to the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) in the state context. The regional context of species and vegetation types accords with those of a number of documents and reports, including NSW NP&WS CRA Unit and other documents produced for NSW NP&WS (e.g. Griffith, 1993).

2.2 Fauna 2.2.1 Literature Search Literature searches included reviewing a variety of existing documents pertaining to the subject site, previous fauna surveys in the area, reviewing documents published by local or other governnmental bodies, previous broad-scale vegetation mapping (e.g. CRA, NP&WS (various dates)) for descriptions of habitat types likely to be present on the site, and documentation of other relevant environmental factors. Records of threatened fauna species previously recorded within a 10km radius of the subject site were obtained from the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service (NPWS) Atlas of NSW Wildlife database.

Given the context of this report, and the requirements of this Conservation Management Plan, field surveys were not conducted: however, field studies may be necessary at some future point if significant habitat features are identified, if habitat for existing conservation significant species is required to be further delineated or if actual or potential habitat for species or populations for threatened species is to be removed or modified.

3.0 FLORA 3.1 Previous Studies References are made throughout the description of the vegetation communities (Section 3.2 of this report) to previous vegetation mapping conducted in the North Coast bioregion of New South Wales.

Reports cited include Griffith for NSW NP&WS (1993), and the CRA (Comprehensive Regional Assessment) reports for the Resource and Conservation Assessment Council

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 10 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 (RACAC) for the upper and lower North-east bioregion, conducted by various authorities including the NSW NP&WS over the last five years.

In addition to those previously mapped vegetation units described in the following sections, other map units which may occur within the survey area, or alternative classifications for those mapped as occurring, include the following Forest Types (FT) (as per NPWS, 1995):-

• FT 23 Grey myrtle dry rainforest of Backhousia myrtifolia; • FT 26 Dry sclerophyll forest to woodland of Banksia integrifolia – Casuarina equisetifolia (also FT 28 Casuarina equisetifolia, FT 29 Casuarina equisetifolia - Banksia integrifolia); • FT 31 Paperbark low closed forest to open forest or woodland of Melaleuca quinquenervia; • FT 31 Swamp sclerophyll forest and woodland of Casuarina glauca; • FT 37 Swamp sclerophyll forest and woodland - Casuarina glauca - Melaleuca quinquenervia; • FT 41 Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland of Corymbia intermedia; • FT 44 Wet sclerophyll forest and woodland of Corymbia intermedia – Lophostemon confertus; • FT 45 Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland of Corymbia intermedia – Lophostemon confertus; • FT 66 Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland of Lophostemon confertus - Corymbia intermedia; • FT 75 Swamp sclerophyll forest and woodland of Melaleuca quinquenervia - Casuarina glauca; • FT 102 Saltmarsh of Juncus kraussii – Sporobolus virginicus – Fimbristylis ferruginea; • FT 118 Heathland of Banksia oblongifolia – Xanthorrhoea fulva – Restio tetraphyllus; • FT 119 Rushland complex of Juncus kraussii -Fimbristylis ferruginea; • FT 127 Swamp sclerophyll forest and woodland - Casuarina glauca – Baumea juncea; • FT 130 Littoral rainforest of Cupaniopsis anacardioides – Acmena smithii alliance; • FT 134 Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland of Allocasuarina littoralis – Corymbia intermedia; • FT 137 Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland of Banksia integrifolia – Casuarina equisetifolia – Cupaniopsis anacardioides; • FT 223 Heathland of Banksia oblongifolia – Allocasuarina littoralis – Aristida warburgii – Ptilothrix deusta; • FT 230 Sod grassland of Themeda australis.

Further classifications and descriptions for these vegetation associations have not been defined at an appropriate scale in NPWS (1999) or other botanical references for the region, though the vegetation associations of most of the abovementioned accord with those provided by Griffith (1993), from which the descriptive statements referred to in this report are taken.

In addition, the vegetation mapping produced by the CRA unit of NSW NP&WS (1999a) and the accompanying document “Forest Ecosystem Classifications for Upper and Lower North East” (NP&WS 1999b) shows the following Forest Ecosystem (FE) types on or near the survey area: • 018 Casuarina Woodland; • 027 Coastal Sands Blackbutt; • 064 Heath;

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 11 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 • 112 Paperbark; • 121 Rock; • 141 Swamp; • 142 Swamp Mahogany; • 143 Swamp Oak; • 169 Scrub; • 170 Settlements, roads gravel pits (in the areas surrounding the gaol), and • 172 Sand Ridge.

Given these limitations of the CRA data and the scale that it has been provided at, it is not possible to either classify the vegetation on the site with respect to the CRA outputs, nor is it possible to assess the conservation status or significance with respect to this output. Comments on the distribution of the vegetation types occurring on the site are therefore derived from Griffith (1993), where these apply.

3.2 Plant Communities For the purposes of this report, the vegetation on the subject site has been classified into nine vegetation Map Units, including Cleared/ Horticultural/ Disturbed areas (Map Unit 7a): these are described below, with their distribution mapped in Appendix 11 (Fig 1).

Note that these plant “communities” are an arbitrary concept designed for the purposes of description: the vegetation on the subject site rarely shows such boundaries, with adjacent plant “communities” sharing many common species.

3.2.1 Map Unit 1a Littoral Rainforest Cupaniopsis anacardioides – Banksia integrifolia – Elaeocarpus obovatus +/- Melaleuca quinquenervia – Alectryon coriaceus – Acacia implexa – Polyscias elegans

Previous Mapping Similar to 0502 Cupaniopsis anacardioides and 0503 Lophostemon confertus (Griffith, 1993), though all species listed under these associations are not necessarily present. Additionally, species from other alliances and formations (e.g dry rainforest with Backhousia myrtifolia and subtropical rainforest with Jagera pseudorhus) may occur, and species associated with open forest vegetation communities may occur where disturbance has taken place, or where adjoining vegetation types intermingle (e.g. Casuarina glauca near low-lying swampy flats, or Banksia integrifolia near frontal dune systems).

Distribution Predominantly in low-lying areas and along the banks of the central creekline, on lower slopes in sheltered positions, and as regenerating vegetation in various sections of the survey area, including the slopes below the outer gaol walls. (See Appendix 11: Fig 1).

Structure The upper canopy layer consists of trees to 10-14m high, occasionally to 18m where upper canopy species from adjacent sclerophyllous vegetation communities occur as emergents. The upper canopy is generally continuous, composed mostly of semi-mature forms, with an FPC of 40 to 70%. The shrub layer is generally patchy, to 2.5m high with shrub layer taxa more common in disturbed areas or where light breaks in the canopy occur. The groundcover layer is represented by a mixture of endemic species with a number of exotic taxa, with a number of climbing and trailing species throughout. Exotic species are generally more

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 12 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 common in disturbed areas, such as along road edges or near disturbed sites such as camping grounds.

Floristics Common upper canopy species vary from site to site, but typical are Tuckeroo Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Cheese Tree Glochidion ferdinandi, Blue Quandong Elaoecarpus obovatus and Bastard Rosewood Synoum glandulosum. Localised species include Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia, Beach Alectryon Alectryon coriaceus, Hickory Acacia implexa, Celerywood Polyscias elegans and Native Celtis Celtis paniculata. Occasional emergent species include Brush Box Lophostemon confertus, Swamp Oak Casuarina glauca and Broadleaved Paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia.

Shrub layer species include Large Mock-olive Notolaea longifolia, Native Bleeding Heart Omalanthus populifolius, Native Peach Trema aspera, Orangebark Maytenus silvestris, Sandpaper Fig Ficus fraseri, Rough-fruit Pittosporum Pittosporum revolutum, Long-leaf Wattle Acacia longissima, Cockspur Thorn Maclura cochinchinensis, Coffee Bush Breynia oblongifolia, Muttonwood Rapanea variabilis and Orange Thorn Pittosporum multiflorum.

Groundcover species include Weeping Meadow Grass Microlaena stipoides, Basket Grass Oplismenus imbecillis, Mat Rush Lomandra longifolia, Native Violet Viola hederacea, Pastel Flower Pseuderanthemum variabile, Bergalia Tussock Carex longebrachiata and Scurvy Weed Commelina cyanea, with fern species such as Maidenahir Fern Adiantum aethiopicum, Bracken Pteridium esculentum and Common Ground Fern Calochlaena dubia. Typical climbing and trailing species include Golden Guinea Flower Hibbertia scandens, Native Sarsaparilla Smilax glyciphylla and Smilax australis, Common Silkpod Parsonsia straminea, Common Milk Vine Marsdenia rostrata, Native Passionflower Passiflora herbertiana and Snake Vine Stephania japonica var. discolor.

Where the flow of the creek in the south-west of the survey area has been restricted, a small wetland area has formed. Typical species here are Cumbungi Typha orientalis, Native Reed Phragmites australis, Dock Rumex brownii, Spotted Knotweed Persicaria decipiens and fern species including Common Ground Fern Calochlaena dubia.

Common exotic species include Lantana Lantana camara, Wandering Jew Tradescantia fluminense, Mile-a-minute Ipomoea cairica, Cocos Palm Syagrus romazoffianum, and a number of grass species including Kikuyu Pennisetum clandestinum, Buffalo Stenotaphrum secundatum, Vasey Grass Paspalum urvillei, Pigeon Grass Setaria sphacelata and Panic Veldt Grass Ehrharta erecta. Other exotic species occurring in localised but dense patches include Brazilian Fireweed Erechtites valerianifolia, Asparagus Fern Protasparagus aethiopicus, Fishbone Fern Nephrolepis cordifolia, Ochna Ochna serrulata and Bitou Bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata.

A regenerating form of this vegetation community occurs on steep banks below the western, north-western and northern faces of the gaol outer walls. Typical species here include Hickory Acacia implexa, Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia, Tuckeroo Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Beach Alcectryon Alectryon coriaceus and Native Celtis Celtis paniculata, with an understorey of Orangebark Maytenus silvestris, Sandpaper Fig Ficus fraseri, Cockspur Thorn Maclura cochinchinensis, Hairy Clerodendrum Clerodendrum tomentosum, Coffee Bush Breynia oblongifolia, Muttonwood Rapanea variabilis and Orange Thorn Pittosporum multiflorum, with a groundcover layer comprising common herb and grass species such as Bracken Pteridium esculentum and Blady Grass Imperata cylindrica var. major. Lower slopes of these banks also have occasionally dense areas of Lantana Lanatana camara.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 13 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 3.2.2 Map Unit 2a Forest/ Open Forest Lophostemon confertus +/- Angophora floribunda – Corymbia intermedia

Previous Mapping Similar to 3002 Lophostemon confertus (Griffith, 1993), though Griffith (1993) notes that this association is “…limited on sand substrates…” referring to this association’s more common ocurrence on moist bedrock substrates.

Distribution Predominantly along lower slopes on west-facing slopes in the central and southern sections of the survey area. (See Appendix 11: Fig 1).

Structure The upper canopy layer consists of trees to 17-22m high, occasionally to 25m where more mature trees remain. The upper understorey is generally continuous, composed mostly of semi-mature and juvenile forms. Height of upper understorey to 6-9m, but occasionally 12m high; a Foliage Projective Cover (FPC) of 40 to 70%. The shrub layer is generally patchy, to 2.5m high in least disturbed areas. The groundcover layer is represented by a mixture of endemic fern and herb species, with a number of climbing and trailiang species throughout. Exotic species are generally more common in disturbed areas, such as along road edges.

Floristics Common upper canopy species are Brush Box Lophostemon confertus, with occasional Rough-barked Apple Angophora flroibunda and Pink Bloodwood Corymbia intermedia. Other species forming a minor component of the upper canopy include Port Jackson Fig Ficus rubiginosa; Swamp Oak Casuarina glauca and Broadleaved Paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia occur where this community grades into Map Unit 3a.

The upper understorey is characterised by a mixture of mesic and sclerophyllous species such as Cheese Tree Glochidion ferdinandi, Guioa Guioa semiglauca, Tuckeroo Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Bastard Rosewood Synoum glandulosum, Blue Quandong Elaeocarpus obovatus, Celerywood Polyscias elegans, Lillypilly Acmena smithii and Grey Myrtle Backhousia myrtifolia, with occasional Corkwood Endiandra sieberi. Sclerophyllous species on the fringes of this community include Broad-leaved Paperbark Melaleuca quinqueneriva, Hickory Acacia implexa, Green Wattle Acacia irrorata and Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia.

Endemic shrub species in less disturbed sites are Common Hop Bush Dodonaea triquetra, Native Olive Notolaea longifolia, Cockspur Thorn Maclura cochinchinensis, Orange Thorn Citriobatus pauciflorus, Hairy Clerodendrum Clerodendrum tomentosum, Violet Nightshade Solanum brownii, Spurge Phyllanthus similis, Coffee Bush Breynia oblongifolia, Persoonia stradbrokiensis and Orangebark Maytenus silvestris.

Groundcover species include ferns such as Bracken Pteridium esculentum, Common Ground Fern Calochlaena dubia, Rasp Fern Doodia aspera and Maidenhair Fern Adiantum aethiopicum, herbs such as Pastel Flower Pseuderanthemum variabile, Blue Flax Lily Dianella caerulea var. producta, Mat Rush Lomandra longifolia, White Root Pratia purpurascens var. purpurascens, Kidney Weed Dichondra repens, Lilac Lily Schelhammera undulata and Native Violet Viola hederacea and grass species including Weeping Meadow Grass Microlaena stipoides, Hedgehog Grass Echinopogon caespitosus var. caespitosus, Bordered Panic Entolasia marginata and Basket Grass Oplismenus aemulus.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 14 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Climbing and trailing species are common: species include Scrambling Lily Geitonoplesium cymosum, Native Smilax Smilax glyciphylla, Smilax australis, Wonga Wonga Vine Pandorea pandorana, Jasmine Morinda Morinda jasminoides, Native Yam Dioscorea transversa, Common Milk Vine Marsdenia rostrata, Common Silkpod Parsonsia straminea, Snake Vine Stephania japonica var. discolor, Love Creeper Glycine clandestina and Wombat Berry Eustrephus latifolius.

Commonly occurring exotic species in disturbed or weed-infested forest are Lantana Lantana camara, Camphor Laurel Cinnamomum camphora, Wild Tobacco Solanum mauritianum, Blackberry Nightshade Solanum nigrum, Mile-a-Minute Ipomoea cairica and Asparagus Fern Protasparagus aethiopicus.

3.2.3 Map Unit 2b Forest/ Open Forest Melaleuca quinquenervia +/- Corymbia intermedia – Eucalyptus tereticornis

Previous Mapping No direct equivalent with available NPWS Northern CRA vegetation mapping is apparent, though there may be some similarities with 3533 Corymbia intermedia/ Eucalyptus tereticornis or 3015 Lophostemon confertus/ Corymbia intermedia (Griffith, 1993). Griffith (1993) notes that Eucalyptus tereticornis dominated forests and woodlands were once widespread along river valleys in north-east NSW. On the coast, “…the association mostly occurs on poorly drained flats…” and that, with two exceptions, “…the association is poorly reserved over much of its range…” in north-east NSW.

Note that much of the floristic composition of this vegetation community is similar to that of Map Unit 2a (this report); however, the range of upper canopy species in the latter is replaced by Broad-leaved Paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia in most sites. Given its distinct characteristics in the field, this vegetation community has been described separately, though further formal investigations may show that this distinction is arbitrary.

Distribution Predominantly along lower slopes on west-facing sites in the extreme southern sections of the survey area, extending to mid-slopes along a minor creekline at the southern boundary of the survey area. (See Appendix 11: Fig 1).

Structure The upper canopy layer consists of trees to 15-18m high, occasionally to 25m where more mature trees remain in sheltered sites, with an FPC of 30-55%. The upper understorey is generally patchily distributed to occasionally absent, and is composed mostly of semi-mature and juvenile forms, along with regenerating forms of upper canopy species. Height of upper understorey to 5-8m, but occasionally 10m high in sheltered sites, with a Foliage Projective Cover (FPC) of 40 to 70%. The shrub layer is generally patchy, to 2.5m high in least disturbed areas. The groundcover layer is represented by a mixture of endemic species, with a number of climbing and trailiang species occurring throughout, but more commonly in sheltered locations or in damper sites. Exotic species are generally more common in disturbed areas, such as along road edges.

Floristics Common upper canopy species are Broadleaved Paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia, with occasional Brush Box Lophostemon confertus and Pink Bloodwood Corymbia intermedia. Forest Red Gum Eucalyptus tereticornis occurs along creek flats in the extreme south of the survey area. Other species forming a minor component of the upper canopy include Port Jackson Fig Ficus rubiginosa and Swamp Oak Casuarina glauca.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 15 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 The upper understorey is characterised by a mixture of mesic and sclerophyllous species such as Cheese Tree Glochidion ferdinandi, Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum undulatum, Tuckeroo Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Bastard Rosewood Synoum glandulosum, Lillypilly Acmena smithii and Grey Myrtle Backhousia myrtifolia, with occasional Corkwood Endiandra sieberi. Sclerophyllous species on the fringes of this community include Broad-leaved Paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia, Hickory Acacia implexa, Green Wattle Acacia irrorata and Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia.

Endemic shrub species in less disturbed sites are Common Hop Bush Dodonaea triquetra, Native Olive Notolaea longifolia, Cockspur Thorn Maclura cochinchinensis, Rough-fruit Pittosporum Pittosporum revolutum, Hairy Clerodendrum Clerodendrum tomentosum, Coffee Bush Breynia oblongifolia, Persoonia stradbrokiensis and Orangebark Maytenus silvestris.

Groundcover species include ferns such as Bracken Pteridium esculentum, Common Ground Fern Calochlaena dubia, Gristle Fern Belchnum cartilagineum, Rasp Fern Doodia aspera and Maidenhair Fern Adiantum aethiopicum, with Pastel Flower Pseuderanthemum variabile, Blue Flax Lily Dianella caerulea var. producta, Native Ginger Alpinia caerulea, Mat Rush Lomandra longifolia, Black Bog Rush Schoenus melanostachys, White Root Pratia purpurascens var. purpurascens, Kidney Weed Dichondra repens, Lilac Lily Schelhammera undulata and Native Violet Viola hederacea and grass species including Weeping Meadow Grass Microlaena stipoides, Hedgehog Grass Echinopogon caespitosus var. caespitosus, Bordered Panic Entolasia marginata and Basket Grass Oplismenus aemulus.

Climbing and trailing species are common: species include Scrambling Lily Geitonoplesium cymosum, Native Smilax Smilax glyciphylla, Smilax australis, Wonga Wonga Vine Pandorea pandorana, Jasmine Morinda Morinda jasminoides, Common Silkpod Parsonsia straminea, Snake Vine Stephania japonica var. discolor, Love Creeper Glycine clandestina and Wombat Berry Eustrephus latifolius.

Commonly occurring exotic species in disturbed or weed-infested forest are Lantana Lantana camara, Camphor Laurel Cinnamomum camphora, Wild Tobacco Solanum mauritianum, Blackberry Nightshade Solanum nigrum, Mile-a-Minute Ipomoea cairica and Asparagus Fern Protasparagus aethiopicus.

3.2.4 Map Unit 3a Open Forest/ Woodland Casuarina glauca +/- Melaleuca quinquenervia

Previous Mapping Similar to 4005 Casuarina glauca and 4099 Melaleuca quinquenervia/ Casuarina glauca (Griffith, 1993). Griffith (1993) states (of 4005 Casuarina glauca) that “…Although Casuarina glauca is a common associate of Melaleuca quinquenervia as mixed stands, monospecific stands are considered to be inadequately reserved (in coastal northern NSW)…nonetheless, many stands are designated under SEPP14 – Coastal Wetlands…”.

Distribution Predominantly on swampy, poorly-drained flats, to the rear of foredune communities, in the south-western sections of the survey area. (See Appendix 11: Fig 1).

Structure Open forest to woodland, to 14-18m in height, with an upper canopy FPC of 25-45%. The upper canopy consists mostly of semi-mature specimens, with a number of juvenile trees near areas of previous disturbance. Upper understorey species, to6-8m high, are few and sparsely

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 16 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 distributed, usually consisting of regenerating upper canopy species, or occasional species from adjacent vegetation communities. The shrub layer is generally absent; occasional species are generally distributed along edges or in areas of previous disturbance, with sporadic specimens to 1.5m-2m high. The groundcover stratum is mostly continuous, consisting primarily of salt-tolerant sedge and rush species to 0.5-1m high, interspersed with some grass and herb species. Climbing and trailing species occur sporadically throughout, but are generally restricted to a few taxa.

Floristics Common upper canopy species are Swamp Oak Casuarina glauca and Broad-leaved Paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia. Upper understorey species such as Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia, Beach Alectryon Alectryon coriaceus and Cheese Tree Glochidion ferdinandi occur as occasional specimens, either where this community adjoins Map Unit 4a near foredune sites in the case of the former two species, or in more sheltered locations in the case of the latter species.

Occasional shrub layer species include Cockspur Thorn Maclura cochinchinensis, Coffee Bush Breynia oblongifolia, Long-leaf Wattle Acacia longissima and Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia.

Typical groundcover species include Bare Twig Rush Baumea juncea, Knobby Club Rush Isolepis nodosa, Scurvy Weed Commelina cyanea, Sea Rush Juncus kraussii, Swamp Lily Crinum pedunculatum, Swamp Pennywort Centella asiatica, Warrigal Cabbage Tetragonia tetragonioides, Cyperus laevigatus and Native Reed Phragmites australis. Climbing and trailing species include Snake Vine Stephania japonica var. discolor, Cynanchum carnosum, Golden Guinea Flower Hibbertia scandens, Scrambling Lily Geitonoplesium cymosum, Rubus parvifolius and Native Passionflower Passiflora herbertiana.

Exotic species are generally confined to disturbed sites, including edges of tracks and the powerline and pipeline easements to the west of the campgrounds. Species include Buffalo Grass Stenotaphrum secundatum, Kikuyu Pennisetum clandestinum, Kurnell Curse Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Mile-a-Minute Ipomoea cairica, Brazilian Fireweed Erechtites valerianifolia, Formosa Lily Lilium formosanum, South African Pigeon Grass Setaria sphacelata, Bushy Starwort Aster subulatus, Fleabanes Conyza spp., Ochna Ochna serrulata and Asparagus Fern Protasparagus aethiopicus. Occasional patches of the noxious weed species Bitou Bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata also occur.

3.2.5 Map Unit 4a Dune Woodland/Scrub Banksia integrifolia var. integrifolia +/- Cupaniopsis anacardioides – Leptospermum laevigatum – Alectryon coriaceus

Previous Mapping This vegetation community may have some similarities with 3523 Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia (Griffith, 1993). Note that this vegetation community includes some elements of 6202 Spinifex sericeus, 6402 Baumea juncea and 6602 Carex pumila – Phyla nodiflora; these have not been mapped separately, due to the highly complex and mobile nature of the habitat in which these associations and communities occur, along with the mapping scale and limited timeframe for this survey.

Distribution This vegetation community occurs along the foredunes of Front Beach, Trial Bay, in the west and south-west of the survey area. It occurs as a band of varying width, and commonly merges with adjacent vegetation types (such as Map Unit 3a of this report). A highly

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 17 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 disturbed form of this vegetation type occurs as a very narrow band between the northernmost campgrounds (to the north-west of the gaol) and Front Beach. (See Appendix 11: Fig 1).

Structure The structure of this vegetation community varies from open scrub or scrub, with a maximum height of 7m and an FPC of 40-70%) in more exposed sites or as regeneration in disturbed areas, to woodland or open forest in less disturbed or more sheltered sites, with a canopy height of 12m and an FPC of 25-35%. The understorey generally consists of a continuous (and occasionally dense) stratum of sclerophyllous shrub species to 2.5m high. The groundocver layer varies depending on location: in more exposed sites, it may consist of a sparse cover of native grass and sedge species, while damper or more sheltered sites may have a range of native sedge, herb and rush species. Open areas on the seaward side of vegetation may have occasional patches of pioneer grass and groundcover species, while disturbed areas (such as between the campgrounds and the beach) may have some remnant upper canopy, shrub and groundcover strata species often interspersed with exotic species, or expanses of bare sand where uncontrolled pedestrian access occurs.

Floristics Common upper canopy species are Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia, with occasional Beach Alectryon Alectryon coriaceus, Guioa Guioa semiglauca, Celerywood Polyscias elegans and Tuckeroo Cupaniopsis anacardioides. Coast Teatree Leptospermum laevigatum occurs as an understorey shrub beneath these upper canopy species, or as a community dominant in more exposed sites or where vegetation is undergoing regeneration.

Other shrub species include Monotoca elliptica, with Cockspur Thorn Maclura cochinchinensis and Coffee Bush Breynia oblongifolia (in sheltered or damper sites where this community merges with Map Unit 3a), and Coast Wattle Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae in more exposed locations.

Typical groundcover species in sheltered sites include Bare Twig Rush Baumea juncea, Knobby Club Rush Isolepis nodosa, Swamp Pennywort Centella asiatica, Melanthera biflora, Warrigal Cabbage Tetragonia tetragonioides, Cyperus laevigatus and Native Reed Phragmites australis (this latter species more common where this vegetation type merges with Map Unit 3a). In more exposed, beachfront sites, groundcover species include Pigface Carpobrotus glaucescens, Seablite Suaeda australis, Sand Couch Sporbolus viginicus and Dune Spinifex Spinifex sericeus, with pioneer species such as Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis.

Climbing and trailing species are uncommon, and include Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis, Golden Guinea Flower Hibbertia scandens and Scrambling Lily Geitonoplesium cymosum.

Exotic species are generally more common in disturbed sites, particularly in the narrow band of vegetation between the northenmost compgrounds and Front Beach. Species include Buffalo Grass Stenotaphrum secundatum, Kikuyu Pennisetum clandestinum, Kurnell Curse Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Mile-a-Minute Ipomoea cairica, Marram Grass Ammophila arenaria, Cobblers Pegs Bidens pilosa, Lantana Lantana camara, Gloriosa Gloriosa superba and Painted Spurge Euphorbia cyathophora, with occasional patches of the noxious weed Bitou Bush Chrysanthemodes monilifera subsp. rotundata.

3.2.6 Map Unit 5a Scrub/ Woodland/ Open Forest Allocasuarina littoralis +/- Corymbia intermedia

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 18 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Previous Mapping Similar to 3513 Allocasuarina littoralis (Griffith, 1993). Griffith (1993) notes that this association is “…only reserved as limited areas over much of its range…”. This vegetation may also include areas mapped as 3553 Allocasuarina littoralis – Jacksonia scoparia/Banksia integrifolia ssp. integrifolia, which species “… form a low forest community on headlands in Hat Head N.P., grading into shrublands on more exposed aspects…”.

Distribution Predominantly on mid-slopes of Monument Hill, in the central-eastern and southern sections of the survey area. (See Appendix 11: Fig 1).

Structure The structure of this vegetation community varies according to location and degree of exposure to coastal winds. More exposed sites may have a woodland or scrubland structure, formed of trees less than 6m high and an FPC of 25-30%, or this vegetation community may occur as a low open forest or woodland with trees to 10m high and an FPC of 25-35%, particularly in moister or more sheltered sites. The understorey stratum generally consist of sclerophyllous shrub species to 1m tall, with occcasional taller specimens to 2.5m high; mesic species may also occur in more sheltered locations, or where soil moisture retention is greater, and regenerating forms of upper canopy species are common throughout. The groundcover layer is also variable, with a number of rush and herb species common in sheltered locations, grading to hardier grass and sedge species in more exposed sites.

Floristics Common upper canopy species are Black She-oak Allocasuarina littoralis and Pink Bloodwood Corymbia intermedia with Brush Box Lophostemon confertus in more sheltered locations, while Black She-oak Allocasuarina littoralis occurs with Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia and Coastal Teatree Leptospermum laeviagtum in exposed sites. Where soil structure allows for greater moisture retention, occasional associate upper canopy species include stunted froms of Swamp Oak Casuarina glauca, Hickory Acacia implexa, Broad- leaved Paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia and mesic species such as Corkwood Duboisia myoporoides, Cheese Tree Glochidion ferdinandi and Grey Myrtle Backhousia myrtifolia.

Shrub species in more sheltered sites include Common Hop Bush Dodonaea triquetra, with Cockspur Thorn Maclura cochinchinensis, Large Mock-olive Notolaea longifolia, Curricabah Acacia concurrens and Coffee Bush Breynia oblongifolia in sheltered sites. Species in more exposed locations include Persoonia stradbrokiensis, Sticky Cassinia Cassinia aculeata, Hairpin Banksia Banksia spinulosa var. collina, Myrtle Wattle Acacia myrtifolia, Crinkle Bush Lomatia silaifolia and Broad-leaved Geebung Persoonia levis. The coastal form of Dogwood Jacksonia scoparia var. gonoclada Maiden & Betche also occurs in this vegetation community.

Typical groundcover species in sheltered sites include Mat Rush Lomandra longifolia, Whiteroot Pratia purpurascens, Flax Lily Dianella caerulea var. producta, Swamp Pennywort Centella asiatica, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Platysace ericoides, Love Creepers Glycine spp., Gahnia aspera and Stinking Pennywort Hydrocotyle laxiflora. Species in drier or more exposed sites include Kangaroo Grass Themeda australis, Barbed Wire Grass Cymbopogon refractus, Bordered Panic Entolasia marginata, Wiry Panic Entolasia stricta, Lomandra filiformis, Golden Everlasting Bracteantha bracteata, Mirbelia rubiifolia and Oxalis rubens.

Exotic species are generally restricted to edges of vegetation. Species include Paddy’s Lucerne Sida rhombifolia, Plantain Plantago lanceolata, Cats Ears Hypochaeris radicata,

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 19 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Fleabanes Conyza spp., Paspalum Paspalum dilatatum, Slender Rat’s Tail Grass Sporobolus indicus var. capensis and Cobbler’s pegs Bidens pilosa.

3.2.7 Map Unit 5b Scrub/ Open Scrub/ Heath Allocasuarina littoralis +/- Banksia spp.

Previous Mapping Elements of 3513 Allocasuarina littoralis; 3553 Allocasuarina littoralis – Jacksonia scoparia/Banksia integrifolia ssp. integrifolia, and some small areas of heathland which accord with descriptions of 5904 Banksia oblongifolia - Allocasuarina littoralis - Hakea teretifolia - Aristida warburgii - Themeda australis (Griffith, 1993). This latter community is noted to be of conservation significance on the north coast of New South Wales; Griffith (1993) notes that “…Hakea teretifolia reaches its northern limit of distribution in the Macleay Valley… Apart from Crowdy Bay, the association (5904) appears to be reserved in Arakoon SRA only…”. Elements of 6302 Themeda australis Sod Grassland may also occur, but are too small to map at this scale.

Distribution Predominantly occurs as small areas within Allocasuarina littoralis stands on Monument Hill, mostly in areas with impeded drainage. (See Appendix 11: Fig 1).

Structure Scrub to open scrub to 4m tall, with an FPC of 30-70%, usually occurring as discrete patches; interspersed with areas of heathland to open heathland, to 0.3-1.5m tall, with an FPC of 30- 70%. The groundcover stratum is generally sparse below dense Allocasuarina littoralis stands, but encompasses a diverse range of species in areas of heathland where taller strata are absent or sparsely distributed.

Floristics Areas of scrubland commonly have dense stands of Black She-oak Allocasuarina littoralis, occasionally with stunted Swamp Oak Casuarina glauca, Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia and Coastal Teatree Leptospermum laevigatum in sites exposed to salt-laden winds.

Shrub species in open sites where drainage is impeded include Banksia oblongifolia and Dagger Hakea Hakea teretifolia, with Hairpin Banksia Banksia spinulosa var. collina, Common Hop Bush Dodonaea triquetra, Persoonia stradbrokiensis, Myrtle Wattle Acacia myrtifolia, Sweet-scented Wattle Acacia suaveolens, Heath-leaved Banksia Banksia ericifolia, Pultenaea retusa, Rice Flower Pimelea linifolia subsp. linifolia, Crinkle Bush Lomatia silaifolia and Broad-leaved Geebung Persoonia levis occurring in areas of better drainage. The coastal form of Dogwood Jacksonia scoparia var. gonoclada Maiden & Betche also occurs in this vegetation community, while species in damper, sheltered sites may also include Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum undulatum and Native Peach Trema aspera.

Typical groundcover species on freer-draining soils include Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Platysace ericoides, Kangaroo Grass Themeda australis, Wiry Panic Entolasia stricta, Lomandra filiformis, Golden Everlasting Bracteantha bracteata, Mirbelia rubiifolia, Scaevola albida var. albida, Brown’s Love Grass Eragrostis brownii and Ptilothrix deusta. Typical species in poorly-drained areas include Ptilothrix deusta, Isolepis inundata, Aristida warburgii, Bog Rush Schoenus brevifolius, Coral Fern Gleichenia dicarpa, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Gahnia aspera and Leptocarpus tenax, often with smaller shrub species such as Almaleea paludosa.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 20 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 3.2.8 Map Unit 6a Coastal Scrub/ Open woodland Casuarina equisetifolia +/- Banksia integrifolia – Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae.

Previous Mapping Elements of 3524 Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana (Griffith, 1993). This vegetation community is noted as being of conservation significance on the north coast of New South Wales; Griffith (1993) notes that for Casuarina equisetifolia “…although extensively planted on foredunes, usually after sand minig, the more natural habitat of (this species) is coastal headlands north from the Camden Haven area. Only limited areas of the association occur in existing reserves of the study area…”.

Distribution Predominantly occurs as a narrow band along the seaward side of the survey area, often as isolated trees above horticulturally maintained areas. Given the history of clearing of vegetation on the subject site, it is likely that some of the trees within the survey area have been planted, though this species’ distribution along the easternmost edge of the survey area, and on sheer slopes above the disused quarry sites appears to be that of a naturally-occurring population. (See Appendix 11: Fig 1).

Structure The structure of this vegetation community varies considerably, depending on site characteristics, disturbance history and location. On steep, rocky sites, vegetation may form open scrubland to 6m tall, with a very variable understorey to 2m high, and a groundcover stratum to 0.7m high, often with dense patches of exotic shrub species to 3m high. In horticulturally-maintained sites, there may be scattered trees to 8m high with a mown groundcover stratum comprised largely of exotic grass and herb species. In coastal headland sites, the vegetation may form a woodland or scrubland structure, with occasional patches of salt-tolerant sedge, grass and herb species in the understorey.

Floristics On steep, rocky sites (e.g. above the now disused quarries), tree species usually include Horsetail She-oak Casuarina equisetifolia, with occasional stunted Swamp Oak Casuarina glauca, Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia and Coastal Teatree Leptospermum laevigatum in sites exposed to salt-laden winds. Shrub species may include Coastal Teatree Leptospermum laevigatum, Coast Wattle Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae and Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum undulatum, often with exotic shrub species such as Lantana Lantana camara and Bitou Bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata. Groundcover species vary from site to site, but typically include Knobby Club Rush Isolepis nodosa, Blady Grass Imperata cylindrica var. major, Stinking Pennywort Hydrocotyle laxiflora, Swamp Pennywort Centella asiatica, Common Couch Cynodon dactylon, Melanthera biflora and Senecio lautus subsp. maritimus. Where groundwater seeps through cracks in cliffs are occasional specimens and small patches of Screw Palm Pandanus tectorius. Exotic species are common in the herb layer in disturbed sites, and include Buffalo Grass Stenotaphrum secundatum, Kikuyu Pennisetum clandestinum, Kurnell Curse Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Black Berry Nightshade Solanum nigrum and Mile-a-Minute Ipomoea cairica.

On the headland to the landward side of the breakwater are tree species including Horsetail She-oak Casuarina equisetifolia, with occasional Swamp Oak Casuarina glauca, Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia and Coastal Teatree Leptospermum laevigatum, with occasional shrub species such as Coast Wattle Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae and Coastal Teatree Leptospermum laevigatum. The groundcover stratum is variable, due to distrubance from

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 21 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 unimpeded vehicle and pedestrian access along headland sites. Typical species include Knobby Club Rush Isolepis nodosa, Sea Rush Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis, Sand Couch Sporobolus virginicus var. virginicus, Warrigal Cabbage Tetragonia tetragonoides and Senecio lautus subsp. maritimus. Exotic species include shrubs such as Lantana Lantana camara and Bitou Bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata, and groundcover species including Buffalo Grass Stenotaphrum secundatum, Kikuyu Pennisetum clandestinum, Kurnell Curse Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Sow Thistle Sonchus oleraceus and Fleabanes Conyza spp.

Horticulturally maintained areas may have a sparse canopy of Horsetail She-oak Casuarina equisetifolia, with occasional Swamp Oak Casuarina glauca, Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia and Coastal Teatree Leptospermum laevigatum, above a groundcover layer oe predominantly exotic species including Buffalo Grass Stenotaphrum secundatum, Kikuyu Pennisetum clandestinum, Kurnell Curse Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Plantain Plantago lanceolata and Slender Rat’s Tail Grass Sporobolus indicus var. capensis.

3.2.9 Map Unit 7a Cleared/ disturbed +/- Casuarina spp. - Banksia spp. – Acacia spp.

Distribution Thoughout the remainder of the survey area, comprising camping grounds, open space areas and the gaol precinct. (See Appendix 11: Fig 1).

Structure The structure of this vegetation community varies considerably depending on location. Sites in and surrounding camping grounds may have remnant upper canopy species interspersed with horticultural specimens; other sites may have avenue plantings of horticultural species, usually above a groundcover layer of a mixture of turf and exotic and native herb and grass species, while border or screen plantings may include some native non-indigenous tree and shrub species mixed with exotic species. Open space areas may consist entirely of expanses of maintained grass and herb species, which are often used for overflow campsites or car parking.

Floristics Ooccasional remnant native tree species include Horsetail She-oak Casuarina equisetifolia, Swamp Oak Casuarina glauca, Coast Banksia Banksia integrifolia, Hickory Acacia implexa, Port Jackson Fig Ficus rubiginosa, Brush Box Lophostemon confertus and Tuckeroo Cupaniopsis anacardioides. Occasional patches of native shrub species include Coastal Teatree Leptospermum laevigatum, Sydney Golden Wattle Acacia longifolia subsp. longifolia and Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum undulatum; isolated patches of shrub species may also occur, with species composition depending on the character of adjacent native vegetation. Native groundcover species vary between sites, but common are Blady Grass Imperata cylindricca var. major, Common Couch Cynodon dactylon, Weeping Meadow Grass Microlaena stipoides, Stinking Pennywort Hydroctyle laxiflora, Swamp Pennywort Centella asiatica, Bracken Pteridium esculentum and Knobby Club Rush Isolepis nodosa.

Horticultural tree species include Norfolk Island Pine Araucaria heterophylla, Indian Coral Tree Erythrina x sykesii, Bangalow Palm Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, Swamp Mahogany Eucalyptus robusta and shrub species such as Coast Rosemary Westringia fruticosa. Exotic shrub species include Lantana Lantana camara, Cotoneaster Cotoneaster glaucophyllus and occasional patches of Bitou Bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata in native vegetation bordering managed areas. Exotic species are also common in

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 22 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 the herb layer, and include Buffalo Grass Stenotaphrum secundatum, Kikuyu Pennisetum clandestinum, Kurnell Curse Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Black Berry Nightshade Solanum nigrum, Paspalum Paspalum dilatatum, Fleabanes Conyza spp., Flax-leaf Verbena Verbena bonariensis, Eastern Cottonbush Gomphocarpus fruticosus, Plantain Plantago lanceolata, Black Berry Nightshade Solanum nigrum, Cobbler’s Pegs Bidens pilosa, South African Pigeon Grass Setaria sphacelata, Clover Trifolium spp. and Medics Medicago spp.. Climbing species are also common in infrequently maintained areas, with species such as Mile-a- Minute Ipomoea cairica and Moth Vine Araujia sericiflora.

4.0 PLANT SPECIES 4.1 Indigenous Plant Species No conservation significant species (i.e. flora species listed under the various Schedules of either the TSC Act 1995 or the EPBC Act 1999) were recorded on the subject site during this survey, though it should be noted that such dedicated searches in areas of suitable habitat were not one of the specific objectives of this survey. However, several flora species considered to have regional conservation significance were detected on the site during this survey (See Appendix 5: Table 10).

Due to the duration of this survey, it is likely that native species diversity is likely to be greater than that recorded during the current survey; further field survey work would likely reveal more species, particularly if such surveys are conducted over several years.

4.2 Introduced Plant Species 4.2.1 Noxious and Environmental Weed Species There are a number of invasive exotic species on the subject site, with several species listed as Noxious Weeds under the Noxious Weeds Act 1993 (Order No. 14, 1999) for the Kempsey LGA. The Noxious Weeds Act places the responsibility for the control of noxious weeds on the landowner, and provides a set of actions that must be taken for different categories of weed.

Table 1 Noxious Weed species within the survey area as per Noxious Weeds Act 1993 (Order No. 14, 1999).

Botanical Name Scientific Name Code1 Ageratina adenophora Crofton Weed W3 Ageratina riparia Mist Flower W3 Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. Bitou Bush W3 rotundata Lantana camara Lantana W3

Note that St. John’s Wort Hypericum perforatum is listed as a Noxious Weed species in most LGAs in New South Wales; however, it is not listed under the Kempsey LGA.

Of the species listed above, two (Lantana and Bitou Bush) are of particular concern.

1 Explanatory notes for Noxious Weed categories (Codes) are provided in Appendix 4. Bangalay Botanical Surveys 23 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Bitou Bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata occurs as sporadic individual plants in dune woodland and swamp forest (behind Front Beach), and as small patches or individual plants along the exposed coastal slopes of Monument Hill.

The most significant areas of Lantana Lantana camara infestation occur on the slopes below the Gaol’s outer walls, generally on west to north-west facing slopes, with further isolated patches in areas of sheltered forest (wet sclerophyll forest) on lower, west-facing slopes along the entrance road. Futher individual plants or small isolated patches of this species also occur in other vegetation types.

A range of other exotic species occur on the Trail Bay Gaol site and adjacent areas of Arakoon SCA. Some of these species are considered “environmental weed species” (Blood, 2001 – see Table 2 below): while there are no legal requirements to remove these species, their removal is recommended in order to prevent their spread, as many such environmental weed species are capable of forming dense infestations which can severely restrict regeneration of native species.

Table 2 Environmental Weed Species recorded on the subject site (Blood, 2001).

Botanical Name Common Name Acetosa sagittata Turkey Rhubarb Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel Araujia sericiflora (syn. A. hortorum) Moth Vine Arctotheca calenula Capeweed Arctotheca populifolia Beach Daisy Bidens pilosa Cobbler’s Pegs Briza maxima Quaking Grass Briza minor Trembling Grass Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass Centaurium tenuiflorum Common Centaury Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle Conyza spp. Fleabanes Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Cotoneaster Eragrostis curvula African Love Grass Hedychium gardnerianum Wild Ginger Hypericum perforatum St. John’s Wort Hypochaeris spp. Flatweeds Ipomoea cairica Mile-a-Minute Ipomoea indica Common Morning Glory Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Myrsiphyllum asparagoides Bridal Veil Creeper Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Plantago lanceolata Plantain Protasparagus aethiopicus Asparagus Fern

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 24 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Common Name Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant Sida rhombifolia Paddy’s Lucerne Solanum mauritianum Wild Tobacco Stenotatphrum secundatum Buffalo Grass Tradescantia fluminense (syn. T. albiflora)Wandering Jew Trifolium repens White Clover Verbena bonariensis Veined Verbena Vebena rigida Purple Tops

In general, exotic species are more common where significant disturbance has occurred, and particularly where disturbance is still continuing. A range of factors may contribute to continuing weed infestation and spread, such as nutrification of soil and water, altered fire regimes and erosion, with the spread of weed species being facilitated by vectors such as wind, water and human and fauna movements. Human-induced disturbance is possibly the most important factor to be considered in any weed management plan, particularly in parts of the site where native vegetation abuts high-traffic areas, such as the camping areas and the narrow strip of vegetation between the foreshore camping area and Front Beach, continuing around the headland to Laggers Point.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 25 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 5.0 FAUNA 5.1 Introduction Trial Bay Gaol is located within the north coast bioregion (Thackway & Cresswell 1996) of New South Wales. The region also forms part of the Macleay McPherson Overlap Zone where there is a convergence of both temperate and sub tropical species. Many species currently listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995) and the Commonwealth Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999) have been recorded in this diverse region.

Habitats found within the Trial Bay study area offer known and suitable habitat for at least 29 species of threatened vertebrate fauna (Appendix 2: Table 7). These include one frog, three marine reptiles, 14 birds and 11 mammal species. A database search and local knowledge has been used to determine the likelihood of threatened species occurring in the Trial Bay Gaol study area. For the purposes of this assessment the local area is defined as that within a 10km radius of the study area.

5.2 Fauna Species Known To Occur in the Area Six species are known from the study area and include osprey, sooty oystercatcher, glossy black cockatoo, brush-tailed phascogale, squirrel glider and grey-headed flying fox (Appendix 2: Table 7). Below is a brief discussion of each species, their critical habitat components and broad recommendations regarding management of their potential or actual habitat.

Osprey Pandion haliaetus Ospreys have been recorded on two occasions in the study area with one observation consisting of three birds (NPWS Wildlife Atlas 2003). An additional 22 records occur in the local area indicating there is a local resident population (Appendix 2: Table 7).

Any objectives in the management plan that require the removal of or increased disturbance to critical habitat components (nest sites and foraging perches) should be assessed according to the requirements of the EP&A Act (1979). Disturbance could include noise disturbance from either machinery operations or increased visitation by tourists in areas where critical habitat occurs.

Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty oystercatchers occur within the study area and occupy adjoining habitats. The critical habitat for this species occurs along the rocky foreshore that adjoins the study area. This intertidal zone provides foraging opportunities and local birds are most likely to breed along the rocky foreshore. Activities that require visitation to these areas should be discouraged.

Glossy Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami Glossy black cockatoo is the most frequently recorded threatened species in the study area a (Appendix 2: Table 7). Six records occur in the study area and a further 29 records in the local area.

The objectives of the plan should aim at reducing or eliminating the removal of any Allocasuarina species habitat, and any large hollow bearing resources that may offer suitable breeding habitat. Areas of particular significance for this species within the study area include the lower, mid- and upper slopes of Monument Hill, in Map Units 5a and 5b (heath/ scrub/ woodland/ open forest), particularly where dense stands of Black She-oak Allocasuarina littoralis occur.

Brush-tailed Phascogale Phascogale tapoatafa

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 26 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Brush-tailed phascogale is known from two records in the study area and a further eight records locally (Appendix 2: Table 7). Therefore, the study area is likely to form part of the local population and indicates phascogales are likely to cross the access road into Trial Bay Goal.

Objectives of the management plan should be to maintain the areas of known habitat and reduce or eliminate the removal of any hollow bearing resource that represents potential ‘den tree’ habitat. The removal of any potential habitat should be adequately assessed according to the requirements of Part 5 of the EP&A Act 1979. Furthermore, the envisaged increase of vehicle movements in the study area should be accompanied by speed restriction measures. Speed bumps are recommended as this will invariably reduce road strike. These should be placed at strategic locations along the access road after faunal corridors have been accurately identified.

Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis Squirrel glider is widely distributed within and adjacent to the study area (Appendix 2: Table 7). Two records occur in the study area and an additional 22 in the local area. This abundance of records indicates squirrel glider habitat occurs throughout the local area and the population is interconnected with populations occurring in adjacent areas (e.g. Hat Head NP).

The variety of habitats located in the study area represent a wide and varied food resource for this species. Nectar resources that flower in the autumn-winter food gap period are particularly important to squirrel glider, and the retention of these resources is strongly recommended. This includes habitats that contain Banksia and Acacia species and areas of swamp mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta). All hollow bearing trees should be retained, and the connectivity of fauna corridors retained and preferably enhanced. Objectives of the management plan should address squirrel glider to reduce the likelihood of adverse impacts, and should be assessed with respect to the requirements of Part 5 of the EP&A Act 1979.

Grey-headed Flying Fox Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-headed flying fox occur both within the study area and in habitat adjoining it; a roost camp has also been identified at Arakoon (Eby 2002). The proximity of the camp to adjoining foraging grounds may increase the importance of nectar and fruit producing plant species found within the study area. Objectives of the plan should aim at reducing or preferably eliminating the removal of habitat and foraging resources.

5.3 Fauna Species Considered Likely To Occur in the Area Three ratings have been applied to species considered likely to occur in the Trial Bay Gaol study area. These have been discussed separately below.

High Nine species have been categorised as “highly likely” to occur in the study area (Appendix 2: Table 7). This assessment is based on the number of records in the local area and the individual habitat requirements of these species. These include square-tailed kite, pied oystercatcher, little tern, powerful owl, common blossom bat, little bent-wing bat, greater broad nosed bat, eastern free-tail bat and the hoary wattled bat.

The objectives of the plan should aim at reducing or preferably eliminating the removal of habitat and hollow bearing tree resources. This will reduce impacts on most of these species including the insectivorous bats, powerful owl and square-tailed kite. Objectives of the plan that require the maintenance or removal of physical structures should require that such structures be first inspected for insectivorous bat species. The removal of littoral rainforest and any proposed increased visitation of littoral rainforest habitat should only proceed

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 27 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 following adequate assessment of common blossom bat population numbers and habitat requirements in the study area. Littoral rainforest provides important roosting habitat for blossom bat in close association with heathland habitats, which provide Banksia species for foraging (Law 1993).

Issues associated with pied oystercatcher and little tern are more difficult to assess. Obviously, any outcome of the plan which results in increased visitation rates will require, at a minimum, the provision of adequate facilities to accommodate these species’ requirements. Interpretive material such as visual displays may reduce disturbance impacts on these species. An assessment of habitat use within the study area by these species may be required before potential impacts can be adequately assessed, for example, in accordance with the requirements of Part 5 of the EP&A Act 1979.

Moderate The fruit doves, barred cuckoo shrike and eastern cave bat have been given a ‘moderate’ likelihood of occurring in the study area (Table 1). While some habitat components occur in the study area, the extent of these habitats is limited. Wompoo fruit dove is known from four records in the local area, rose crowned fruit dove from one record and barred cuckoo shrike from two records. These species are known to utilise rainforest and isolated fruiting trees (Appendix 2: Table 7). Plant species such as tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) and cheese tree (Glochidion ferdinandi) occur in the study area and may be occasionally used by fruit doves and barred cuckoo shrike. The barred cuckoo shrike may also utilise the site on an opportunistic basis foraging for insects. Any proposed management plan should seek to reduce or eliminate the requirement to remove or significantly modify areas of the site which contain roosting or foraging habitat for these species.

Low Wallum froglet, koala and black-tailed godwit have been placed in the ‘low’ likelihood of occurrence, on the basis that major habitat characteristics do not occur in the study area (Appendix 2: Table 7). Six records exist for wallum froglet south west of the study area in sedge land and Melaleuca swamp habitat of Saltwater Lagoon.

The habitats located in the study area are largely terrestrial with little freshwater habitat. Koala and black-tailed godwit are both known from one locality in the local area; Black-tailed godwit is a seasonal migrant, and the study area offers limited opportunities for this species. Similarly, koala habitat is limited in the study area and offers no corridor function to this species. The majority of the koala records occur further to the south towards Kempsey and Crescent Head (NPWS Wildlife Atlas 2003). Note that the Kempsey SoE Supplementary report (KSC, 2002) reports occurrences of a “colony” of koalas in the South West Rocks area.

5.4 Fauna Species Unlikely to Occur in the Area This group is comprised of four marine animals and three wetland specialists (Appendix 2: Table 7). Species include the marine turtles, humpback whale, magpie goose, black-necked stork and comb-crested jacana. While no suitable habitat occurs in the study area for marine species, the study area is bounded by the Tasman Sea (South Pacific Ocean). Therefore, potential impacts may occur with respect to marine species that are known from the local area arising from significant alterations to visitation numbers and tourist activities. For example, the envisaged increase of visitors into the study area will undoubtedly increase the threat of litter entering the ocean. The provision of additional bins along with education and interpretive material highlighting the threat discarded plastics have to marine life may help in reducing this threat. In addition, improvements to infrastructure (such as boat-launching facilities) at the site will probably increase boat traffic in Trial Bay and the adjacent near- cosatal areas, with consequent increases in impacts on threatened marine fauna; in addressing

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 28 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 the likely outcomes of improvements to boat-launching facilities, an assessment of the significance of potential impacts on marine fauna sould be conducted in accordance with the requirements of Part 5 of the EP&A Act 1979.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 29 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118

6.0 CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE

6.1 Flora 6.1.1 Threatened Plant Species A total of 8 threatened flora species have been recorded previously within 10km of the subject site on the NP&WS Atlas of NSW Wildlife database (Table 3 below). However, despite dedicated searches in areas of suitable habitat, no individuals of these or any other threatened flora species were identified on the subject site during the current field investigations.

Key to Codes for Table 3

Status Conservation Status and known reservation Status Conservation Status and known reservation S1 Endangered (Schedule 1 of TSC Act, 1995) 8 N&S limit of dist S2 Vulnerable (Schedule 2 of TSC Act, 1995) 9 Atypical habitat E Endangered (EPBC Act, 1999) x possibly extinct V Vulnerable (EPBC Act, 1999) r reserved 1 RoTAP (Briggs & Leigh, 1995) u unreserved 2 Rare across entire range NP National Park 3 Rare in NSW NR Nature Reserve 4 Regionally uncommon SF State Forest 5 May occur in degraded habitats SRA State Recreation Area 6 Endemic SCA State Conservation Area 7 Disjunct >100km FR Forest Reserve

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 31 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Table 3 Species of Conservation Significance in the North Coast Bioregion where habitat occurs within the survey area (extracted from Sheringham; NPWS, 1998).

Botanical Name TSC EPBC RoTAP Status Reserved Known Habitat Potential Occurrence on Site Act Act Code4 Status2 Status3 Acacia E1 - 2R 3 r (but Grows in rainforest and wet sclerophyll Unlikely due to apparent restricted chrysotricha probably forest in steep narrow gullies on quartzite distribution. inadequate) soils; Brierfield and Newry SF area (inland from Macksville); rare (Harden, 2002). Confined to the Bellinger River valley, in eucalypt forests, often in steep gullies (Tame, 1992). Known from two locations south of Bellingen: wet sclerophyll forest in Jaaningga SF (was Newry SF); and eucalypt plantations in Gladstone SF. Threats include weed invasion and logging. (NPWS Threatened Species Information, NPWS website, 2003) Acacia courtii VV2V3r (but Dry sclerophyll forest on shallow soils over Possible, but not recorded in previous probably microgranite, restricted to North Brother surveys; species apperas to be of very inadequate) and Little Brother mountains near Laurieton limited distribution. (Quinn et al., 1995). Eucalypt forest on steep hillsides in stony loamy to clayey soils; Laurieton and Kew area of NSW (Tame, 1992). Acronychia E E 3ECi 6 8S k Grows in littoral rainforest on sand; rare Potential habitat in wetter areas behind

2 Species listed as E (Endangered) or V (Vulnerable) on Schedules to the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. 3 Species listed as E (Endangered) or V (Vulnerable) on Schedules to the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. 4 Listed under Rare or Threatened Australian Plant species (Briggs & Leigh, 1996).

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 32 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name TSC EPBC RoTAP Status Reserved Known Habitat Potential Occurrence on Site Act Act Code4 Status2 Status3 littoralis (recorded and endangered, north of Port Macquarie foredune vegetation along Front Beach. from Hat (Harden, 2002). Recommend further specific surveys in Head NP) areas of suitable habitat.; Map Units 3a, 4a. Alexfloydia repens E1 - 2K 6 r Grows in moist understorey of Casuarina Potential habitat in Map Units 3a and glauca forest and also in the king tide zone 4a. Recommend further specific surveys above mangrove forests. in areas of suitable habitat. Allocasuarina E1 E 2E 6 u Grows in tall heath on sand, in Nabiac area Unlikely given habitat requirements, defungens (Harden, 1990). restricted distribution, poor fertility rates and poor rate of spread. The known distribution is restricted to two areas of coastal sand-heath about 20km apart between Nabiac and Saltwater (Old Bar) on the lower north coast of NSW. The Nabiac location is on a heathland plain 7km ESE of Nabiac, also known as the Wang Wauk sandplain; the Saltwater location is 1km south-east of the mouth of Khappinghat Creek. (Griffith, 1990). Allocasuarina V V 2VCa 6 No data Grows in heath on sand from Nabiac to Unlikely given apparently restricted simulans available Forster (Harden, 1990). range. Amorphospermum V V 2VCa 1 Most Grows in littoral and warm temperate May self-sow from transported seed whitei records on rainforest; north from the upper Macleay R., from nearby population recommend private also recorded for the Port Macquarie further specific surveys in areas of land. district (Harden, 1990). potential habitat (Map Unit 1a). Asperula asthenes VV3VC-6 rDamp sites often along river banks, from Unlikely given apparently restricted Taree to Buladelah, rare. (James & Allen, ex range. Harden 1992). Brasenia schreberi - - 3RC- 1 u Widespread but rarely common, found in Possible where freshwater lagoons

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 33 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name TSC EPBC RoTAP Status Reserved Known Habitat Potential Occurrence on Site Act Act Code4 Status2 Status3 shallow freshwater lagoons or backwaters. occur, but most habitat of this type on (Jacobs in Harden,1990). the site is highly disturbed. In heath, woodland and dry sclerophyll Caesia parviflora E1 E - 4 u Possible habitat in Map Units 5a and 5b forest on sandstone. var. minor – further specific searches should be (var. minor) South from Corindi area. undertaken in areas of potential habitat. (McCune & Hardin in Harden 1993). Chamaesyce E1 - - 3 r Uncommon on sand dunes near the sea Not recorded in previous surveys, nor psammogeton (Harden, 1990). in this survey. Nearest record approx. 55km to south-west (NPWS database). Occurs sporadically north from Ulladulla to Potential habitat on sand dunes and SE Queensland and Lord Howe Island coastal headlands in Arakoon SCA and (Heyligers, 1998). Hat Head NP; also Map Unit 6a in this survey. Recommend further specific searches in areas of potential habitat. Corybas undulatus - - 3KC- 1 r (no data Widespread in coastal and near coastal Potential habitat in Map Units 2b, 5a, available) regions in moist areas of sclerophyll forest 5b. Recommend further specific but rarely common. (Jones in Harden, 1993). searches in areas of potential habitat during flowering period. Sporadically distributed in coastal areas; favours low wet heathland, but also reported from sclerophyll forest (Bishop, 1999). Cryptostylis VV3VC-2r (but Grows in swamp-heath on sandy soils, Potential habitat in heath and dry hunteriana possibly chiefly in coastal areas, south from the sclerophyll forest on the site (Map inadequate Gibraltar Range (Harden, 1993). Units 5a, 5b). Recommend further in NC) specific searches in areas of suitable From Orbost area (Vic.) around the coast habitat during flowering period. through NSW as far north as the Gibraltar Range. Generally rare, favouring swamp fringes in Vic., to steep bare hillsides in tall eucalypt forest (Bishop, 1999).

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 34 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name TSC EPBC RoTAP Status Reserved Known Habitat Potential Occurrence on Site Act Act Code4 Status2 Status3 Also recorded from Alum Mtn., Nelson Bay and Lemon Tree Passage, with a single specimen found on whitish sandy soil in a coastal habitat in southern Queensland (Bell, 2000). Cynanchum E1 E 3ECi 8N r From Woko NP in the north to Bass Point Outside known range, but similar elegans (Shellharbour) in the south; grows in dry habitat recorded on site in Map Units rainforests, subtropical rainforests on the 1a, 2a. Further specific searches coast and inland in scrub or woodland recommended. (Quinn et al, 1995). Rainforest gullies and scrub and scree slopes; from the Gloucester district to the Wollongong area (Harden, 1992). Diuris E1 E 2E - k Grassy slopes or flats, often on peaty soils in Possible but no previous records within pedunculata (insufficient seasonally moist areas. Recorded from Port >50km (NPWS database). Recommend data Jackson to near Tenterfield. (Quinn et al, further specific searches in areas of available) 1995). suitable habitat. Grows in moist grassy areas in sclerophyll forest; chiefly from Port Jackson to Tenterfield (Harden, 1993). Scattered localities between the Hawkesbury River and Tenterfield, but in recent years known mainly from the New England Tablelands (Bishop, 1999). Glycine E2 - - 8 u Endangered population. Glycine clandestina No populations known closer to Trial clandestina (broad leaf form) (R. Pullen 13342) in Bay. Nambucca Local Government Area on Part 2 of Schedule 1 of the Act.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 35 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name TSC EPBC RoTAP Status Reserved Known Habitat Potential Occurrence on Site Act Act Code4 Status2 Status3 Occurs in coastal grassland at Scotts Head in the Nambucca Local Government Area (NSW Scientific Committee, 2001). Hibbertia E1 - 3RC- 3 k Chiefly in heath, open forest or rainforest, in Potential habitat on site except in Map hexandra (insufficient ranges around Mt. Warning; also collected Units 3a, 4a, 6a and 7a; recommend data from near Wauchope (Harden, 1990). further specific searches in areas of available) suitable habitat. Marsdenia E1 E 3RC- -uUsually occurs in lowland wet sclerophyll Potential habitat on site in Map Units longiloba (3VCi) forest, in ecotones between rainforest and 1a, 2a, 2b; recommend further specific wet sclerophyll forest, also in warm and searches in areas of suitable habitat. subtropical rainforest. Recorded from Hastings R. north to SE Queensland (Quinn et al, 1995). Grows in rainforest, north from Coffs Harbour (Harden, 1992). Maundia V - - - k (unlikely Grows in swamps or shallow fresh water on Unlikely to occur as no swamps on triglochinoides to be heavy clay (Harden, 1993). heavy clay soils present in study area. adequately reserved) Melaleuca V - 3RC- - r (but Grows in heath, often in exposed sites; rare, Potential habitat may be present on site, groveana probably restricted to higher areas, coastal districts but appears restricted to “higher areas” inadequate) north from Yengo NP and west to (Harden, 2002). Werrikimbe NP (Harden, 2002). Parsonsia VE2VCi- rIn subtropical and warm temperate Potential habitat in rainforest on site dorrigoensis (syn. rainforests, especially in more open parts (Map Unit 1a), but probably unlikely P. sp. B in Harden, and along rainforest margins, and in wet due to apparently restricted distribution. 1992) sclerophyll forests. Known from 14 small Recommend further specific searches in populations in areas E, NE and SE of areas of suitable habitat.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 36 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name TSC EPBC RoTAP Status Reserved Known Habitat Potential Occurrence on Site Act Act Code4 Status2 Status3 Dorrigo, also in the Bellinger, Kalang and Nambucca rivers and Woolgoolga Creek (Quinn et al, 1995). Grows in subtropical and warm temperate rainforest and sclerophyll forest from Bellinger R. to Woolgoolga, rare (Harden, 1992). Prostanthera V-2VCit6 rGrows in wet heath, subjected to extended Known from Bundjalung NP, but palustris periods of waterlogging, in aluvial sandy habitat requirements appear restricted soils on site. Senna acclinis E1 - 3RC- 2 3 u (does not Grows in subtropical rainforest, now very Unlikely given habitat requirements; appear to rare owing to clearing; chiefly north from not recorded within 30km of site be Gloucester district (Harden, 2002). (NPWS database). reserved) Thesium australe VV3VCi7 rGrows in woodland or grassland, often in Possible habitat on site, given wide damp sites; widespread but rare and range of habitat preferences. possibly endangered. (Harden, 1992). Recommend further specific searches in areas of suitable habitat, particularly in Recorded from Hat Head NP to the south, in areas of Themeda grassland on exposed Themeda grassland on coastal headland. coastal sites (Map Unit 5b, 6a).

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 37 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 6.1.2 Regionally Significant Flora Species The site provides actual and potential habitat for a number of flora species which are of regional conservation significance in the north coast bioregion. Appendix 5: Table 10 privides notes on their habitat, based on information from Sheringham (2003) and NPWS Atlas of NSW Wildlife.

6.1.3 Conservation Significance of Vegetation Communities/Habitat 6.1.3.1 General The Trial Bay Gaol survey site has a wide range of vegetation types and habitats within a relatively small area, and most of these are easily accessible to visitors to the site. Such a diverse array of vegetation types, habitats and species within such a small area contributes to the significance of the vegetation on the site, since it may be seen as a microcosm of the range of vegetation types found along the northern New South Wales coast, and allows visitors to the site to sample a wide range of vegetation types in a small area with easy access.

The coastal heathland vegetation on Monumnet Hill is an important resource for migratory bird species such as some honeyeaters, as it is part of a discontinuous system of heathlands located along the NSW coast. The tall forest vegetation on the site is also an important food and habitat resource for a wide range of fauna species, including part-migratory and migratory species, as well as resident fauna species. Several littoral rainforest sites along the north coast of NSW are protected under State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP) 26.

The swamp forest vegetation types are part of a complex of vegetation communities on the Macleay River floodplain and associated estuary. This floodplain, with its extensive and diverse network of wetlands, swamp forests and open water, are an important part of the system of protected reserves and habitats which are vital to long-distance migratory bird species. These migratory bird species are protected by international conservation agreements, including JAMBA (Agreement between the Governments of Australia and Japan for the Protection of Migratory Birds and their habitats) and CAMBA (Agreement between the People’s Republic of China and the Australian Government for the Protection of Migratory Birds and their habitats). Some of the wetlands within the Macleay River system are afforded additional protection under State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP) 14 – Coastal Wetlands.

With respect to the horticultural vegetation on the site, while no species of conservation significance occur within this area, the species present, in particular Norfolk Island Pine Araucaria heterophylla, are typical of the range of species planted in such coastal sites and as such may be seen as culturally significant by non-Aboriginal Australians.

The conservation significance of the vegetation at Trial Bay and the northern section of Arakoon SCA is further enhanced given the history of the site over the last century, particularly since the majority of the natural vegetation on the site was almost completely cleared and maintained in this manner until at least the 1940s.

6.1.3.2 Conservation Significance of Vegetation Communities within the survey area The conservation significance of the vegetation communities on the survey area is set out in Appendix 6, Table 11.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 38 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 6.2 Vegetation Communities as Habitat for Conservation Significant Species The vegetation communities on the survey area may be ranked in order of their suitability as habitat (potential or actual) for threatened (i.e protected under commonwealth or state legislation) or regionally significant flora and fauna species. (See Appendix 6: Table 11).

Of primary significance as habitat for both threatened or otherwise conservation significant flora and fauna species are Map Units 5a and 5b (heath/ scrub/ woodland/ open forest), located in the southern and eastern sections of the survey area, on Monument Hill and extending south into Hat Head National Park. These vegetation types are also of conservation significance for reasons other than that of their value as habitat, as they form part of a chain of restricted coastal headland heath and scrub communities in the north coast bioregion.

Areas of littoral rainforest (Map Unit 1a, with elements within Map Units 2a and 2b) are also of value as habitat for a number of threatened fauna and, to a lesser extent, flora species. Besides their value as habitat, some of the vegetation associations contained within the general term “littoral rainforest” are of restricted distribution within the north coast bioregion, or are poorly represented within conservation reserves.

Forest vegetation types (or “wet sclerophyll forests”) within the survey area (Map Units 2a and 2b) also contain vegetation associations considered as being of conservation significance on the north coast, often due to their poor representaion in dedicated conservation reserves. These Map Units also provide habitat for a number of fauna and flora species of conservation significance.

While vegetation types such as dune scrub/ woodland (Map Unit 4a) and open forest/woodland in swampy sites (Map Unit 3a) provide limited potential habitat for for flora and fauna species of conservation significance, they are important as a vegetated link to adjacent sies, and for their roles in stabilising highly mobile dune soils (Map Unit 4a) and acting as vegetated filters for groundwater (Map Unit 3a).

Areas of coastal scrub (Map Unit 6a) are less important as habitat for flora species of conservation significance, although some less disturbed areas may constitute potential habitat for a limited number of flora species adapted to growing in such highly dynamic habitats. However, rocky sites along the eastern seaboard of the survey area, which extend southwards into Hat Head National park, are habitat for threatened fauna species such as the Sooty Oystercatcher, and may also be used by migratory bird species.

Habitat value is limited within the more disturbed sections of the survey area (Map Unit 7a). However, while these areas are unlikely to contain significant habitat features for species of conservation significance, they consitute habitat for many cosmopolitan fauna species. In addition, these areas provide potential sites for vegetated links and movement corridors for both fauna and flora species.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 39 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 7.0 CULTURALLY AND NATURALLY SIGNIFICANT ELEMENTS The Macquarie Dictionary (3rd Ed., 1997) defines landscape as “…a view or prospect of rural scenery, more or less extensive, such as is comprehended within the scope or range of vision from a single point of view…”.

Landscapes may be natural, in that they are formed and shaped by natural forces, or cultural, in that they are deliberately created by people with a specific vision in mind.

Specific measures and programmes developed for the management of the significant landscapes of the Trial Bay Gaol site should be guided by the principle of conservation of significant cultural and historical landscape elements of the site. Any landscaping, refurbishment or maintenance programmes developed and implemented for the vegetation or significant plantings on the site should be designed to ensure that the heritage character of the site is not compromised.

7.1 Cultural Significance of plant species 7.1.1 Aboriginal uses of plant species Information from historical and local sources indicates that a number of flora and fauna species provided valuable resources to the Thunghutti people in the Macleay River valley area. Hodgkinson, (1845) noted that “...[the dense brushes of the northern district] also abound in many vegetable productions from which the natives obtain food…”. Flora species utilised which occur on the site include common groundcover taxa, climbing and trailing species and various tree and shrub species. (See Table 4 below).

Table 4 Plant species occurring in the survey area known to have been used by Aboriginal communities in the area.

Common Name Botanical Name Potential Uses Typical Location Groundcovers Mat Rush Lomandra longifolia Food (seeds); leaves for Map Units 1a, 2a 2b, binding, carrying, fish 3a. traps Saw Sedge Gahnia spp. Food (seeds); binding, Map Units 1a, 2a 2b, carrying (leaves) 3a,. Pigface Carpobrotus glaucescens Food (ripe fruits); Map Units 4a, 6a. medicinal (leaves for stings, cuts) Ferns Various species Food (roots) Map units 1a, 2a, 2b, 3a, 5a, 5b. Climbers/twiners Native Yam Dioscorea transversa Food. Map Units 1a, 2a Native Raspberry Rubus parvifolius Food Map Units 1a, 2a Native Smilax spp. Food Map Units 1a, 2a, 2b Sarsaparilla Trees/ shrubs Figs Ficus spp. Food Map Units 1a, 2a, 7a Lilly Pilly Acmena smithii, Syzygium Food (fruits); implements Map Units 1a, 2a, 2b spp. (wood) Cabbage Palm Livistona australis Map Unit 1a. Wattles Acacia spp. Medicinal, tanning (bark); Various. flour (seeds); spears etc.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 40 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Common Name Botanical Name Potential Uses Typical Location (wood) Corkwood Duboisia myoporoides Medicinal Map Units 1a, 2a, 5a Screw Pine Pandanus tectorius Food (fruit, roasted Map Unit 6a seeds); bags (leaves) Geebungs Persoonia spp. Food Map Units 2b, 5a, 5b

7.1.2 Current cultural significance of plant species While small-scale disturbances would likely have resulted from early settlement, significant levels of disturbance would have begun with European settlement and occupation of the north coast region, including logging of native forests for Red Cedar Toona ciliata and other valuable species in the 1830s, and clearing of land for agriculture.

At a local scale, the construction of the Trial Bay Gaol and the breakwater marks a significant alteration to the natural values of the site. Natural vegetation on the headland would have been cleared for the gaol site, and further disturbance to remaining vegetation would have derived from alterations to soil levels, hydrology and fire regimes, along with longer-term effects due to the probable decline of native fauna species. In addition to the construction of the gaol, prisoners were employed to quarry stone from the site for the construction of the breakwater, which would have necessitated the removal of further areas of native vegetation, both within the quarry sites and along the track from the quarries to the breakwater. Once completed, the breakwater was washed away several times by storms: however, despite this, the breakwater significantly altered the natural patterns of erosion and deposition by the tides, resulting in the gradual silting up of Trial Bay, and the accumulation of sand and estuarine deposits along the area now occupied by Front Beach. In effect, the foredune of Front Beach has moved seaward by approximately 100m PLS CONFIRM DETAIL over the last century or so PLS CONFIRM DETAIL, and this process has had significant effects on the nature of the vegetation and habitats behind the foredune.

In more recent times, the gaol and its surrounds have been used as a recreational facility, primarily for fishing, camping and as a tourist attraction. In order to accommodate these uses, the vegetation of the gaol precinct now consists of maintained grassed areas, interspersed with stands of horticultural species such as Norfolk Island Pines, or delineated by stands of (often highly modified) remnant native vegetation, such as that along the creekline in the central portion of the camping grounds, or the narrow strip of vegetation along the seaward edges of the site. While there is now some evidence of an increasing appreciation for the use of native plant species within landscaping, the range of species commonly planted tends to be somewhat restricted (often to those commercially available); in addition, the selection process for the use of native species in cultural or urban landscape design is now beginning to consider the genetic suitability of species where plantings occur close to areas of natural vegetation. Some areas of horticultural plantings have included the use of suitable native species (for example, Bangalow Palm Archontophoenix cunninghamiana around the kiosk), and the use of naturally-occurring species in the area is a useful technique for creating apparently natural landscapes in low-maintenance areas (for example, the planting of Horse- tail She-oak Casuarina equisetifolia at the eastern end of the campgrounds). In contrast, the planting of invasive or otherwise problematic species (such as the use of the Rubber Tree Ficus elastica on the slopes to the south-west of the gaol walls) is not recommended.

Essentially, a balance needs to be found between the natural and cultural values of the site. While species selection for new plantings should reflect the cultural values associated with the landscape, a particular site or a particular species, the suite of species selected should also consider the possibility of the species becoming a problem to future management of the site,

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 41 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 and whether the selection of species native to the area in any landscaping is likely to compromise the genetic integrity of local populations of that species.

7.2 Managing visual amenity Internal views are those views “within the boundaries of the site” (Heritage Victoria, 2001). Broadly, the Trial Bay Gaol site encompasses internal views with two distinct characters: natural or semi-natural landscapes; and modified or designed landscapes.

In general, aims of the management plan should: • retain and enhance significant views to,from and within the site; • retain and manage significant views and vistas, utilising the skills and knowledge of specialists in landscaping and arboricultural practices; • consider impacts on views and vistas when redeveloping parts of the site, or when considering new buildings; and • incorporate plantings within significant precincts on the site (such as the gaol precinct) in ways that enhance the visual spects of the site.

7.2.1 Natural and semi-natural landscapes Significant views of the natural landscapes of the site are available from several locations, including:- • points at higher elevations on the site, for example those available from the top of Monument Hill, and at several locations along the track leading up from the Gaol area. The views from Monument Hill and the track are extensive, and encompass large areas of natural vegetation, the Gaol and the camping grounds, and out over the Pacific Ocean. However, the development of upper canopy species is in some places obscuring some views: for example, the interpretation sign at the bottom of the Monument Hill track points out several features of archeological interest, views of which are now obscured by vegetation. Sympathetic “thinning out” of some trees in critical locations may need to be considered, if the views being obscured are considered significant and if such thinning out of vegetation does not compromise the natural values of the location. • Front Beach: views along Front Beach are generally of natural vegetation, with views available of the camping grounds and the gaol precinct. Closer views of the camping grounds and visitor area from the eastern end of Front Beach are generally less attractive, due to the current poor management of the vegetation along the edges of the camp grounds, informal pedestrian access and weed infestations. Views to the Gaol itself from the beach are partly obscured by the plantings of Norfolk Island Pines, and the patches of Lantana growing on the slopes below the western and north- western faces of the gaol are readily visible. • Swamp forest and areas of forest on lower slopes: due to the nature of the topography, and the contiguity of vegetation within these areas, opportunities for panoramic or long-distance views are not generally available. However, these qualities allow for a different experience of the natural features of the vegetation on the site, and may allow visitors occasional glimpses of native fauna.

7.2.2 Modified landscapes Currently, views and glimpses of the Gaol are available from almost all parts of the camping grounds and areas of open space surrounding the gaol precinct, such that the gaol effectively dominates most of the views within these parts of the site. Similarly, it is possible to look out Bangalay Botanical Surveys 42 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 over large parts of the camping grounds and open space areas from the top of the headland on which the gaol is sited, and particularly from the viewing platform within the gaol itself.

In planning and designing any additions or alterations to the horticulturally-derived vegetation in these areas, it is important to retain these views of, and from, the gaol. However, some of the more open parts of the camping grounds might benefit from suitably designed and located areas or clumps of plantings (preferably of species found at the site in order to retain the identity and integrity of the natural vegetation on the site): such plantings could serve a number of purposes, including affording increased shade and sheter, breaking up the visual monotony of extensive grassed areas and enhancing the natural beauty of the site. Careful design and site and species selection could also use such plantings to screen toilet blocks, and to screen campsites from access roads.

The incorporation of additional plantings also needs to be considered for the (easily eroded) slopes between Front Beach and the foreshore camping grounds: if the design includes suitable, low-growing indigenous species, such vegetation should not seriously impede views to the north and west from the camp grounds across Trial Bay, while simultaneously enhancing the aesthetic values of the site, preventing erosion and arresting the spread of weed species. Further to the east, the views from Laggers Point over the breakwater across Trial Bay and along the coast to the north are of obvious value. However, current usage by vehicles and pedestrians is creating problems of weed infestation, trampling of vegetation and spread of weed species. Again, careful design and appropriate site and species selection could be used to address the problems of erosion and weed species, while simultaneously enhancing views and retaining the identity and integrity of the natural values of the site.

In planning for further plantings, note should be made of the factors which should be considered with respect to species selection noted in Section 7.1.2 above.

7.3 Natural and cultural values of vegetation types on the site A summary of the natural landscape features of the site and their contribution to the significance of the site is presented in Appendix 8: Table 13. These natural features include a variety of native vegetation types, habitats, geology and plantings.

7.4 Managing cultural landscapes Cultural landscapes may be defined as landscapes that have been modified by human activity (Hitchmough, 1994), whether the modifications be for active recreation (e.g. sports fields), passive recreation (e.g. picnic areas, formal parks and gardens), for aesthetic values (e.g. formal gardens) or as multiple use sites (e.g. campsites and rest areas, areas zoned “public open space”). While some cultural landscapes may be entirely human-derived, others, such as those on the Trial Bay Gaol site, consist of landscapes based on natural features, but which have been substantially altered in some areas for practical or aesthetic ends.

Broadly, programmes for managing cultural landscapes should: • develop, implement and document appropriate maintenance programmes to ensure the retention of culturally significant landscapes at the Trial Bay Gaol site; • manage areas of significant vegetation and plantings, with maintenance programmes designed to current “best-practice” levels; • develop and implement procedures manuals for the different landscape elements on the site;

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 43 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 • maintain accurate records (including photography) of repairs, maintenance and redesigning of any landscape elements, particularly those of historical and cultural significance, and • develop and implement monitoring programmes which accurately reflect and assess any changes to significant landscapes. Such monitoring programmes will contribute to the review process.

While some of the species which have been used in culturally-derived landscapes on the site have particular cultural values, it can be argued that it is the gaol which is the dominant cultural element of the site, for the reasons set out in the Statement of Significance (Section 2.6 of the CMP; Paul Davies Pty. Ltd, February 2003). Where landscapes are associated with particular sites or significant buildings, “…the combination of a building and its landscape setting is of greater significance than either alone…”. (p.478, Hitchmough, 1994). In developing landscape conservation and management programmes for the site, the cultural significance of the gaol should be borne in mind at all times.

While procedures such as those outlined in ICOMOS and the Burra Charter address the management of built items of cultural or historical significance, it is more difficult to preserve, restore or maintain the landscape element of a culturally significant site. Vegetation, trees and plants in any artificial or natural landscape are constantly changing: as changes occur, the nature of the characteristics of the landscapes are likely to develop.

With respect to the Trial Bay Gaol site, the cultural landscapes may be divided into two distinct areas, each with their own particular characteristics: • the gaol precinct, dominated by the Gaol itself, along with the human-derived topography on which it is built, the breakwater and the various outbuildings surrounding it; and • managed and semi-natural areas, such as the cemetery on Monument Hill, tree plantings and the disused quarries along the eastern boundary of the site.

7.4.1 Gaol precinct Given its prominent position and the dominant character of the gaol within an entirely managed landscape, it may not be appropriate to significantly increase either the height or density of plantings in the gaol precinct.

However, it may be possible to retain the essentially stark nature of this area, while considering some minor additional plantings around the forecourt and road entrance to the gaol precinct. Such plantings may: • help to define the edges of roads and paths: currently, vehicles are driving over the edges of paved roads onto open grassed areas, creating potholes, areas of bare soil (consequently creating dust-bowls in the dry season, and muddy areas when wet) and a generally unkempt appearance to the entrance to the gaol, and • soften some areas of harsh landscapes, where this does not dilute or detract from the bleak nature of the gaol precinct.

Some regenerating native vegetation occurs on the slopes to the north and north-west of the gaol (immediately below the outer walls). This area requires careful management: while removal of stands of woody weeds (particularly Lantana) is a desirable outcome, any removal program should be undertaken gradually, and should proceed at a pace commensurate with that of natural regeneration of native species in any gaps created by the removal of the Lantana. To remove all the Lantana in this area within a short period would probably create undesirable processes, such as: Bangalay Botanical Surveys 44 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 • erosion on steep slopes devoid of vegetation: this situation is particularly likely where dense stands of Lantana occur, beneath which little or no groundcover occurs. The removal of the Lantana would create large areas of bare soil, with the likely consequence of extensive erosion; • the likelihood of other, less easily removed exotic species establishing in place of the Lantana: this is highly likely to occur, given the presence of a number of other exotic species on the survey site, and which occur in this area. Species such as Panic Veldt Grass Ehrharta erecta and Asparagus Fern Protasparagus aethiopicus are notoriously difficult to remove once established, and the large-scale removal of Lantana may well create suitable conditions for their establishment; • stands of Lantana are known to suppress seedlings of native tree and shrub species, particularly in rainforest communities: the wholesale removal of stands of Lantana may unwittingly remove currently suppressed native species, and • stands of Lantana are a useful resource for a number of native passerine bird species: any programme to remove the Lantana must also consider effects (albeit temporary ones) on bird species habitats.

If the culturally-derived nature of the landscape surrounding the gaol is to be enhanced, careful consideration should be given to the retention of vegetation on steep, easily eroded soils and topography.

Additional options to consider for this area might include: • redesigning the car park area outside the main gaol entrance, so that parked vehicles do not dominate visitors’ initial impressions of the gaol, and • redesigning and/or relocating existing paths and steps to the gaol from the campgrounds;

Treatments for the sites of historical and cultural significance which are now partly or wholly buried under turf also warrant consideration, according to the principles and objectives of heritage management policies and charters (i.e. ICOMOS, Burra Charter) outlined in other sections of this CMP.

Consideration should be given to the replacement of the various avenue plantings which surround the gaol site, particularly the Norfolk Island Pines Araucaria heterophylla, as these will eventually reach an age where their viability and longevity will become compromised.

7.4.2 Managed and semi-natural areas These other areas include the cemetery and its immediate surrounds on Monument Hill, the campgrounds and the foreshore sites along the eastern boundary of the survey area.

Monument Hill The cemetery and its surrounds on Monument Hill require the development of a weed management programme. Currently, weeds such as Paddy’s Lucerne Sida rhombifolia, Cobbler’s Pegs Bidens pilosa, Fleabanes Conyza spp. and Paspalum Paspalum dilatatum occur within the cemetery, and occur along the edges of nearby native vegetation. If not managed, these weed species will spread, with several species able to quickly colonise areas of bare ground or disturbed vegetation.

Additionally, a management programme which prescribes sensitive pruning of trees and taller shrubs should be initiated. Currently, trees and taller shrub species are being lopped, poorly-

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 45 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 pruned or vegetation is being trampled on, possibly in an attempt to retain the views available from the site at the top of Monument Hill.

Campgrounds and open space areas The current situation, where the use of the campgrounds, camp sites, BBQ sites and open space areas is loosely managed, is leading to the creation of a number of problems. (See Appendix 9: Table 14). However, management programmes for the camping areas need to retain the current open nature of these areas, for obvious practical reasons, and so that much of the character of these areas and the views available from them are retained.

Within open space areas, management policies should consider the following issues: • fencing off native vegetation so that natural and assisted regeneration can proceed with fencing which is sympathetic to fauna movement; • prevention of unregulated pedestrian access (via fencing, dense plantings etc.); • provision of adequate, rationally-placed paths for access to and from campgrounds to beach and vice versa; • weed eradication and control programmes, particularly for invasive or other environmental weed species; • prevention of further soil erosion (e.g. mechanical, plantings), and • remove weeds from both artificially-derived wetlands along the central creekline – design and implement new planting and maintenance regimes, bearing in mind that one of these wetland systems is adjacent to camping sites and therefore needs to be aesthetically pleasing.

Issues to consider with repsect to the campgrounds (particularly those adjoining Front Beach) include: • fencing off native vegetation where it adjoins artificial landscapes so that natural and assisted regeneration can proceed; • planting of suitable suite of native species along edges and in landscaped edges and beds – this would help to create defined areas and help to soften “hard” landscape areas; • prevention of unregulated pedestrian access (via fencing, dense plantings etc.); • design and install suitable pathways and access points in rational locations; • weed eradication and control programmes, particularly for invasive or other environmental weed species; • redesign vehicle access and parking, particularly where current usage is creating bare soils in and around campgrounds and other heavily-used sites; • restrict vehicle access where current usage is compacting soil and damaging root zones of planted trees (e.g Norfolk Island Pines in beachfront campsites); • conserve and manage significant avenues and row plantings of trees (e.g. Norfolk Island Pines, Horsetail She-oak), and • replace significant plantings when they become senescent, or show signs of severe stress, preferably with identical species to retain key landscape elements.

Additional general practices which may warrant further consideration include: • the removal of limited areas of vegetation where pedestrian, and particularly vehicular access is currently restricted. This is particularly important along the entrance road to the gaol site where there are no formal pedestrian pathways, and vehicles and pedestrians currently use the same road, and where vegetation often obscures drivers’ sightlines; Bangalay Botanical Surveys 46 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 • the use of preventative pruning practices for trees on the site, instead of unregulated “lopping” of trees. Poor pruning and lopping of trees leads to poor tree structure and form, causes lopped trees to initiate epicormic (“water”) shoots which are generally not as structurally sound as primary branches, and detracts from the aesthetic values of retained trees. Pruning pratices to be undertaken by appropriately qualified arborist, to recognised standards (e.g. AS4373 – Pruning of Amenity Trees); • the removal of limited areas of vegetation where views and vistas are being obliterated or adversely affected. Where it is proposed to remove any native vegetation, it is suggested that similar “compensatory” areas of native vegetation be replanted or rehabilitated in areas of the site where views and vistas are not a primary concern, and • the need to re-establish or refurbish historic road and footpath alignments, and to mark the locations and presence of the remnants of historic buidlings. Some vegetation may need to be removed to achieve this; note that any vegetation earmarked for removal should be thoroughly assessed for its conservation value, and for its potential as habitat for threatened species.

7.5 Managing cultural and natural landscape interface In formulating specific treatments for various sections of the site, or in considering any overall framework for the site as a whole, the management of cultural landscapes must consider a number of different and differing factors, including: • the requirements and limitations imposed by heritage conservation policies and outcomes; • the requirement of any management policies for landscaped areas to conform to existing policy statements which are part of NPWS charter, or part of other binding agreements or policies; • conflict between different and often antagonistic user groups; • the needs of both passive and active recreational users; • pressure to conform to perceived public and user requirements; • the requirements for management of the aesthetic (primarily visual) components of the site as a whole, and the often heterogeneous characteristics of the various sections of it; • the conservation of genetic diversity (i.e. where the source of plants used in landscape plantings needs to be considered so that the gene pool of locally-occurring plants of the same species is not adversely affected); • the conservation of species diversity (particularly where landscaped areas adjoin natural or semi-natural areas), and • availability of resources.

Ideally, all the above factors would be accommodated within any management framework or site landscape design; in practice, it is difficult to achieve, due to the various contradictory aims and requirements that various user groups may have, or simply due to lack of resources. It is generally more productive to formulate management policies and designs which achieve a balance between the competing demands of various user groups, rather than managing for the dominant faction.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 47 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 7.6 Managing functional amenity The functional amenity of a site may be expressed as the ability of a landscape design or element to support a particular purpose.

In the context of the Trial Bay Gaol site, the survey area may be categorised according to the various areas’ functional purposes or requirements.

7.6.1 Natural areas While it is neither practicable nor desirable to completely restrict human access to areas of natural vegetation on the site, nevertheless, it is necessary to restrict access to pathways and access points within these areas.

In order for their functions as ecosystems, wildlife refuges, habitats and corridors for fauna and flora species to continue, unimpeded access to areas of natural vegetation should not be allowed. As detailed in various sections of this report, unrestricted human access is currently creating a number of adverse effects, including erosion (particularly along creek banks, and where soils are easily eroded), spread of weeds (along tracks, roads, and where informal tracks have been worn through areas of bushland) and removal of vegetation (often for facilitating views, or access to previously inaccessible areas).

These areas of natural vegetation also serve as barriers and buffers between sites with differing (and occasionally incompatible) uses. All natural vegetation also functions as a natural filter for ground and surface water systems, and as a barrier against undesirable natural conditions such as erosion and acid sulphate soils.

In order to retain and enhance these functions, consideration should be given to: • education of visitors as a tool in increasing the current value of native vegetation, and hence prevent further damage due to ignorance; • various means of encouragement and guidance, including the use of appropriate signs, the design and placement of access ways in rational locations (with appropriate signage), and the use of dense plantings or plantings of prickly species (where appropriate) to reduce the likelihood that visitors would want to create short-cuts through vegetation, and • the use of prohibition (where the above measures have failed or are inadequate) to prevent further new pathways, or the extended use of existing inappropriate pathways. Methods might include fencing, or the creation of dense buffer plantings.

7.6.2 Managed and semi-natural areas As noted elsewhere in this report, some areas are at or near capacity in peak use periods, and require specific management procedures to be put in place, so that the functional amenity of the site may be enhanced. Other parts of the site require more general protocols, so that their functionality is not compromised by less obvious, but nonetheless significant pressures.

In those areas where pressure from heavy visitor use is evident (such as the campgrounds adjacent to Front Beach, and the gaol precinct), measures to channel and direct vehicular and pedestrian access are required. Management strategies are also required for existing avenue plantings of trees within the campgrounds and day visitor areas. In particular, the Norfolk Island Pines located throughout the campgrounds near Front Beach are likely to decline in health, given that the current situation is left to continue. Currently, vehicles are permitted to

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 48 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 park and drive over the root zones of most of these trees, which contributes to soil erosion, eventually leading to exposure of the roots to damage from vehicles, and consequent reduction in the ability of the trees’ root systems to take up water and nutrients from the soil. Traffic in this zone also creates soil compaction, damage to tree trunks and branches, and is a vector for weed propagules and various pathogens, all of which can contribute to severe decline in tree health and longevity. Similar conditions, though less extreme, apply to other planted trees to the north of the gaol, and around BBQ areas and sites along the foreshore side of the gaol. In addition to the damage to trees, where vehicles are permitted to drive close to BBQ and visitor facilities, the amenity of the facilities is severely compromised, with a significant reduction in pedestrian safety (particularly for children) and the aesthetic values of the foreshore location.

In several locations in heavily-used sections of the site, access tracks are poorly designed or located; sites include the narrow strip of vegetation separating Front Beach and the campgrounds, the area near the landward end of the breakwater, and vegetation along the creekline through the centre of the site. Generally, informal access points and pathways are being created where formal accessways are either absent or poorly located; these ‘unofficial’ tracks do not contribute to proper access or amenity of the site, and detract from the natural values of the site. Management planning needs to consider sufficient and rationally-planned access points and pathways in these areas, particularly in heavily-used areas.

In some locations, visibility for drivers is poor along the entrance road, especially in sections where the road has sharp bends, and vegetation has been allowed to extend to the road edge. Where the exit road from the campgrounds joins the main entry/exit road, vegetation is currently obscuring drivers’ vision; either the junction needs to be redesigned, or some sympathetic trimming of the vegetation needs to be considered. Pedestrian and vehicle access at the entrance to the gaol is also poor – vehicles are currently allowed to park without any restrictions, and fences are placed too far from the edges of turfed and pedestrian areas. Grass is being worn away, the road edges are crumbling and erosion is occurring where vehicles are permitted to park on or on the edges of grassed areas.

As noted elsewhere, the amenity of the track to Monument Hill is compromised by several factors, including restrictive path widths which contributes to the tendency of visitors to create short-cuts where the track turns sharply, trackside erosion where plants are being trampled or otherwise damaged, and the spread of weeds along tracksides. Interpretive signs placed along the Monument Hill track are, for the most part, poorly-sited, and communicate limited information. Where information on these signs depicts views and vistas of the site as it was in former times, the regeneration of native vegetation is currently obscuring those views. Management strategies need to consider upgrading or redesigning sections of this track, particularly given the conservation value of the heathlands and scrub vegetation types which occur on Monument Hill.

7.7 Determining appropriate landscape works 7.7.1 Integrity of landscape With respect to the site’s natural values and heritage, management and planning decisions might be more easily facilitated if the site’s natural values (vegetation, habitats, native species) are categorised according to some key criteria.

These criteria should take into account not only whether the vegetation type, habitats or species within it are regarded as ‘threatened’ or otherwise of conservation significance, but should consider the size and connectivity of the vegetation being classified.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 49 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 For example, areas considered as constituting important habitat should include actual or potential habitat for threatened species or populations, but should also be of a sufficient size and/or linked to other vegetation types such that the system’s health and viability remains. In these areas of important habitat, opportunities for human disturbance would ideally be completely removed: however, in the case of the Trial Bay Gaol site, it may be deemed appropriate to allow limited, low-impact usage of high-value habitat areas, providing that any such usage is properly managed in accordance with strict guidelines. Areas of natural vegetation which might be deemed “high-value” areas would include the heath and low woodland on Monument Hill, and the swamp forest complex (along with the dune woodland and forest along Front Beach), as all of these areas currently appear (relative to other parts of the site) undisturbed and less frequently visited, and all are connected to further extensive stands of vegetation in Hat Head NP and Arakoon SCA.

Other areas of natural vegetation which are not habitat for threatened species, of a sufficiently large size nor adequately connected to other habitat to be considered “high-value” (i.e. areas of medium or low conservation value) would also require a set of management guidelines, including the need to manage access, restrict the spread of weeds and the requirement to prevent further degradation of the area in question. Areas which might be classified as “low- value” might include the narrow strip of vegetation along the seaward side of the camping areas (extending from Front Beach to Laggers Point), and the vegetation along rocky foreshores on the easternmost coastal fringe (from Laggers Point to the quarries). Given that both of these are high-traffic areas, the primary adverse impacts of continued and increased usage would include further degradation of the remaining natural vegetation, erosion and spread of weed species: thoughtful landscape design and proper management of pedestrian and vehicular access are key issues to be resolved in these areas.

Where appropriate, it may be desirable to plan for vegetated links or corridors between areas of native vegetation on the site. While these planned corridors may not require such stringent management guidleines as apply to “high-value” areas, and such corridors may be designed to enhance the aesthetic values of the site, issues such as pedestrian access will require some forethought and management, in order for any such corridor to function adequately. Areas on the site which might be classified as “corridors” would include the central creek and drainage line, and this might be designed to link areas of forest on lower slopes to the swamp forest complex in the south-west of the site.

7.8 Managing environmental impacts 7.8.1 Management Considerations - fauna While a plan of management does not require impact assessment, the ‘outcomes’ or ‘objectives’ of the plan may provide scope for activities that would require a formal assessment relating to impact(s) on threatened species. For example, the construction, demolition of buildings and roadways (culverts) or altered visitation rates to sensitive sites and habitats may threaten insectivorous bat communities through roost habitat destruction and noise disturbance. A ‘low’ priority given to pest abatement may adversely affect fauna through increased predation or competition. For example, failure to implement eradication of the introduced common myna that competes for hollow resources may lead to local displacement of insectivorous bats and other hollow dependant fauna. Similarly, the failure to prioritise areas of critical habitat for threatened species may lead to their local extinction following significant fire events or inadequate knowledge of vertebrate fauna in the local area.

Although increased human activity and visitation rates do not always lead to impacts, a number of management strategies have been outlined below to help in the planning stage and to allow adequate preparation for reducing impacts on fauna. These include:

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 50 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 • Restrict pedestrian traffic to designated walking trails; • minimise the removal habitat and hollow bearing tree; • police dog and cat exclusion from shared boundaries and beach areas; • map critical habitat components within the study area; • identify fauna corridors; • strategic placement of speed bumps (and where necessary other traffic calming devices) to reduce speed within the identified corridor areas; • determine the status of insectivorous bat use in any physical structure identified for restoration, removal or new activities proposed; • the use of staged regeneration processes which enable fauna time to relocate or adapt; • adequate protection of any identified critical habitat components (buffer zones etc); • interpretive display material aimed to educate visitors; and • tasks should be undertaken by experienced personnel.

The plan should include recommendations such as: • defining natural areas with suitable barriers which do not impede fauna movement; • habitat rehabilitation, to improve the existing vegetation and habitats on the site; • the incorporation of landscape plantings of appropriate native plant species, and • ensuring that logs, rocks and other habitat features are not removed;

7.8.2 Vegetation and flora As noted above with respect to fauna species, while an increase in visitation rates, or the demolition of buildings or restoration of culturally significant items may not necessarily create significant impacts, nor require formal assessment of impacts on threatened species, nevertheless management objectives should encompass a number of broad measures that account for native flora and vegetation.

Broadly, strategies should include: • restrict pedestrian traffic to designated walking trails; • assess appropriate fire regimes for all vegetation types on the site, and ensure that the relevant criteria are adhered to in planning and executing any prescribed hazard reduction or ecological burns; • map critical habitat components within the study area, particularly for taxa or assemblages of conservation significance; • assess whether further extensions to existing fauna corridors is appropriate; • encourage and plan for threatened flora and fauna surveys, to expand the existing knowledge of the site; • plan and implement long-term monitoring programmes: these may be tailored to a number of desired outcomes, such as monitoring erosion, weed eradication, native species regeneration and surface and groundwater quality; • encourage bush regeneration programmes, including participation by local community memebers and orgaisations; • adequate protection of any identified critical habitat components (buffer zones etc); • interpretive display material aimed to educate visitors; and

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 51 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 • tasks should be undertaken by experienced personnel.

The introduction of introduced (i.e. weed) species to the site is an inevitable consequence of human (particularly European) settlement and use of an area. The means of introduction of exotic taxa are varied, and may include the following sources:- • accidental importation, often by seeds attached to clothing or vehicles: for example, Cobblers Pegs Bidens pilosa, various grass species; • deliberate planting of exotic taxa, whether for aesthetics and landscaping purposes (e.g. Gloriosa Lily Gloriosa superba), for stabilising easily eroded sites (e.g. Bitou Bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata was commonly used for rehabilitating rutile mining sites on sand dunes), or for groundcover plantings for high traffic areas (e.g. Buffalo Grass Stenotaphrum secundatum); • colonisation from nearby sites: for example, fruits of Lantana Lantana camara are attractive to birds, as are those of Bitou Bush, while wind-borne seeds of taxa from the families Asteraceae (such as Fleabane Conyza spp.) and Poaceae (grasses) are readily transported, and • the alteration of soil, water, fire or microclimatic factors which can alter the characteristics of a site to suit opportunistic native species which otherwise might not flourish readily at the site: examples include Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum undulatum.

In managing the environmental impacts of exotic flora, primary importance must be given to those taxa whose eradication or management is required by legislation, particularly the Noxious Weeds Act 1993, which requires on-site destruction, or the removal from the site, of weed material in accordance with the various schedules to the Act.

While not strictly required by legislation, any management plan or initiative should consider the destruction or removal from the site and appropriate disposal of exotic species listed as Environmental Weed Species (as per Blood, 2001). Such environmental weed species are often as capable of adverse impacts on remnant native bushland as those listed under the Noxious Weeds Act 1993.

Note that any programme of weed eradication should accord with that undertaken for the Arakoon State Conservation Area Plan of Management and options which involve the use of chemical herbicides should be utilised as a last resort.

7.8.3 Reconstruction or rehabilitation of built heritage items Specific environmental management and impact amelioration measures should be implemented as part of any proposed reconstruction or other major works which will, or which have the potential to, create impacts upon areas of retained natural features. Measures to consider include: • accurate mapping and delineation of areas of natural vegetation or other significant vegetation features on or near the location of the proposed works which are to be retained. These mapped areas should then be clearly delineated on the site before any construction or other major works are commenced, and clearly defined as a Restricted Area (RA); • protected root zone (PRZ) boundaries should be identified for all retained trees (in consultation with a suitably qualified arborist), with construction activities restricted to areas outside the PRZ of all trees. Adequate fencing should be erected around the perimeter of the trees’ PRZ (under the supervision of the arborist) with the PRZ extending to at least the trees’ dripline. Bangalay Botanical Surveys 52 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 • the implementation of appropriate sediment control measures in the pre- and post- construction phases of the development (e.g. silt fences, sediment ponds etc), with particular attention paid to the effectiveness of sedimentation controls around nearby areas of retained vegetation or trees; • the location of material stockpiles and vehicle parking areas should be limited to areas away from retained vegetation, mature trees or other features which are to be retained. Stockpiled materials, heavy machinery and excessive vehicle and foot traffic within the root zones of trees and native vegetation damage soil structure, reduce soil pore space and may create substantial adverse effects on soil hydrology and chemical balance; all unnecessary movements and materials must therefore be excluded from the RA and PRZ. Site inductions for contractors need to draw attention to the fact that the RA and PRZ indicate restricted activities and authorised access; • any necessary pruning or remedial works for retained trees should be carried out by a suitably qualified and experienced arborist, according to Australian Standard AS 4373; • prepare trees for disturbances associated with construction. This involves the application of water if rainfall is not adequate and fertilizers where nutrient stress is identified, and • appropriate management of construction materials and ongoing residential/industrial wastes (such as concrete or other building materials), to minimise the discharge of chemicals or contaminants (e.g. disposal of concrete wash) or other construction and building wastes into adjacent vegetated areas or groundwater.

7.8.4 Review of management plan period? interval? feedback loop? review of monitoring, weed eradication

7.9 Managing visitor use Visitor usage is currently loosely managed in sites removed from the main foci of the Trial Bay site (the Gaol, the campgrounds and, to a lesser extent, Monument Hill). As noted elsewhere in this report, one of the major issues concerns unrestricted visitor access through areas of native vegetation to commonly-used areas, and “edge effects” of visitor use of defined tracks.

Human access is poorly defined from the campgrounds and day visitor areas to Front Beach, with a network of informal tracks through the narrow strip of remnant vegetation between Front Beach and the campgrounds: soils along and adjacent to these tracks are eroding, weed species are likely to proliferate, and native species regeneration is likely to be severely reduced given soil erosion and compaction, and weed spcies infestation. The vegetation along the creekline which runs through the centre of the campgrounds is also subject to access and weed infestation issues. Planning of access and pathways in areas along Front Beach (and similarly in other areas where dune or foreshore systems occur) should consider not just the rational location of these accessways, but their design and the materials used in their construction. Given the highly mobile nature of dune and coastal ecosystems, accessways should be designed to ensure that they do not adversely affect existing soil profiles and surfaces, and so that the surfaces are sufficiently flexible to be able to cope with sand and soil movements typical of foreshore and dune systems. Care should also be taken to avoid ending or beginning accessways to and from Front Beach in areas where there is significant wave

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 53 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 action or erosion, as is currently the case. Two of the main concreted pathways to Front Beach from the campground areas terminate on a section of Front Beach subject to wave erosion, with the result that there is a significant drop from the end of the concrete path to the beach level.

The track to Monument Hill traverses steep slopes and through vegetation types of conservation significance. While the track is adequately defined, edge effects are apparent, including trampling of trackside vegetation, especially where the track is narrow, or where short-cuts are being taken through bushland at some of the more tortuous sections of the track. Where trackside vegetation is being disturbed, the resulting bare soil is liable to erosion, particularly on steeper sections of it; in other sites, weed infestations are becoming established, and are likely to spread if procedures are not desigened and employed to arrest the problems. Where trackside erosion and short-cuts in more tortuous sections of the Monument Hill track are creating severe problems, it may be necessary to (at least temporarily) instal fencing: while this may detract from the aesthetic values of the area, the use of fencing would at least allow for bush regeneration, weed eradication and soil eorsion treamtents to be undertaken and successfully established.

Similar problems exist in other areas of the site, although generally to a less noticeable extent. Generally, unrestricted visitor access is less likely in areas of swampy vegetation (Map Unit 3a), or through areas of dense vegetation (Map Units 1a, 2a and 2b). However, the management plan should still consider whether access for visitors in these areas should be formalised, so as to reduce the potential for problems associated with unrestricted access in the future.

The management strategies for visitor access and use of the site may be categorised under three broad headings: • Guidance: the development of a series of brochures which outline both the natural and cultural values of the site. While most aspects of the cultural values of the gaol are currently addressed, it may be possible to educate visitors to the site about the unique and sitinctive natural values of the vegetation and habitats occurring on the site. This educative process may also discourage some of the current poor practices, such as trampling through areas of native vegetation, littering, damaging native vegetation and the likely effects of these practices, such as erosion, weed infestation and effects on fauna and flora species. A series of brochures may also provide a more effective means of providing information to visitors than interpretive signs: not only would a brochure provide more information, it would also obviate the need to erect and maintain expensive signs, and it is considerably easier to update information. Additional consideration might also be given to circulatory routes around the site, which incorporate notable cultural and natural features of the site. Where sensitive ecosystems or particularly significant sites occur on a route, the use of boardwalks couild be considered, in order to alleviate the problems associated with erosion, weed infestation and trampling of vegetation. • Education: examination of potential educational components such as guided tours, heritage trail etc.. • Encouragement: encouragement of visitors to respect both the cultural and the natural values of the site and its surrounds. This may be achieved by the use of (for example) information available in brochures, interpretive signs, and encouraging the use of existing trails and tracks. Where weed eradication or bush regeneration works are in progress, signs may encourage visitors to “do their bit” by refraining from walking across the site. • Prohibition or prevention: where guidance and encouragement strategies fail, or are inappropriate or ineffective for a particular site or issue, measures may have to be

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 54 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 intorduced to prevent or prohibit visitor use or access to an area. These measures amy take the form of fencing, dense plantings of native species, landscaping or plantings of species whose characteristics discourage access (such as prickly leaves, pendent foliage or dense, low-branching habit). Where bush regeneration, soil stablisation or weed eradication works are in progress, signs should inform visitors of the reasons that access is prohibited.

7.10 Managing service and infrastructure impacts some infra but low key? vehicle access car parks? sewers? rubbish?

7.11 Maintenance of cultural landscapes In designing maintenance schedules and procedures, some planning will be necessary to assess the site with respect to the various landscape elements in it, along with some recognition of the levels of priority that should be accorded to each landscape unit.

In rating areas of cultural significance, sites with high cultural significance should be afforded greater levels of maintenance, and all maintenance procedures should be performed to a higher standard than that which applies to other, less significant areas. In some cases, the cultural significance of the part of the site in question may be such that less cost-effective methods whose product is deemed to be more satisfactory may be employed. As an example, specific objectives and strategies for landscape maintenance for the areas immediately surrounding the gaol should include design elements and standards which place a higher emphasis on neatness of appearance: well-defined and maintained borders, well-maintained turf areas, an absence of weeds and well-maintained footpaths and vehicle access would contribute to visitors’ overall impression of the site. The design of further enhancements to areas of high cultural significance, or the replenishment of senescent plantings in these areas, must: • take into account the character of the site, including any historical or culturally significant plantings or plant species; • consider the appeal of the plantings to visitors; • be appropriate to the level of usage of the site; • be appropriate to the proposed end use of the site; • accord with any broad-scale ‘vision’ for the site; and • allow for some flexibility of desgin to account for the different stages of maturity of landscape elements.

In areas further removed from the vicinity of culturally significant sites, landscape maintenance need not be so intensive; to maintain surrounding areas at the same level as that of significant sites is not cost-effective, and may in some cases detract from the work undertaken to emphasise those parts of the site of cultural significance. For example, maintenance of the campgrounds and BBQ areas which are located at the periphery of the gaol precinct could include less labour-intensive methods: border plantings could be allowed to assume more ‘natural’ profiles, the mowing of grassed or turfed areas need not be as regulated, and a less formally designed suite of species (which also do not require such intensive maintenance) may be planted. This is also appropriate for these areas, as they represent a transitional zone between the culturally and historically significant gaol precinct, with its formal design and high maintenance levels, and the areas of natural vegetation on the Bangalay Botanical Surveys 55 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 outer fringes of the site (for example on Monument Hill), where vegetation is essentially ‘self-regulating’.

With respect to the maintenance of significant avenue and row plantings of trees, all of the trees within the avenue plantings (the Norfolk Island Pines) warrant inspection by a qualified arborist, in order to assess their current condition and to identify priorities for treatment so as to ensure their long-term viability. Regular inspection of significant stands of trees should form an integral part of any landscape maintenance programmes for the site.

Documentation of maintenance procedures might also be considered. An accurate record of the areas to be maintained and managed (including reports, maps and photographs) may form an essential tool in managing and maintaining an area, particulalrly for those areas of the site which have cultural and historical significance. Such accurate records should include the documentation of the various stages of any proposed changes or replacements of the landscape elements, thus forming a permanent record of the original characteristics of the site, should it become apparent that the revisions to the site have not achieved the desired effects.

In addition, accurate, permanent records of the original characteristics and the stages of evolution of the site can contribute significantly to any review process. Records can show where inefficiencies and mistakes can be corrected, and where new approaches and ideas for landscape design and maintenance have worked. Where inefficiencies have been identified, the resulting savings can be directed to more appropriate sections of the site, or into new projects, as required by the overall plan of management.

7.12 Maintenance of natural landscapes 7.12.1 General Where possible, maintenance of natural vegetation systems should be kept to the levels required for those ecosystems to function as naturally as possible, since high levels of maintenance can create unwanted effects. However, maintenance will be required where these natural systems are clearly under stress or are not working effectively, such as where weed species are clearly inhibiting regeneration or establishment of native plant species, or where new plantings are suffering moisture stress, competition from weed species or where plantings are being disturbed by human interference (such as unrestricted access). Where track materials need to be replaced, attention should be paid to the pH balance of proposed material in order to reduce the potential for increased weed intensities in adjacent natural areas (e.g. bitumen has a high pH and is likely to favour those weed species which are adapted to such extremes). A pH balance which resembles adjacent landscapes is preferable.

In accordance with the requirements of the Noxious Weeds Act 1993, any noxious weed species present on the site should be removed (see Appendix 4). Given that most occurrences of Noxious Weeds on the site appear to be localised, appropriate methods of removal may include cut-and-paint applications of herbicide, or manual or mechanical removal where there is risk of contamination of water bodies, groundwater or adjacent vegetation by herbicides. In general, broadscale application of herbicides (including the use of aerial spraying, or tractor- borne spraying equipment) is not considered either appropriate or necessary, given the localised nature of any patches of noxious weeds, and particularly given the constraints of the site. These constraints include regular use of the site by the public, and sensitive natural environments including wetland areas, shorelines, natural vegetation and habitats for threatened species.

It is also desirable to develop a programme for the removal of Environmental Weeds (Blood, 2001); while there is no statutory requirement to remove these species, most of those listed as

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 56 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 occurring on the site have the potential to create similar levels of adverse efects as those listed as Noxious.

In less disturbed and generally better functioning habitats and ecosystems, minor to moderate infestations of weed species are generally better managed by bush regeneration techniques. It is recommended that any current bush regeneration efforts are enhanced and adopted by any plan of management for the survey site, particularly for those parts of the site where vegetation and habitats of high conservation value occur. In addition, previous bush regeneration efforts should be researched, and their results assessed, so that any new or enhanced bush regeneration proposals might be better informed, and hence better planned and managed. Consultation with appropriate groups and bodies is highly recommended for any further bush regeneration programmes: these should include organisations such as Coastcare, Dunecare and Landcare, Kempsey Shire Council bush regeneration staff, along with interested local residents and volunteer bush regeneration groups.

Where edges of natural vegetation have been delineated by edge treatements or fences (to deter unrestricted access), these ‘interface’ areas will require at least periodical maintenance: this is to ensure that fences or edges are not becoming dilapidated, and that weed species are being effectively managed while any new plantings or areas undergoing bush regeneration are becoming established. Additional signange may be required to inform and educate visitors to the site of the necessity to restrict access to sensitive areas to prevent further damge and degradation of the site. In some specific sites, such as Monument Hill and the narrow strip of vegetation between the campgrounds and Front Beach, a balance must be achieved between current or potential conflicts between natural and cultural values of the site. The management plan should clearly set out which parts of these sites are to be managed and maintained for their cultural values, and other parts of these sites which are to be maintained as natural areas. Maintenance methods and techniques must be devised and employed which reflect the management strategies outlined. For example, in areas where the amenity values of the campgrounds near Front Beach are considered paramount, it is not appropriate to consider establishment and maintenance of natural vegetation: conversely, where natural vegetation is to be enhanced or extended to prevent further erosion along Front Beach, maintenance methods should ensure that access is properly restricted.

7.12.2 Bushfire With respect to bushfire and fire regimes, ecological burn regimes as a mangement tool must take into consideration that knowledge about the effects of fire regimes on indigenous biota is patchy at best. Prescribed ecological burns in the area should be carried out over a range of seasons, with a range of inter-fire periods and should be of varying intensities, as appropriate for the vegetation under consideration. Fire should not be administered at intervals less than 3-4 years (McCathy & Cary ex Bradstock et al. 2002). Fire shadows and refuges (Bradstock et al. 2002) are an important part of fire ecology and should be considered as part of any fire management program in light of the fact that 'High frequency fire resulting in the disruption of life cycle processes in plants and animals and loss of vegetation structure and composition' has been listed as a Key Threatening Process on Schedule 3 of the TSC Act, 1995). No ecological burn programmes should be considered for those vegetation communities in which fire can be considered a detrimental process: these include rainforests, and to some extent saltmarsh and wetland communties, and forest communities with a mesic understorey abutting rainforest communities.

With reference to the specific broad vegetation types on the site: • No fires should occur within rainforest or littoral rainforest communities;

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 57 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 • careful planning of fires within saltmarsh vegetation, and within wetlands and “swamp forest” communities; • it is essential to protect forest and tall forest vegetation types (“wet sclerophyll forests”) from too-frequent fires, since these vegetation types contain habitat for a number of fauna species, form refuges for fauna species during fires, and provide a buffer for rainforest ecosystems against fire. Too frequent, or too intense bushfires within these vegetation communities may cause the decline or extinction of some plant species. Note also that intense fires which burn the canopy may also cause detrimental effects; • within woodland and open forest vegetation (“dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands”), loss of some species may occur if fires occur twice or more within 5 years, or if there are no fire events within 30 years; • within heathlands and scrub/shrublands, fires occurring more than once within 8 years, or no fires within 30 years may cause the decline or local extinction of some species. It is also recommended that any programme for ecological burns or hazard reduction burns take into account the need to create a mosaic pattern with fires, so that various parts of any area of these vegetation types are burnt at different times; • beach dune systems are also sensitive to damage from fire, and • areas of any vegetation type which are burnt too frequently often exhibit an understorey and groundcover layer of reduced diversity, with an abundance of species which are adapted to rapid regeneration after fires.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 58 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 8.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 8.1 Flora and Fauna Any works, alterations to bushland or habitats, or consideration of the abovementioned requires appropriate assessment under Part 5 (for determining authorities) of the Environmental Planning and Asssessment Act 1979, with particular reference to the factors for consideration identified in the Environmental Planning And Asssessment Regulations. Additionally, the schedules of the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995, Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, Fisheries Management Act 1994, Fisheries Management Act Amendment Bill 2001 and the Noxious Weed Act 1993 should be taken in to consideration.

Other relevant legislation and regulations which may need consideration include the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, National Parks and Wildlife (Land Management) Regulation 1987, Fisheries Management (Aquatic Reserves) Regulation 1995, Catchment Management Act 1989, Threatened Species Conservation Amendment Act 2002, Coastal Protection Act 1979, Coastal Protection Amendment Bill 2002, Native Vegetation Conservation Act 1997, Heritage Act 1977, Coroners Act 1980, Pesticides Act 1999, Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000, Occupational Health and Safety Regulation 2001, Protection Of The Environment Operations Act 1997, Rural Fire & Environmental Assessment Legislation Amendment Act 2002, Rural Fires Act 1997, Rural Fires Regulation 1997 and the Protection Of The Environment Operations (Control Of Burning) Regulation 2000. Environmental Planning Policies (SEPPs) may also require consideration, include, SEPP 26 (Littoral Rainforests), SEPP 14 (Coastal Wetlands), SEPP 44 Koala habiatat and SEPP 71 Coastal Protection.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 59 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 9.0 EMERGENCY PLANNING: BUSHFIRE MANAGEMENT 9.1 Legislative Requirements There are no statutory requirements for actions on lands under the jurisdiction of the National Parks and Wildlife Service to comply with bushfire protection policies, such as those outlined in Planning for Bushfire Protection (Rural Fire Service and PlanningNSW, 2001), as is normally the case for most developments and actions on freehold or private lands which are assessed under Part 4 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act). Actions on lands under the jurisdiction of NP&WS are assessed under Part 5 (for determining authorities) of the EP&A Act (with particular reference to the factors for consideration identified in the Environmental Planning and Asssessment Regulation.).

However, given that there is a requirement under s.72AA of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 that NP&WS Plans of Management are to consider matters such as “fire management”. Additionally, the objectives of the NSW NP&WS Fire Management Manual (NP&WS, 2002) include the requirement to “protect life, property and community assets from the adverse impacts of fire”. Consequently, it is recommended that any actions or activities (such as the upgrading of facilities, or the construction of new buildings for use by staff or visitors) should address the bushfire protection standards and requirements as set out in documents such as Planning for Bushfire Protection (Rural Fire Service and PlanningNSW, 2001), particularly where there is risk to persons, property and the environment from bushfire. It is therefore advisable to consider those specific documents relating to fire management and emergency proceedures identified in Points 9.5 to 9.10 below when defining and implementing fire management policy.

9.2 Background 9.2.1 Bush Fire History The Bushfire Risk Management Plan indicates that comprehensive fire history records do not exist for the entire area prior to the 1993/94 period. NSW State Forests records (since 1952) and NPWS records (since 1976) indicate that; • the majority of wildfires (41%) have occurred during periods of moderate fire danger, with 22% during high, 19% during very high, 14% during low and only 4% during periods of extreme fire danger; • 91% of wildfires occur during the months August to December; • extreme seasons have occurred in the years of 1942, 1951/1952, 1957/1958, 1964/1965, 1968/1969, 1979/1980, 1981/1982, 1986/1987, 1988/1989 and 1993/1994; • fire records for the period 1993/1994 - 1998/1999 indicate that 47% of wildfires are as the result of legal (permits obtained) fires escaping control, a further 44% are the result of either illegal fires (no permit during the Bush Fire Danger Period) or Hazard Reduction Burning outside the Bush Fire Danger Period escaping control. The remaining 9% of wildfires come from all other sources, and • fire size is affected by factors including seasonal severity, accessibility, fire intensity, and availability of fire fighting crews.

9.2.2 Local Climate The Bushfire Risk Management Plan indicates that rainfall in the Macleay Valley peaks between the months of December to April, and that a marked correlation occurs between higher rainfall and increased elavation in relation to fire frequency, particularly along the northern, western and southern edges of the Macleay Valley compared with rainfall Bangalay Botanical Surveys 60 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 throughout the floodplain. The driest periods occur between July and November, with extended dry periods infrequent.

Dry north westerly winds which are occasionally asscoiated with decreased humidity (and sometimes deep cyclonic depressions off the NSW north coast) occur in late spring through to early summer, which produce short periods of severe to extreme fire conditions, conditions otherwise associated with drought years.

Autumn and early winter constitute the preferred hazard reduction period depending upon the suitability of local weather conditions, the availability of resources and environmental considerations.

9.3 Bush Fire Risk Management Plan In accordance with Section 52 of the Rural Fires Act 1997, Kempsey Bush Fire Management Committee has prepared a Bushfire Risk Management Plan and a plan of operations, the Kempsey District Bush Fire Management Plan Operations. The Rural Fires Act 1997 also requires that the plan of operations is updated to reflect revisions within each successive 2 year period following the constitution of the Bush Fire Management Committee: a bush fire risk management plan requires revision within each successive 5 year period following the constitution of the Committee. The plan identifies the level of bush fire risk to socio- economic, environmental and cultural assets across the Kempsey Local Government Area and establishes strategies to be implemented to manage those bush fire risks in relation to bush fire hazard, the vulnerability of assets to fire, the safety of the community and fire fighters, the protection of the land and environment and biodiversity from fire.

9.3.1 Vegetation Characteristics and Fire Behaviour Kempsey Bushfire Risk Management Plan examines the role of vegetation associations (which correspond broadly to those recorded at Trial Bay Goal) in bushfire behaviour, and summarises characteristics of the vegetation and the potential for ground fuel as follows:-

Rainforests generally do not support bushfires except in extended drought periods. This is due to high fuel moisture levels, limited ground fuel, closed canopies and relatively fire resistant understoreys. Moist Sclerophyll forests generally carry high fuel loads (up to 50 t/ha) but will not usually carry low intensity fire because of their moist nature. After extended dry periods however, they can support very high intensity fires. These can kill younger trees and severely damage mature trees. Dry sclerophyll forests generally have a dry understorey of grasses and shrubs which burn readily under a much broader range of conditions than other forest types. Moderate to high fuel levels (up to 25 t/ha) and relatively open canopies allow sunlight and wind to quickly dry available fuels, giving these forests the potential to support high intensity bush fires. These forests will support low intensity prescribed fire in most years – hazard reduction in these forests can help to protect adjacent areas of wet sclerophyll forest from wildfire. Pastoral lands, grasslands and open woodlands: Fire behaviour in these vegetation types is dominated by the influence of grass fuels. Fires occur most readily once grass is cured beyond 70%. In heavy grass fuels, fires may be intense but will only persist for a short time, and hence are less hazardous relative to forest and heath fires. Grass/woodland fires are open to the influence of wind and typically have high rates of spread (relative to forest and heath vegetation). Grass fire behaviour is reduced dramatically by the reducing the height and continuity of grass fuels – most often achieved by grazing.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 61 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Heathland : Short heath (heath up to 2m) generally contains a relatively high proportion of fire prone species and carries moderate fuel loads (15 t/ha). Fuel loads are typically continuous from ground to canopy. Resulting fires are generally of moderate intensity. Tall heath lands typically carry higher fuel loads (up to 25 t/ha) than short heath and hence fire behaviour is generally of moderate to high intensity. A succession of low intensity fires, over a short time period, may have a serious deleterious effect upon the biodiversity of heath lands.

9.3.2 Bushfire Hazard and Bushfire Risk 9.3.2.1 Urban Environment The Bush Fire Hazard Map (Kempsey BFRMP) rates hazards according to a “worst-case scenario” in relation to fuel loads and fire history in the absence of mitigative factors. The assessment is also based on a Fire Danger Index (FDI) of 60 which occurs infrequently in Maclean Shire. It indicates the presence of a low to medium level hazard throughout Trial Bay and Arakoon State Conservation Area, with small pockets of high hazard extending southwards to Hat Head National Park. The Bushfire Risk mapping of Kempsey Local Governement Area identifies areas of risk associated with the urban interface (a high level of risk where the asset occurs within 100m of the identified threat, and a moderate bush fire risk to assets located approximately 100 metres to 2.5 kilometres from the interface, primarily from burning embers).

9.3.2.2 Environmental and Ecological Risk The Kempsey Bushfire Risk Management Plan describes the coastal zone to be at greatest risk in relation to environmental and ecological issues. A high concentration of State Environment Planning Policy (SEPP) 14 Coastal Wetlands, SEPP 26 Littoral Rainforests, acid sulphate soils and Aboriginal cultural heritage sites are known to occur within the coastal zone.

9.4 Assets 9.4.1 Community Assets The Kempsey Bushfire Risk Management Plan identifies community assets as those assets which have social and economic values, including: • life and property - human life, property, buildings and infrastructure associated with populated areas; and • economic assets - timber, tourist destinations and lands used for primary production. The plan defines those assets in greater detail as follows:-

Urban Environment and Tourist Facilities Major settlements as identified within the Kempsey Bushfire Risk Management Plan are concentrated within the coastal zone, including Hat Head, Crescent Head, South West Rocks, and Stuarts Point. Along the Macleay River are Jerseyville, Gladstone, Smithtown, Frederickton, Kempsey, Willawarrin and Bellbrook, with small settlements identified at various locations. The plan also discusses the importance of other community assets including primary industry, infrastructure and transport routes. Approximately 28,000ha of Native Forest and 5,000ha of Eucalypt Plantation occurs within State Forest in the Kempsey Shire.

The Kempsey Bushfire Risk Management Plan identifies tourism throughout much of the coastal zone, and often associated with National Parks Estate. The plan identifies Hat Head

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 62 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 National Park and the Arakoon State Conservation Area (SCA) as important tourism destinations for short visit coastal recreational activities, with the Arakoon SCA and Trial Bay Gaol noted as a major tourism destination for longer stay coastal camping.

9.4.2 Environmental and Ecological Assets The Kempsey Bushfire Risk Management Plan identifies environmental and ecological assets as those assets which have cultural and natural values, including: • natural assets - features or areas such as landscapes, catchments and natural communities, and • cultural assets - areas of prehistoric or historic significance dating from Aboriginal and European occupation.

9.4.3 Places of Aboriginal Significance The plan identifies known and potential sites for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage which occur throughout the Maclean Shire.

9.4.4 Historic Heritage The Kempsey LEP identifies a number of Heritage sites, as does the North Coast Regional Environmental Plan, only some of which are identified as being vulnerable to bush fire or activities associated with bush fire suppression. The areas identified are: • Smokey Cape Lighthouse Complex • Trial Bay Goal and Associated buildings and sites • Arakoon House • Comara Bridge • Pipers Creek Lime Kilns • Bellbrook Village

9.5 Statutory Considerations 9.5.1 The Rural Fires Act 1997 and Rural Fires and Environmental Assessment Legislation Amendment Act 2002 No 67 The Rural Fires Act 1997 (as in force at 29 November 2002) establishes the role of the NSW Rural Fire Service and defines its functions in order to make provision for the prevention, mitigation and suppression of rural fires, the protection of persons from injury or death and property from damage, and for the protection of the environment by requiring certain activities to be undertaken with regard to the principles of ecologically sustainable development described in section 6 (2) of the Protection of the Environment Administration Act 1991.

The overall responsibility for the management of emergencies is under the jurisdiction of the Minister for Emergency Services and the Commissioner of the Rural Fire Service. Part 3 of the Rural Fires Act 1997 identifies that ‘…the Commissioner is authorised to give directions to persons, members of the Service, officers of other emergency services organisations and others in relation to the prevention, mitigation and suppression of fires in these circumstances…’. Section 63 of the Rural Fires Act 1997 also describes the responsibility of public authorities to minimise the danger of bushfire spread as follows:

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 63 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 (1) It is the duty of a public authority to take the notified steps (if any) and any other practicable steps to prevent the occurrence of bush fires on, and to minimise the danger of the spread of a bush fire on or from: (a) any land vested in or under its control or management, or (b) any highway, road, street, land or thoroughfare, the maintenance of which is charged on the authority. (2) It is the duty of the owner or occupier of land to take the notified steps (if any) and any other practicable steps to prevent the occurrence of bush fires on, and to minimise the danger of the spread of bush fires on or from, that land. (3) A public authority or owner or occupier is liable for the costs incurred by it in performing the duty imposed by this section. (4) The Bush Fire Co-ordinating Committee may advise a person on whom a duty is imposed by this section of any steps (whether or not included in a bush fire risk management plan) that are necessary for the proper performance of the duty.

9.5.2 New South Wales State Bush Fire Plan: a Sub Plan Of The State Disaster Plan (Displan, 2002) The New South Wales State Bush Fire Plan has been developed in accordance with the State Emergency and Rescue Management Act 1989. The Act establishes roles and responsibilities, prevention and preparedness, coordinated bush firefighting and recovery for NSW. It defines the underlying principles of bushfire management, as well as bush fire coordinating committee policies which are further discussed at a district level in the Bushfire Risk Management Plans.

9.5.3 Kempsey District Bush Fire Management Plan Operations Under the Rural Fires Act 1997, the NPWS is a fire authority and is responsible for the management of fire on all lands under its control or management. This includes the detection and suppression of fires and the implementation of risk-prevention programs to protect life and property from fires. The NPWS also assists with the suppression of fires on adjacent lands, as may be required under plans prepared under the Rural Fires Act 1997. Cooperative arrangements are derived from the Bush Fire Coordinating Committee and implemented through local district bushfire management committees. The other three agencies that participate in cooperative fire management across NSW are State Forests of NSW, the NSW Rural Fire Service and NSW Fire Brigades. Kempsey District Bush Fire Management Plan Operations (sub-plan to the NSW State Bush Fire Plan) (6 June 2002) is a Plan of Operations prepared by the Kempsey Bush Fire Management Committee pursuant to Section 52 of the Rural Fires Act 1997; it identifies procedures fire detection, suppression and management in the event of co-ordinated firefighting. Related plans for the Trial Bay and Arakoon SCA sites should complement the provisions of this plan.

The aim of this plan is to detail requirements for coordinated fire management practices, for the protection of:

• life and property, • community assets and values, • natural and cultural heritage, and to decrease the severity and intensity of wildfires

The plan also identifies the following actions so that a comprehensive approach is directed to fire management planning in the event of an emergency: Bangalay Botanical Surveys 64 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 (a) Develop coordinated detection and suppression response systems on all land tenures Provide procedures for effective fire detection and advice on the fire situation to member agencies. Develop a fire danger alert and preparedness system for member agencies.

(b) Develop effective liaison and communication between all participating authorities. Provide an incident control centre for coordinated fire operations. Provide communication systems that allow effective information sharing for fire management activities. Ensure regular Committee meetings are held, prior to the fire season and immediately after the fire season, and when necessary for planning and procedures development. Provide statistical information from fire reports in accordance with the Coordinating Committee Guidelines.

(c) Ensure planning occurs to identify and respond to the fire problem in the area. Each member agency will address its response capabilities and regularly report to the Committee its current situation. The Committee will identify areas of concern that it believes may affect the ability of the member agencies to carry out appropriate fire protection measures.

(d) Implement procedures that will allow effective co-ordination of the fire fighting authorities and support organisations in the event of any class of fire. Identify experienced and capable Incident Controllers and incident Management Team members. Develop and maintain an incident control system. Initiate appropriate training and exercises for all levels of member agencies to carry out co-ordinated operations in Class 2 and 3 fire incidents. Identify contacts and resources of fire fighting authorities and support organisations.

(e) Develop awareness amongst the community regarding the on-going extent of the fire problem. Maintain regular contact with the media to provide opportunities for community eduction and coverage of fire incidents.

(f) Provide fire suppression with minimum environmental damage. Employ suppression techniques which minimise damage to natural and cultural heritage values.

9.5.4 Plans of Management In accordance with Section 72 of the National Parks and Widlife Act 1974 (1A) (NPW Act) “…The Director-General is to cause a plan of management to be prepared for each state conservation area, and for each regional park …”; such a plan of management is to be prepared as soon as practicable after the reservation of the land concerned. Although this

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 65 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 requirement does not directly cause the preparation of a separate Fire Management Plan or Emergency Evacuation Plan, the considerations broadly encompass the need to do so.

The objectives and content of a plan of management are identified in Section 72AA of the NPW Act 1974, as follows:

(1) The following matters are to be taken into consideration in the preparation of a plan of management for land reserved under this Act: (a) the relevant management principles; (b) the conservation of biodiversity, including the maintenance of habitat, ecosystems and populations of threatened species; (c) the protection and appreciation of objects, places and structures of cultural significance, and tracts of land; (d) the protection of landscape values and scenic features; (e) the protection of geological and geomorphological features; (f) the protection of wilderness values and the management of wilderness areas; (g) the maintenance of natural processes; (h) the rehabilitation of landscapes and the reinstatement of natural processes; (i) fire management; (j) in the case of a plan of management for a national park, nature reserve or karst conservation reserve, the prohibition of the execution of any works adversely affecting the natural condition or special features of the park or reserve; (k) the potential for the reserved land to be used by Aboriginal people for cultural purposes; (l) the provision of opportunities for public understanding, enjoyment and appreciation of natural and cultural heritage values, including opportunities for sustainable visitor use; (m) the adaptive reuse of buildings and structures; (n) the appropriate (including culturally appropriate) and ecologically sustainable use of the reserved land, including use by lessees, licensees and occupiers of the land; (o) the preservation of catchment values; (p) the encouragement of appropriate research into natural and cultural features and processes, including threatening processes; (q) the identification and mitigation of threatening processes; (r) the statutory natural resource management, land use management plans and land management practices of land surrounding or within a region of the reserved land; (s) the regional, national and international context of the reserved land, the maintenance of any national and international significance of the reserved land and compliance with relevant national and international agreements, including the protection of world heritage values and the management of world heritage properties; (t) benefits to local communities; (u) the social and economic context of the reserve so as to ensure, for example, that the provision of visitor facilities is appropriate to the surrounding area or that pest species management programs are co-ordinated across different tenures; (v) the protection and management of wild rivers; (w) the impact of the management and the use of land acquired under Part 11 on the reserved lands management. (2) A plan of management must include the means by which the responsible authority

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 66 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 proposes to achieve the plans objectives and performance measures. (3) The matters referred to in subsection (1) (b), (s) are to be taken into account, where appropriate, in the preparation of a plan of management for a wildlife refuge, wildlife management area or conservation area. (4) A plan of management is to contain a written scheme of operations which it is proposed to undertake in relation to the land that is the subject of the plan of management. (5) The written scheme of operations for a plan of management must: (a) if the plan is for land within a conservation area, relate to the carrying out of operations for the purpose and objects of the conservation agreement, and (b) if the plan is for land within a State forest, be consistent with the purpose and objects of this Act and the Forestry Act 1916 . (6) Without limiting subsection (1), a plan of management may do any one or more of the following: (a) in relation to land within a national park, historic site, regional park, state conservation area or karst conservation reserve: (i) identify any part of the land, and any building or structure on the land, and any modified natural area on the land, that may be the subject of a lease or licence as referred to in section 151B (5), and (ii) specify the purposes for which such leases and licences may be granted, (c) in relation to land within a state conservation area, specify any activity proposed to be (i) permitted in any part of the area and the nature of any development proposed to be carried out to encourage the use of that part for the activity so specified, (ii) in relation to land reserved under Part 4A, provide for the use of the land for any community development purpose prescribed by the regulations. (7) A plan of management for a national park, historic site, nature reserve or karst conservation reserve may relate to land acquired or occupied, or proposed to be acquired or occupied, under Part 11.

9.5.5 Fire Management Manual (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2002) The Fire Management Manual provides parameters for the formulation of fire management policy and procedure for the purposes of fire management planning and fire operations on lands reserved under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 and any land managed by the NPWS on behalf of the Minister for the Environment.

The objectives of the Fire Management Manual are to: 1. provide a basis for consistent application of fire-management, incorporating legislation, policy and procedures on NPWS-managed land across NSW. 2. The Fire Management Manual is an integral component of a range of measures established to ensure the conservation of natural and cultural heritage. 3. The Fire Management Manual outlines operational procedures to ensure that staff, the public and stakeholders are protected from fire.

The manual also identifies the primary objectives of NSW NP&WS in relation to fire management, specifically to: • protect life, property and community assets from the adverse impacts of fire; • develop and implement cooperative and coordinated fire-management arrangements with other fire authorities, reserve neighbours and the community; • manage fire regimes within reserves to maintain and enhance biodiversity;

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 67 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 • protect Aboriginal sites, historic places and culturally significant features known to exist within NSW from damage by fire; • assist other fire agencies, land-management authorities and landholders in developing fire management practices to conserve biodiversity and cultural heritage across the landscape, and • maintain biodiversity to avoid the extinction of natural species, populations and communities within the landscape underpins fire-management activities within the NPWS.

9.5.6 Principles of Ecologically Sustainable Development Section 6 (Objectives of the Authority) of Part 3 of the Protection of the Environment Administration Act 1991 (as in force at 8 October 2001) defines the principles of Ecologically Sustainable Development which require consideration in preparing a Fire Management Plan or Emergency Evacuation Plan. (1) The objectives of the Authority are: (a) to protect, restore and enhance the quality of the environment in New South Wales, having regard to the need to maintain ecologically sustainable development, and (b) to reduce the risks to human health and prevent the degradation of the environment, by means such as the following: • promoting pollution prevention, • adopting the principle of reducing to harmless levels the discharge into the air, water or land of substances likely to cause harm to the environment, • minimising the creation of waste by the use of appropriate technology, • regulating the transportation, collection, treatment, storage and disposal of waste, • encouraging the reduction of the use of materials, encouraging the re-use and recycling of materials and encouraging material recovery, • adopting minimum environmental standards prescribed by complementary Commonwealth and State legislation and advising the Government to prescribe more stringent standards where appropriate, • setting mandatory targets for environmental improvement, • promoting community involvement in decisions about environmental matters, • ensuring the community has access to relevant information about hazardous substances arising from, or stored, used or sold by, any industry or public authority, • conducting public education and awareness programs about environmental matters. (2) For the purposes of subsection (1) (a), ecologically sustainable development requires the effective integration of economic and environmental considerations in decision-making processes. Ecologically sustainable development can be achieved through the implementation of the following principles and programs: (a) the precautionary principle, namely, that if there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation. In the application of the precautionary principle, public and private decisions should be guided by: (i) careful evaluation to avoid, wherever practicable, serious or irreversible Bangalay Botanical Surveys 68 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 damage to the environment, and (ii) an assessment of the risk-weighted consequences of various options, (b) inter-generational equity, namely, that the present generation should ensure that the health, diversity and productivity of the environment are maintained or enhanced for the benefit of future generations, (c) conservation of biological diversity and ecological integrity_namely, that conservation of biological diversity and ecological integrity should be a fundamental consideration, (d) improved valuation, pricing and incentive mechanisms_namely, that environmental factors should be included in the valuation of assets and services, such as: (i) polluter pays_that is, those who generate pollution and waste should bear the cost of containment, avoidance or abatement, (ii) the users of goods and services should pay prices based on the full life cycle of costs of providing goods and services, including the use of natural resources and assets and the ultimate disposal of any waste, (iii) environmental goals, having been established, should be pursued in the most cost effective way, by establishing incentive structures, including market mechanisms, that enable those best placed to maximise benefits or minimise costs to develop their own solutions and responses to environmental problems.”

9.6 Managing Risk 9.6.1 Kempsey District Bush Fire Management Plan Operations Kempsey District Bush Fire Management Plan Operations identifies the following strategic factors which should be addressed as part of a Fire Management Plan and Emergency Evacuation Plan: • First Response Arrangements and capabilities; • specific restrictons on fire-fighting techniques, including: the use of chemical retardants within 20m of water bodies, any earthworks, fire trail construction or back burning operations; • specific Hazardous Areas; • high Fuel Areas; • communication compatibility (awareness of localised ‘black spots’ or large areas where there are poor or no communications networks coverage); • liaison with Police to determine suitable evacuation strategies and the formulation of an evacuation plan (with attention given to the evacuation of bushwalkers, campers and other users in bushland areas); • additional resource assistance during emergencies; • briefing and debriefing processes; • review processes (examining command structure, health and safety, adequacy of strategies, access/egress, preparedness, welfare, equipment management, response times, support mechanisms and co-operative arrangements;

Table 5 (below) describes the various options available to manage and minimise bush fire risk as detailed by the Kempsey Bushfire Risk Management Plan. As no single option is likely to provide sufficient protection from bush fires, a range of options needs to be implemented to reduce the bush fire risk to a manageable level.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 69 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118

Table 5 Bush Fire Risk Management Options

Risk Management Option Application at Trial Bay Goal and Arakoon SCA Avoid the Risk By deciding not to proceed with the activity likely to generate the bush fire risk. This option is relevant to future land use and development decisions. Examples of risk avoidance strategies include prohibiting certain types of development in bush fire prone areas, and requiring adequate fire protection zones to be established between developments and the bush fire hazard. Reduce the Programs to reduce the level of fuel available Reserve Fire Management Plans Hazard to burn in a bush fire. and Plans of Management, needs to exclude mesic vegetation types Examples of hazard reduction strategies (i.e. small pockets of Littoral include hazard reduction burning, slashing or Rainforest) from prescribed fire ploughing of fire breaks, or manual clearing of management strategies. bush fire hazards. Reduce Programs to reduce the number of deliberate Community education, education Ignitions and accidental man made ignitions. of tourists visiting Trial Bay. Examples of ignition reduction strategies include total fire bans, arson investigation programs, and issuing of permits to burn during the bush fire danger season. Reduce Programs to increase the resilience of Implement Incident Management Vulnerability community and environmental / ecological Procedures assets to bush fires. Examples of vulnerability reduction strategies include community education programs, and building restrictions in bush fire prone areas. Residual Risk Bush fire risk management strategies are The preparation of an Emergency designed to reduce the level of risk; but will Evacuation Plan and Fire not eliminate the risk entirely. Some level of Management Plan aids in reducing residual risk may remain, which will be the risks managed with fire response strategies such as fire suppression operations, early fire detection, and evacuation.

9.6.2 Fire Management Manual (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2002) The Fire Management Manual identifies the acts and regulations which govern the powers and responsibilities of the Director General and the NPWS with respect to fire management and suppression. Of particular importance are:- • Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979, which identifies the NPWS as the determining authority for all fire-management activities on NPWS managed lands. • The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, which identifies the NPWS as being responsible for the ‘…care, control and management of national parks, nature reserves, Aboriginal areas, historic sites, karst conservation reserves, regional

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 70 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 parks and state recreation areas. The Director General is also responsible for the protection and care of native fauna and flora and Aboriginal places and relics throughout NSW…’ • Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 which provides for the protection of all threatened plants and animals native to NSW (with the exception of fish and marine plants). One of the objects of this Act is to ensure that the impact of any action affecting threatened species, populations and ecological communities is properly assessed. The Act also provides for the conservation and recovery of threatened species and for the management of threats to species. • Wilderness Act 1987 provides for the identification, protection and management of wilderness areas.

The manual also identifies the following management policies and principles which should be central to the development of a Fire Management Plan and Emergency Evacuation Plan:

Fire Management Framework • Introduction • Legislation • Conservation Principles • Primary Fire Management Policies • Responsibilities and Accountabilities • Fire Management Performance Indicators • Risk Management • Definitions

Primary Fire Management Policies • Responsibilities and Accountabilities • Performance Indicators • Risk Management

Prevention • Fire-Management Planning • Neighbour Relations • Fire Roads and Trails • Community Awareness • Fire Detection • Fuel Management • Environmental Impact Assessment • Research

Preparedness • Preparedness • Communications Equipment • Communications Planning • Smoke Management • Weather Information

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 71 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 • Visitor Safety • Equipment Standards • Personal Firefighting Equipment • Fire Control Lines • Urban Interface Fire Management • Public and Media Relations

Response • Fire Suppression • Coordinated Fire Management • Earthmoving Equipment • Aircraft Operations • Remote Area Fire Management • Prescribed Burning • Standard Operating Procedures: Prescribed Burn • Planning • Backburning • Standard Operating Procedures: Burning • Operations • Hazardous Materials Incidents • Fire Suppression Chemicals • Protection of Buildings • Protection of Cultural Heritage • Protection of Natural Heritage • Bans and Closures

Recovery • Fire Rehabilitation • Fauna Rescue • Fire Investigation • Critical Incident Stress Management

Miscellaneous • Finance and Insurance • Fire Reporting and Documentation • Learning and Development • Personal Health and Fitness • Briefing, Operational Analysis and Incident • Bush Fire Coordinating Committee Policies • Fire Management Circulars

Analysis • Safety and Incident Management • National Medal Bangalay Botanical Surveys 72 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 • Dangerous Goods • Fireground Maps and Marking

9.7 Bush fire hazard reduction 9.7.1 Requirements for Environmental Impact Assessment Section 65 of the Rural Fires Act 1997 (Reduction of fire hazards on unoccupied Crown land and managed land) identifies that bush fire hazard reduction work may be initiated by local authorities by a process of certification. The Rural Fires and Environmental Assessment Legislation Amendment Act 2002 has amended the Rural Fires Act 1997 (Sections 100A- 100O) to enable managed bushfire hazard reduction work to be authorised by a Bushfire Hazard Reduction Certificate which replaces all other approval processes. All asset protection and associated works need to be undertaken with due consideration of the Bush Fire Environmental Assessment Code For Asset Protection And Strategic Fire Advantage Zones (Rural Fire Service, January 2003). The code (in manuscript) provides a streamlined environmental assessment process for assessing bush fire hazard reduction works by local government, the NSW Rural Fire Service (RFS) and public authorities on managed land* to issue a Bush Fire Hazard Reduction Certificate. It is intended to apply to Asset Protection Zones and Strategic Fire Advantage Zones in the Bush Fire Risk Management Plan.

(*managed land means land that is: (a) dedicated or reserved, or acquired for the purpose of dedication or reservation, under the Forestry Act 1916, or in respect of which the Forestry Commission has obtained the benefit of a forestry right as referred to in section 11 (1) (m) (iia) of that Act, or (b) dedicated or reserved, or acquired for the purpose of dedication or reservation, under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, or (c) vested in, or under the control of, the State Rail Authority or Rail Infrastructure Corporation, or (d) land within the catchment area of a water authority, or (e) other land prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this definition.)

In the absence of a Reserve Fire Management Plan for land reserved under the NPW Act 1974, environmental assessment requires the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment prior to the commencement of any activity until the introduction of the Bush Fire Environmental Assessment Code For Asset Protection And Strategic Fire Advantage Zones. As certain lands are excempt from management practices defined within the code, approval from PlanningNSW may be required where for fire management is, for example, prescribed for SEPP 14 (Wetland) or SEPP 26 (Littoral Rainforest).

SEPP 14 Wetlands SEPP 14 Wetlands are found within the Kempsey Shire. (See Map 9, Appendix “ E ”). Prior to undertaking any activities in or on these SEPP 14 wetlands involving clearing, levee construction, drainage or filling of the wetland, an environmental impact statement is required to be prepared, exhibited and the activity agreed to by both the Council and the Director- General of PlanningNSW.

SEPP 26 Littoral Rainforests Littoral rainforests in Kempsey Shire (see Map 4, Appendix “ A ”) are protected under SEPP 26, which affects core rainforest areas and the 100 metre buffer areas around them. Prior to undertaking a fire management activity in these areas, an environmental impact statement must be prepared prior to approving that activity.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 73 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118

9.8 Emergency Evacuation 9.8.1 Fire Management Manual (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2002) The Fire Management Manual (NP&WS, 2002) discusses the following factors for consideration in relation to visitor safety: 1. The safety of visitors is a major consideration during the bushfire danger period and fire suppression operations and while planning and implementing prescribed burning. 2. It is essential that no-one, other than firefighters and authorised support personnel, is located on the fire ground. 3. Steps should be taken to advise visitors of fire operations (fire suppression and prescribed burning) within NPWS reserves. 4. Visitor safety can be encouraged through educational programs on the safe use of fire and by providing facilities that will prevent the ignition of bushfires. 5. All necessary actions will be taken to ensure visitor safety in reserves that have the potential to be impacted by fire. 6. Park fire bans, park closures or the cancellation of park activities will be implemented whenever conditions warrant that action, in accordance with the procedures identified in Section 4.14 ‘Bans and Closures’ of the manual. 7. The public will be advised of fire operations through the options of: • advertisements in local media; • notices at park entrances or other strategic locations; • radio and television announcements; • letterbox drops; • neighbour databases; • NPWS web site; and • telephone message services. 8. Procedures for the protection and evacuation of visitors will be prepared for all reserves. The procedures should be developed in conjunction with police and other emergency authorities. These procedures should be included in regional incident procedures and reserve fire management plans, and in district bushfire management committee plans of operation. 9. Visitors will not be permitted into areas where fire-suppression or prescribed-burning operations are being undertaken. 10. The presence of visitors in or adjacent to the fire ground will be immediately reported to the incident controller, who will then arrange for an evacuation if necessary. 11. Warning signs must be placed near areas used by visitors prior to undertaking prescribed burning. 12. Where fire or smoke is identified as a hazard to passing motorists, the incident controller or other nominated person will request police assistance to control traffic or close roads. Until the police arrive, Roads and Traffic Authority-certified traffic controllers will be deployed for traffic control. 13. Where there is the potential for smoke to impact on roads, smoke signs will be put in place to give motorists prior warning. 14. The design and management of recreation areas and the conditions under which visitors use fire will be assessed in order to minimise the risk of bushfire ignition and escape. 15. Educational programs will be undertaken to inform visitors of the conditions for the Bangalay Botanical Surveys 74 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 safe use of fire. 16. In some circumstances, strategic prescribed burning or other fuel management may be conducted to ensure visitor safety (ie adjacent to picnic areas or access roads).

9.8.2 Bushfire Evacuation Plan (NSW Rural Fire Service, 2003) The NSW Rural Fire Service has devised a guide to preparing a Bushfire Evacuation Plan, which outlines a range of issues (including preparedness of managers, employees and occupants to ensure a quick and safe evacuation of a premises) which should be considered during the preparation of evacuation plans.

An ‘Emergency Evacuation Plan’ is usually developed to provide employees and occupants with procedures to enable the premises to be evacuated in the event of a emergency.

There are two Australian Standards that exist which outline the requirements of an ‘Emergency Evacuation Plan’ and provide a standard approach. The two standards are:

1) AS3745-2002 ‘Emergency control organisation and procedures for buildings, structures and workplaces’ 2) AS4083-1997, ‘Planning for emergencies – Health care facilities’

AS3745-2002 ‘Emergency control organisation and procedures for buildings, structures and workplaces’ applies to offices, warehouses, factories, public buildings, shopping complexes, apartment buildings or a place that may be occupied by people. AS3745-2002 does not apply to single dwellings (including a detached house, one or more attached dwellings, each being separated by a fire-resisting wall, such as a row house, terrace house, townhouse or villa unit).

These Australian Standards encourage a consistent approach to developing a Bushfire Evacuation Plan and should be identified as a sub-plan of any emergency evacuation plan under AS3745 or AS4083.

9.9 Planning for Bushfire Protection: A Guide for Councils, Planners, Fire Authorities, Developers and Home Owners 2001 Changes to the planning processes within NSW include the release of Planning for Bushfire Protection (NSW Rural Fire Service and PlanningNSW, 2001) and a simplification of the processes being implemented through the PlanningNSW’s Plan First program.

The Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 has been amended to include Section 79C (replacing Section 90) to identify Bushfire Prone Lands, to ensure that development conforms to bushfire protection specifications, and requirements relating to the issuing of bushfire safety authorites. The Rural Fires Act 1997 has replaced the Bush Fires Act 1949 and Australian Standard AS 3959 – 1999 better reflects advances in fire research on building materials. Planning for Bushfire Protection provides guidance on the planning and development control processes in relation to bushfire protection measures for both ‘infill’ and Special Protection Developments. Infill development is redevelopment in existing areas which may not readily allow for asset protection zones or access provisions to be applied consistent with Planning for Bushfire Protection (RFS and PlanningNSW, 2001) specifications. As activities within lands managed by National Parks and Wildlife Service are assessed under Part 5 of the EP&A Act 1979, and the application of Planning for Bushfire Protection is limited to those matters which are subject to assessment under Part 4 of the Act,

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 75 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 the existing statute (Planning for Bushfire Protection) should be considered as a guideline when examining and implementing bushfire management principles.

Planning for Bushfire Protection provides the necessary planning considerations when developing areas for residential use in residential, rural-residential, rural and urban areas when development sites are in close proximity to areas likely to be affected by bushfire events. The document is therefore applicable to Class 1, 2 & 3 residential development (as defined within the Building Code of Australia (BCA)) and to Special protection Developments (schools, a child care centre, hospitals, a hotel, motel or other tourist accomodation etc).

The objectives defined by Planning for Bushfire Protection are “…to meet the overall purpose of bushfire protection of human life (including firefighters) and property, including the following: 1. consider bushfire protection and management issues in land use planning and development decisions, to provide a safe environment for the communit.y 2. manage vegetation to reduce potential bushfire attack in the vicinity of habitable buildings. 3. design and siting of habitable buildings to improve the survivability of the building and the protection of life during the passage of the firefront. 4. provide safe access for emergency and other vehicles at all times. 5. ensure water is available to landholders and emergency services to enable the defence of habitable buildings against bushfire attack. 6. establish a maintenance regime for fire protection for the life of the habitable building…”.

9.9.1 The Building Code of Australia and AS 3959-1999 The Building Code of Australia (BCA) forms a statute under the EP&A Act 1979 and EP&A Regulation 2000. The EP&A Regulation requires a certifying authority to be satisfied that the relevant requirements of the BCA will be met prior to issuing a construction certificate or complying development certificate. The EP&A Regulation also states that it is a prescribed condition of development consent that building work must comply with the BCA, and complying development certificates must be issued with a condition to this effect. These provisions apply to Class 1, 2 and 3 buildings that are proposed for construction in “designated bushfire-prone areas”.

9.10 Use of Appropriate Fire Regimes in Fire Management As knowledge about the effects of fire regimes on indigenous biota is patchy at best, prescriptions for hazard reduction burns in the area should be carried out over a range of seasons, with a range of inter-fire periods and should be of varying intensities. Fire should not be administered at intervals less than 3-4 years (McCathy & Cary ex Bradstock et al. 2002). Fire shadows and refuges (Bradstock et al. 2002) are an important part of fire ecology and should be considered as part of any fire management program in light of the fact that 'High frequency fire resulting in the disruption of life cycle processes in plants and animals and loss of vegetation structure and composition' has been listed as a Key Threatening Process on Schedule 3 of the TSC Act, 1995). High frequency fire is defined as “... two or more successive fires close enough together in time to interfere with or limit the ability of plants or animals to recruit new individuals into a population, or for plants to build up a seedbank sufficient in size to maintain the population through the next fire. Sustained high frequency fire will consequently lead to a loss of plant species, a reduction in vegetation

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 76 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 structure and a corresponding loss of animal species...” (Scientific Committee, NSW Government Press, 2000).

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 77 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 10.0 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABRS/CSIRO Australia. 2000. Flora of Australia. Volume 17A, Proteaceae 1 Hakea to Dryandra. Melbourne. ABRS/CSIRO Australia. 2000. Flora of Australia. Volume 17A, Proteaceae 2 Grevillea. Melbourne. Allison, F.R. & Hoye, G.A. 1995. Eastern free-tail bat. Pages 484-485 in The Mammals of Australia. Ed. R. Strahan, Reed Books, Chatswood. Bell, S.J. 2000. Notes on population size and habitat of the vulnerable Cryptostylis hunteriana Nicholls (Orchidaceae) from the Central Coast of New South Wales. Cunninghamia 7(2). Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney Benson D & McDougall L. 1993. Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 1: Ferns, fern-allies, cycads, conifers and dicotyledon families Acanthaceae to Asclepiadaceae. Cunninghamia 3(2) 257- 422. Benson D & McDougall L. 1994. Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 2: Dicotyledon families Asteraceae to Buddlejaceae. Cunninghamia 3(4) 789-1202. Benson D & McDougall L. 1995. Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 3: Dicotyledon families Cabombaceae to Eupomatiaceae. Cunninghamia 4(2) 217-431. Benson D & McDougall L. 1996. Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 4: Dicotyledon family Fabaceae. Cunninghamia 4(4) 553-752. Benson D & McDougall L. 1997. Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 5: Dicotyledon families Flacourtiaceae to Myrsinaceae. Cunninghamia 5(2) 330-546. Benson D & McDougall L. 1998. Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 6: Dicotyledon family Myrtaceae. Cunninghamia 5(4) 808-988. Benson D & McDougall L. 1999. Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 7a: Dicotyledon families Nyctaginaceae to Primulaceae. Cunninghamia 6(2) 402-509. Benson D & McDougall L. 2000. Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 7b: Dicotyledon families Proteaceae to Rubiaceae. Cunninghamia 6 (4) 1028-1202. Benson, J. 1989. Establishing Priorities for the Conservation of Rare or Threatened Plants and Plant Associations in NSW. In The Conservation of Threatened Species and their Habitats. Australian Committee for the IUCN, Canberra. Birds Australia. 2002. (Webpage) http://www.birdsaustralia.com.au/birds/ Bishop A. 1999. Field Guide to Orchids of New South Wales and Victoria – 2nd Ed. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney. Blakers M, Davies SJJF & Reilly PN. 1985. The Atlas of Australian Birds. Royal Australian Ornithologists Union/Melbourne University Press. Bradstock RA, Williams JE, and Gill AM. (ed). 2002. Flammable Australia: The Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent. Cambridge University Press, UK. Briggs JH and Leigh JD. 1996. Rare and Threatened Australian Plants. Australian NP&WS, Canberra. Brooker MIH and Kleinig DA. 1999. Field Guide to Eucalypts, Vol 1 - South-eastern Australia. 2nd Ed. Bloomings Books, Melbourne. Churchill, S. 1998. Australian Bats. Reed New Holland, Sydney. Clout, M.N. 1989. Foraging behaviour of glossy black-cockatoo. Australian Wildlife Research: 16, 467-473. Cogger, H.G. 1995. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia 5th Edition. Reed Books, Sydney. Cropper SC. 1993. Management of Endangered Plants. CSIRO, Melbourne. Debus, S.J.S. & Chafer, C.J. 1994. The powerful owl Ninox strenua in New South Wales. Australian Birds: 28, 21-39. Douglas, G. (NSW Rural Fire Service.). 2002. Overview of the Rural Fires and Environmental Assessment Legislation Amendment Act 2002. NSW Rural Fire Service. Duncan A, Baker B & Montgomery N. 1999. Action Plan for Australian Bats, Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 78 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Dwyer, P.D. 1995. Little bent-wing Bat. Pages 492-493 in The Mammals of Australia. Ed R. Strahan, Reed Books, Chatswood. Eby, P. 2002. Using New South Wales planning instruments to improve conservation and management of grey-headed flying fox camps. Pages 240-50 in Managing the grey-headed flying fox as a threatened species in NSW. Edited by Peggy Eby and Daniel Lunney Royal Zoological Society of NSW Mosman. Eddie, M. W. 2000. Soil Landscapes of the Macksville & Nambucca 1:100 000 Sheets. Department of Land and Water Conservation, Kempsey. Ehmann, H. 1997. Threatened Frogs of New South Wales: Habitats, Status and Conservation. Pgs 48- 55. FATS Group Publication. Environment Australia. 2000. EPBC Administrative Guidelines on Significance, July 2000. Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Environment Australia. Fairley A & Moore P. 1989. Native Plants of the Sydney District. Kangaroo Press, Sydney. Farrier D, Lyster R, Pearson L & Lipman Z. 2000. Planning and Land Use in New South Wales: The Environmental Law Book. 3rd Ed. Redferm Legal Centre Publishing, Sydney. Fisheries NSW. 2002. Conservation of threatened aquatic species (webpage) www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au/conservation/species/conserv_threat_species.htm Floyd A. 1990. Australian Rainforests in New South Wales. Volume 1. Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty. Ltd., in association with National Parks and Wildlife Service of New South Wales Floyd A. 1991. Australian Rainforests in New South Wales. Volume 2. Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty. Ltd., in association with National Parks and Wildlife Service of New South Wales. Garnett, S. 1993. Threatened and Extinct Birds in Australia. RAOU report number 82, RAOU, Melbourne. Garnett ST & Crowley GM. 2000. The Action Plan for Australian Birds Environment Australia. Griffith, S.J. 1993. Conservation Status of Coastal Plant Communities in Northern New South Wales. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Griffith, S.J. 1990. Rare plant investigations: Allocasuarina defungens, L. Johnson and Asperula asthenes, Airy Shaw and Turrill, at Nabiac in north-eastern NSW. Unpublished report prepared for R. Z. Mines (Newcastle) Pty. Ltd., Tomago. Griffith, S.J, Wilson, R. & Maryott-Brown. K. 2000. Vegetation and flora of Booti Booti NP and Yahoo NR, lower North Coast of NSW. Cunninghamia 6(3), 2000 pp. 645-715. Hager, T.C. & Benson, J. 1992. Review of the Conservation Status of Vegetation Communities in New South Wales. Part 3 – Assessment of the Conservation Status of Forest Plant Communities in north-eastern NSW. Report to the Australian Heritage Commission. Harris RW. 1983. Aboriculture: Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shubs and Vines. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Hadlington PW & Johnston JA. 1988. Australian Trees; their care and repair. New South Wales University Press. Australia. Hitchmough JD. 1994. Urban Landscape Management. Reed International Books Australia. Harden G (ed). 1990. Flora of New South Wales. Vol 1. NSW University Press, Kensington. 1992. Flora of New South Wales. Vol 3. NSW University Press, Kensington. 1993. Flora of New South Wales. Vol 4. NSW University Press, Kensington. 2002. Flora of New South Wales. Vol 2 (2nd Ed). NSW University Press, Kensington. Harden GJ & Murray LJ (ed). 2000. Supplement to Flora of New South Wales. Vol 1. NSW University Press, Kensington. Heritage Victoria. 2001. Draft Guidelines for assessing landscapes with cultural heritage significance. Heyligers, P.C. 1998. Some New South Wales coastal plant distributions: a comparison of herbarium records and transect survey data. Cunninghamia 5(3), pp. 645-665. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Higgins, P.J. & Davies, S.J.J.F. (1996). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antartic Birds. Volume 3 – Snipe to Pigeons. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Bangalay Botanical Surveys 79 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Hindell MA & Lee AK. 1991. Tree preferences of the Koala. In Lee AK, Handasyde KA & Sanson GD (eds). Biology of the Koala. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney. Hitchmough, J.D. 1994. Urban Landscape Management. Reed International Books Australia. Hodgkinson, C. 1845. Australia from Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay; with Description of the Natives, Their Manners and Customs; The Geology, Natural Productions, Fertility, and Resources of That Region; First Explored and Surveyed By Order of the Colonial Government T. and W. Boone, London. HNCMT. 1999. Quality of Cumberland Plain Woodland Vegetation. Section 5.3 in Interim Planning Guidelines for Cumberland Plain Woodland. Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment Management Trust. Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis & Partners Pty. Ltd. 1982. Draft Concept Plan of Arakoon State Recreation Area. Report prepared for NSW NP&WS and Arakoon SRA Trust. Johnson GR. 1999. Protecting Trees from Construction Damage. Minnesota University, USA. Jones D & Clements M. 1997. Characterisation of Pterostylis gibbosa R. Br. (Orchidaceae) and description of P. saxicola, a rare new species from New South Wales. The Orchadian 12(3) 128-135. Jones D & Elliot R. 2000. Pests, Diseases and Ailments of Australian Plants. Lothian Pty. Ltd., Victora. Kavanagh, R.P. & Bamkin, K.L. (1994). Distribution of nocturnal forest birds and mammals in relation to the logging mosaic in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation: 71, 41-53. Kavanagh, R; Debus, S; Tweedie, T; & Webster, R. (1995). Distribution of nocturnal forest birds and mammals in north eastern New South Wales: relationships with environmental variables and management history. Wildlife Research: 22, 359-377. Kempsey Bushfire Management Committee. 2000. Draft Bush Fire Risk Management Plan. Douglas, G. (NSW Rural Fire Service.). 2002. Overview of the Rural Fires and Environmental Assessment Legislation Amendment Act 2002. NSW Rural Fire Service. Kempsey District Bush Fire Management Plan Operations 6 June 2002A Plan Of Operations Prepared By The Kempsey Bush Fire Management Committee. Knott, T; Lunney, D; Coburn, D; & Callagham, J. (1998). An ecological history of koala habitat in the Port Stephens Shire and the Lower Hunter on the Central Coast of New South Wales, 1801- 1998. Pacific Conservation Biology: 4, 354-368. Lavazanian, E; Wallis, R; & Webster, A. (1994). Diet of the powerful owl (Ninox strenua) living near Melbourne, Victoria. Wildlife Research: 21, 643-646. Law, B.S. 1993. Roosting and foraging ecology of the Queensland blossom bat (Syconycteris australis) in north-eastern New South Wales: flexibility in response to seasonal variation. Wildlife research 20: 419-431. Lindsey TR. 1992. Encyclopedia of Australian Animals Birds. Angus & Robertson, Sydney. Luke, R.H. and McArthur, A.G. 1978. Bushfires in Australia. Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra.. Marchant, S. & Higgins, P.J. 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antartic Birds. Volume 1 – Ratities to Ducks. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Marchant, S. & Higgins, P.J. 1993. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antartic Birds. Volume 2 – Raptors to Lapwings. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Martin, R.W; & Handasyde, K.A. 1995. Koala. Pages 196-198 in The Mammals of Australia. ed. R. Strahan, Reed Books, Chatswood. Maxwell S, Burbidge AA & Morris K. 1996. The Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes. Australasian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist Group IUCN Species Survival Commission 1996. McDonald R C, Isbell R F, Speight J G, Walker J and Hopkins M. 1990. Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook (2nd Edition). Inkata, Melbourne. Menkhorst P & Knight F. 2001. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford, Australia. Nature Conservation Council of NSW. 1998. Guidelines for Bush Fire Risk Management Planninh: A Handbook. Nature Conservation Council of NSW. Bangalay Botanical Surveys 80 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Nature Conservation Council of NSW. 1995. Bushfire! Looking to the Future. Bungoona Books. NSW Dept. of Housing, Housing Production Division. 1998. Managing Urban Stormwater: Soils and Construction. NSW Government.NSW Fire Services. 2001. Hazard Reduction for the Protection of Buildings in Bushland Areas ‘Specialised State Operations’. Dept. of NSW Fire Brigades. NSW Government Press. 1995. Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. NSW Government Press. 2000. Final Determination: Key Threatening Process: High frequency fire resulting in the disruption of life cycle processes in plants and animals and loss of vegetation structure and composition’. Scientific Committee. NSW Government Press. 2002. Rural Fires and Environmental Assessment Legislation Amendment Act 2002 No 67. NSW Government Press. (manuscript) 2002. Guideline: Bush Fire Prone Land Mapping. Version 1.1 Draft 2002. NSW Government Press. National Parks Act 1974 NSW Government Press. Protection of the Environment Administration Act 1991 NSW Government Press. 1997. Rural Fires Act 1997. NSW Government Press. 1997. Rural Fires Regulation under the Rural Fires Act 1997. NSW Government Press. 2002. Rural Fires Regulation under the Rural Fires Act 1997: Amendment. NSW Government Press. 1993. Noxious Weed Act. Order No. 10 New South Wales Government Gazette No. 15. Schedule 1. New South Wales Agriculture. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (1995) Vegetation Survey and Mapping of Upper North East New South Wales. A Report by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service for the Natural Resources Audit Council, August 1995. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 1987. Arakoon State Recreation Area Plan Of Management. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 1998. Hat Head National Park Plan of Management. NSW NP&WS, Port Macquarie District. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 1999. Comprehensive Regional Assessment: Forest Ecosystem Classification and Mapping for the Upper and Lower North East CRA Regions. Resource and Conservation Assessment Council. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 2002. Fire Management Manual. NSW NP&WS, Hurstville, NSW. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Wildlife Atlas. 2002. Threatened species records – Websearch: http://www.npws.gov.au/wildlife/species. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 2003. Threatened Species Database search. NSW NPWS Hurstville. NSW Rural Fire Service & Planning NSW. 2001. Planning for Bushfire Protection: A Guide for Councils, Planners, Fire Authorities, Developers and Home Owners. Planning and Environment Services, NSW Rural Fire Service in cooperation with Planning NSW. NSW Rural Fire Service. 2003 (ms). A Guide to Develop a Bushfire Evacuation Plan. Planning and Environment Services, NSW Rural Fire Service. Olsen P, Crome F & Olsen J. 1993. Birds of Prey and Ground Birds of Australia. National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife – Australian Museum. Angus & Robinson, Sydney. PlanningNSW 1995. State Environmental Planning Policy No. 44 - Bushland in Urban Areas. Department of Planning, Sydney. Pizzey G & Knight F. 1997. The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Angus & Robertson, Australia. Quinn, F.C., Williams, J.B., Gross, C.L., Bruhl, J.J. 1995. Report on Rare and Threatened Plants of North-eastern NSW. Report for NSW NP&WS. Recher, H.F; Date, E.M; & Ford, H.A. (1995). The biology and management of rainforest pigeons in NSW. Species management report number 16, NSW NPWS. Reed, P.C; Lunney, D; & Walker, P. 1990. A 1986-1987 survey of the koala Phascolarctos cinereus (Goldfuss) in New South Wales and an ecological interpretation of its distribution. In Biology

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 81 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 of the Koala, pgs 55-74. Ed by A.K. Lee; K.A. Handasyde and G.D. Sanson, Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney. Robinson L. 1994. Field Guide to the Native Plants of Sydney – Revised Ed. Kangaroo Press, Sydney. Robinson M. 1996. A Field Guide to Frogs of Australia. Australian Museum/Reed Books. Rowston, C. 1998. Nest and refuge tree usage by squirrel gliders, Petaurus norfolcensis in south-east Queensland. In Wildlife Research: 25, 157-164. Rowell RJ 1984. Ornamental Flowering Shrubs in Australia. Reed Books, Sydney. Rowell RJ 1984. Ornamental Flowering Trees in Australia. Reed Books, Sydney. Sainty, G.R. and Jacobs, S.W.L. 1981. Waterplants of New South Wales. Water Resources Commission NSW. Schulz, M. 1997. The little bent-wing bat Miniopterus australis roosting in a tree hollow. Australian Zoologist: 30(3), 329. Schulz, M. & de Oliveira, M.C. (1995). Microchiropteran fauna of Kroombit Tops, central Queensland, including a discussion of survey techniques. Australian Zoologist: 30 (1): 71-76. Shigo AL. 1986. A New Tree Biology. Shigo and Trees Associates, Durham, New Hampshire. Simpson K & Day N. 1998. The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia (5th Edition). Penguin Books, Australia. Slater P, Slater P & Slater R. 1989. The Slater Field Guide to Australian Birds. Weldon Publishing, Sydney. Soderquist, T. (1995). Brush-tailed Phascogale. Pages 104-106 in The Mammals of Australia. Ed. R. Strahan, Reed Books, Chatswood. Specht RL, Roe EM & Broughton VH. 1974. Conservation of major plant communities in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Aust. J. Bot. Suppl. Ser. 7: 1-667. Specht RL & Specht A. 1999. Australian Plant Communities: Dynamics of Structure, Growth and Biodiversity. Oxford University Press. Specht, R.L. & Specht, A. 1999. Australian Plant Communities: Dynamics of Structure, Growth and Biodiversity. Oxford University Press. State Forests of New South Wales (SFNSW). 1995. Coffs Harbour and Urunga Management Area Environmental Impact Study (CHUMA). Vol. A Main report and Fauna Impact Statement. SFNSW, Pennant Hills. Joint Commonwealth NSW Regional Forest Agreement Steering Committee. 1999. Forest Ecosystem Classification and Mapping for Upper and Lower North East CRA Regions. CRA Unit, Northern Zone National Parks and Wildlife Service as part of the NSW Comprehensive Regional Assessments. Standards Australia. 1999. AS 3959: Construction of Buildings in Bushfire-prone Areas. Standards Australia. Standards Australia and CSIRO. 1993. Building in bushfire-prone areas: Information and Advice. Standards Australia and CSIRO. Standards Australia. 1996. 2419 Fire Hydrand Installation. Standards Australia. Standards Australia. 1999. AS 3959 Construction of Buildings in Bushfire-prone Areas. Standards Australia. Standards Australia. 1999. NZS 4360 Risk Management. Standards Australia. Standards Australia. 2000. HB203 2000 Envinonmental Risk Management. Standards Australia. Strahan R (ed). 1995. The Mammals of Australia. Angus & Robertson Publishers, Sydney. Strahan R. 1996. A Photographic Guide to Mammals of Australia. New Holland, Frenchs Forest. Suckling, G.C. (1984). Population ecology of the sugar glider Petaurus breviceps in a system of fragmented habitats. Wildlife Research: 11, 49-75. Suckling, G.C. (1995). Squirrel glider. Pages 234-235 in The Mammals of Australia. ed. R. Strahan, Reed Books, Chatswood. Swan G. 1990. A Field Guide to the Snakes and Lizards of New South Wales. Three Sisters Publications, Winmalee.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 82 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Tame T. 1992. Acacias of Southeast Australia. Kangaroo Press, Sydney. Thackway R & Cresswell ID (eds). 1995. An Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia: a framework for establishing the national system of reserves, Version 4.0. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra. Tidemann, C.R. (1995). Grey-headed flying fox. Pages 439-441 in The Mammals of Australia ed R. Strahan, Reed Books, Chatswood. Threatened Species Schedules of the Fisheries Management Act (1994) (webpage) www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. NSW Scientific Committee. NSW Government Press. Triggs B. 1998. Tracks, Scats and Other Traces: A Field Guide to Australian Mammals. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Wheeler DJB, Jacobs SWL & Whalley RDB. 2002. Grasses of New South Wales. University of New England. Dept. of Botany IV. Williams, J.B. & Griffith, S.J. (1997) Plants of Coastal Heathlands in Northern New South Wales. Botany Department, University of New England, Armidale. York A., Binns D & Shields J. 1991. Version 1.1a. Flora and Fauna Assessment in New South Wales State Forests. Survey Guidelines - Procedures for Sampling Flora and Fauna for Environmental Impact Statements. Forest Ecology & Silviculture Section Wood Technology and Forest Research Division. Forestry Commission of New South Wales.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 83 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 TRIAL BAY GOAL SOUTH WEST ROCKS

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT AND CULTURAL TOURISM PLAN

APPENDICES

FLORA AND FAUNA REPORT & BUSHFIRE ASSESSMENT

JUNE 2003

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 84 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 APPENDIX 1 Table 6 Vascular plant species recorded within the survey area at Trial Bay and Arakoon SCA

KEY Threatened Plant species listed under the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 S1 Endangered S2 Vulnerable Flora species listed under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 E Endangered V Vulnerable Plant species of National conservation significance R Rare or Threatened Australian Plants - RoTAP (Briggs and Leigh 1996) Introduced Species * Introduced (Exotic) Species H Horticulturally introduced species N Noxious weeds as listed on the New South Wales Noxious Weed Act 1993 for the Kempsey LGA Occurrence cCommon o Occasional u Uncommon Map Units Abundance 1a Littoral rainforest 2a Forest/open forest 2b Forest/open forest 3a Open forest/woodland 4a Dune woodland/scrub 5a Scrub/woodland/open forest 5b Scrub/open scrub/heath 6a Coastal scrub/open woodland 7a Cleared/ disturbed

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 85 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Status Scientific Name Common Name Vegetation Communities 1a 2a 2b 3a 4a 5a 5b 6a 7a LYCOPSIDA Selaginellaceae Selaginella uliginosa Selaginella u u u FILICOPSIDA Adiantaceae Adiantum aethiopicum Maidenhair Fern o o u u u u Adiantum formosum Giant Maidenhair Fern u Adiantum hispidulum Rough Maidenhair Fern u Aspleniaceae Asplenium australasicum Bird’s Nest Fern u u u Blechnaceae Blechnum cartilagineum Gristle Fern u o o Doodia aspera Rasp Fern o o o Cyatheaceae Cyathea australis Rough Tree Fern u u Davalliaceae * Nephrolepis cordifolia Fishbone Fern u u u u Dennstaedtiaceae Hypolepis muelleri Harsh Ground Fern u u o u u Pteridium esculentum Bracken uccuuouoo Dicksoniaceae Calochlaena dubia Common Ground Fern o c o u u u u u Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia dicarpa Pouched Coral Fern u u

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 86 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Lindsaeaceae Lindsaea linearis Screw Fern u u Lindsaea microphylla Lacy Wedge Fern u u Polypodiaceae Platycerium bifurcatum subsp. Elkhorn u bifurcatum Pyrrosia rupestris Rock Felt-fern u Schizaeaceae Schizaea bifida Fork Fern u Sinopteridaceae Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. sieberi Mulga Fern u u u Pellaea falcata var. falcata Sickle Fern u u u CONIFEROPSIDA Araucariaceae H* Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk Island Pine uo MAGNOLIOPSIDA: Magnoliidae Acanthaceae Pseuderanthemum variabile Pastel Flower o o o u Aizoaceae Carpobrotus glaucescens Pigface o o u Tetragonia tetragonioides Warrigal Cabbage u o o u Amaranthaceae Alternanthera denticulata Lesser Joyweed u u u u u u u Apiaceae Actinotus helianthi Flannel Flower u o Centella asiatica Swamp Pennywort o o o u u u o u * Hydrocotyle bonariensis Kurnell Curse o o u u o o Hydrocotyle geraniifolia Forest Pennywort u u Hydrocotyle laxiflora Stinking Pennywort u o o u u u u u

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 87 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Platysace ericoides - u Platysace lanceolata - uu Trachymene incisa -uu Xanthosia pilosa Woolly Xanthosia u u Apocynaceae Alyxia ruscifolia -u * Gomphocarpus fruticosus Eastern Cottonbush u u u u u Parsonsia straminea var. Common Silkpod o o o o u u u u straminea Araliaceae Polyscias elegans Celerywood oouuu u Polyscias murrayi Pencil Cedar u Polyscias sambucifolia subsp. A Elderberry Panax u o o u u u * Schefflera actinophylla Umbrella Tree u u Asclepiadaceae * Araujia sericiflora Moth Vine uuuuuu uu Cynanchum carnosum -ou Marsdenia rostrata Common Milk Vine o u u u Tylophora barbata Bearded Tylophora o u u u Asteraceae Actites megalocarpa Dune Thistle u u N* Ageratina adenophora Crofton Weed u N* Ageratina riparia Mist Flower u * Arctotheca calendula Capeweed uuuu * Arctotheca populifolia Beach Daisy u u * Aster subulatus Bushy Starwortuuuuu * Bidens pilosa Cobbler’s Pegsuouuouuoc Brachycome angustifolia subsp. -uuu angustifolia Bracteantha bracteata Golden Everlasting u u Cassinia aculeata Dolly Bush u u Cassinia uncata Sticky Cassinia u u u Chrysocephalum apiculatum Yellow Buttons u u

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 88 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 N* Chrysanthemoides monilifera Bitou Bush u u u u u o u subsp. rotundata * Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle u u u * Conyza bonariensis Flax-leaved Fleabane o u u u u u u o o * Conyza canadensis Canadian Fleabaneuuuuuuuoo * Erechtites valerianifolia Brazilian Fireweed u u u o o Euchiton sphaericus Cudweed u u Helichrysum elatum White Paper Daisy u u u * Hypochaeris radicata Cats Ears uooououoc Lagenifera stipitata - u Melanthera biflora -ou Ozothamnus diosmifolius Ball Everlasting u u o u u Pseudognaphalium luteo-album Jersey Cudweed u u u Senecio anacampserotis - uu Senecio lautus subsp. maritimus -uu Senecio linearifolius Hill Fireweed u u u u * Senecio madagascariensis Fireweeduuuoo Sigesbeckia orientalis Indian Weed u u * Sonchus oleraceus Sow Thistle u o o * Tagetes minuta Stinking Roger u u u u Balsaminaceae * Impatiens wallerana Impatiens uu Baueraceae Bauera microphylla - u Bignoniaceae Pandorea pandorana Wonga Wonga Vine o o o u Caprifoliaceae * Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle uu Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina littoralis Black She-Oak c o u u Allocasuarina torulosa Forest She-oak u u Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. Horsetail She-oak oo incana

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 89 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Casuarina glauca Swamp Oak uu cuuuoo Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media Forest Starwort u Celastraceae Maytenus silvestris Orangebark u u u Chenopodiaceae * Atriplex patula -uou Sarcocornia quinqueflora Samphire u u u Suaeda australis -uu Clusiaceae Hypericum gramineum Small St. John’s Wort u u u u u N* Hypericum perforatum St. John’s Wort u o Convolvulaceae Dichondra repens Kidney Weed u u u u u u u * Ipomoea cairica Mile-a-Minute u o o o o u o o * Ipomoea indica Morning Glory u u u Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. -o brasiliensis Polymeria calycina Swamp Bindweed u u u u Crassulaceae * Bryophyllum delagoense Mother-of-Millions u Cunoniaceae Callicoma serratifolia Black Wattle u Dilleniaceae Hibbertia aspera Rough Guinea Flower u u u u Hibbertia dentata Toothed Guinea Flower u u Hibbertia scandens Golden Guinea Flowerooouuu uu Droseraceae Drosera spatulata Common Sundew u Elaeocarpaceae

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 90 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Elaeocarpus obovatus Blue Quandong c o u u Elaeocarpus reticulatus Blueberry Ash u u Epacridaceae Leucopogon ericoides Bearded Heath u u Leucopogon lanceolatus Bearded Heath u u Monotoca elliptica Prickly Broom Heath u o u Monotoca scoparia Broom Heath u u u Trochocarpa laurina Tree Heath u Euphorbiaceae Baloghia inophylla Brush Bloodwood u Breynia oblongifolia Coffee Bush ooouuu uu * Euphorbia cyathophora Painted Spurge o u o * Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge uuuuoo Glochidion ferdinandi var. Cheese Tree o o o u u u u u ferdinandi Micrantheum ericoides - uu Omalanthus populifolius Native Bleeding Heart o o o u u u u Phyllanthus hirtellus Thyme Spurge u u u Phyllanthus similis -uuu Poranthera ericifolia - u Poranthera microphylla -uu * Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant u Eupomatiaceae Eupomatia laurina Bolwarra u Fabaceae: Caesalpinoideae * Senna x floribunda -u u * Senna pendula var. glabrata Winter Senna u u u u u u u * Senna septemtrionalis -u Fabaceae: Faboideae Almaleea paludosa - u Aotus ericoides - uo Bossiaea heterophylla Variable Bossiaea u Bossiaea obcordata Spiny Bossiaea u

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 91 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Canavalia rosea Coastal Jack Bean u Daviesia ulicifolia - uu Desmodium rhytidophyllum - oou Desmodium varians -uu * Erythrina crista-galli Cock’s Comb Coral Tree u u * Erythrina x sykesii Indian Coal Tree u Glycine tabacina Love Creeper u o u Gompholobium pinnatum Pinntate Wedge Pea u o Hardenbergia violacea False Sarsaparilla u u u Jacksonia scoparia Dogwood u Jacksonia scoparia var. gonoclada Dogwood (coastal form) o o Maiden &Betche Kennedia rubicunda Dusky Coral Pea uuuuuuu Mirbelia rubiifolia - uo Phyllota phylicoides Common Phyllota u Platylobium formosum Handsome Flat-pea u u u Pultenaea daphnoides -uuo Pultenaea retusa - uo Vigna vexillata var. youngiana Wild Cow Pea u u u Fabaceae: Mimosoideae Acacia concurrens Curricabah o o Acacia implexa Hickory ooo ouuo Acacia irrorata subsp. irrorata Green Wattle u o u o u u u Acacia longifolia subsp. longifolia Sydney Golden Wattle u u o o o u o o Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae Coastal Wattle u c o Acacia longissima Long-leaf Wattle u u u Acacia myrtifolia Myrtle Wattle u o Acacia suaveolens Sweet-scented Wattle u o Acacia ulicifolia Prickly Moses u u u Flacourtiaceae Scolopia braunii Flintwood u Gentianaceae * Centaurium tenuifllorum Common Centaury o u

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 92 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Geraniaceae Geranium homeanum -ou Geranium solanderi Native Geranium u Goodeniaceae Dampiera stricta - uu Goodenia hederacea var. Violet-leaved Goodenia u u hederacea Goodenia ovata Hop Goodenia u u Goodenia paniculata Swamp Goodenia u Scaevola albida var. albida - oo Scaevola ramossisima Snake Flower u u Haloragaceae Gonocarpus teucrioides Germander Raspwort u u Lamiaceae H Westringia fruticosa Coast Rosemary o Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis - o Cassytha glabella Slender Devils Twine u u u u u u u Cassytha pubescens Common Devils Twine u u u u u u * Cinnamomum camphora Camphor Laurel u u u Endiandra sieberi Corkwood o o u Lobeliaceae Lobelia dentata Toothed Lobelia u u u u Pratia purpurascens Whiteroot u o o u u u u Loganiaceae Logania albiflora Logania u u u Mitrasacme polymorpha - uo Loranthaceae Dendrophthoe vitellina -u Muellerina celastroides -uuu Malaceae

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 93 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 * Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Cotoneaster uu Malvaceae Hibiscus diversifolius Swamp Hibiscus u Hibiscus heterophyllus Native Rosella u *H Lagunaria patersonii Norfolk Island Hibiscus u u u * Malva neglecta Dwarf Mallow oo * Modiola caroliniana Red-flowered Mallow uu * Sida rhombifolia Paddy’s Lucerne u u u u u u o o Meliaceae Dysoxylum fraserianum Rosewood u Melia azedarach var. australasica White Cedar u u Synoum glandulosum Bastard Rosewood o o u Menispermaceae Sarcopetalum harveyanum Pearl Vine u Stephania japonica var. discolor Snake Vine oouuuu uu Monimiaceae Wilkiea huegeliana Wilkiea u u Moraceae * Ficus elastica Rubber Tree u Ficus fraseri Sandpaper Fig c o u u Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson Fig o u u u Maclura cochinchinensis Cockspur Thorn o o u u u o o u Myoporaceae Myoporum boninense subsp. -uuuou australe Myrsinaceae Rapanea howittiana Brush Muttonwood o Rapanea varibilis Muttonwood o u u u u u Myrtaceae Acmena smithii Lillypilly o o u u u Angophora floribunda Rough-barked Apple o u

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 94 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Backhousia myrtifolia Grey Myrtle u u u u u Callistemon pachyphyllus Wallum Bottlebrush u Corymbia gummifera Red Bloodwood u Corymbia intermedia Pink Bloodwood u o o u u Eucalyptus carnea White Mahogany u Eucalyptus siderophloia Northern Ironbark u Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest Red Gum o Leptospermum laevigatum Coastal Teatree c u u c o Leptospermum polygalifolium Yellow Tea-tree u u o o u subsp. polygalifolium Leptospermum trinervium Flaky-barked Tea Tree u Leptospermum variabile - u Lophostemon confertus Brush Box o c o o o Melaleuca quinquenervia Broad-leaved Paperbark u o c c u u u u o Rhodamnia rubescens Scrub Turpentine u u u Rhodomyrtus psidioides Native Guava u u Syzygium oleosum Brush Cherry u Ochnaceae * Ochna serrulata Ochna u u u u u u Oleaceae Notolaea longifolia forma Large Mock-olive o o o u u u longifolia Notolaea ovata Mock Olive u u u Oxalidaceae * Oxalis corniculatum Creeping Oxalis u u u u o Oxalis perennans -uuu Oxalis rubens - oo Passifloraceae * Passiflora edulis Edible Passionfruit u Passiflora herbertiana subsp. Native Passionfruit o o u u u u u u herbertiana * Passiflora subpeltata White Passion Flower u u u u Pittosporaceae

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 95 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Billardiera scandens Apple Dumplings u u o Pittosporum multiflorum Orange Thorn o o u Pittosporum revolutum Rough-fruit Pittosporum o u u Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosporum o o o u o u u o Plantaginaceae * Plantago lanceolata Plantain u u u u u o c Polygalaceae Comesperma ericinum Matchheads o Polygonaceae * Acetosa sagittata Turkey Rhubarb u u u * Persicaria capitata - uu Persicaria decipiens Spotted Knotweed u u Persicaria hydropiper Water Pepper Rumex brownii Dock uuuu * Rumex crispus Curled Dock u o o Primulaceae * Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel u u u u u u o Proteaceae Banksia aemula Wallum Banksia u Banksia ericifolia var. ericifolia Heath-leaved Banksia u o Banksia integrifolia var. integrifolia Coast Banksia u u u o c o o u o Banksia oblongifolia - o Banksia spinulosa var. collina Hair-pin Banksia u o Hakea dactyloides Finger Hakea u u Hakea teretifolia Dagger Hakea u o Isopogon anemonifolius Drumsticks u Lambertia formosa Mountain Devil u u Lomatia silaifolia Crinkle Bush u o Persoonia lanceolata u Persoonia levis Broad-leaved Geebung u u Persoonia linearis Narrow-leaved Geebung u u Persoonia stradbrokiensis -uuoo Persoonia virgata - u

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 96 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Ranunculaceae Clematis aristata Old Mans Beard u u u Ranunculus inundatus River Buttercup u u * Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup u u u u u o Rhamnaceae Alphitonia excelsa Red Ash o o u u Cryptandra amara var. amara - u Pomaderris lanigera Woolly Pomaderris u u Rosaceae Rubus hillii Molucca Bramble u Rubus parvifolius Native Raspberry u u Rubiaceae Morinda jasminoides Jasmine Morinda o o u u Opercularia diphylla Thin-leaved Stinkweed u u u u Psychotria loniceroides Hairy Psychotria u Pomax umbellata Pomax u u o o Rutaceae Acronychia oblongifolia Common Acronychia u Boronia pinnata Pinnate Boronia u o Zieria smithii Sandfly Zieria u o u Santalaceae Exocarpos cupressiformis Cherry Ballart u u u Exocarpos strictus Dwarf Cherry u u Leptomeria acida Acid Drops u u Sapindaceae Alectryon coriaceus Beach Alectryon o u u o u Cupaniopsis anacardioides Tuckeroo c o u u u o u o Dodonaea triquetra Hop Bush u o u c u Guioa semiglauca Guioa o u u u u Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus Foambark Tree u forma pseudorhus

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 97 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia collina subsp. collina - u Veronica plebeia -uuuuu Solanaceae Duboisia myoporoides Corkwood u u u u * Physalis peruviana Cape Gooseberry u u u u u Solanum aviculare Kangaroo Apple u * Solanum mauritianum Wild Tobacco u u u u u * Solanum nigrum Black Berry Nightshadeooouuu oo Stylidiaceae Stylidium graminifolium Trigger Plant u Thymelaeaceae Pimelea ligustrina subsp. ligustrina -u u Pimelia linifolia subsp. linifolia Rice Flower u o o o u Wikstroemia indica - u Tremandraceae Tetratheca thymifolia - u Ulmaceae Celtis paniculata Native Celtis u Trema aspera Native Peach o u u u Urticaceae * Parietaria judaica Wall Pellitory oo Verbenaceae Clerodendrum floribundum -u Clerodendrum tomentosum Hairy Clerodendrum o o u u u u N* Lantana camara Lantana (pink and orange ooouuo ou flowered forms) * Verbena bonariensis Veined Verbena u u u u u o o * Verbena rigida Purple Tops u o o Violaceae Hybanthus monopetalus Spade Flower u

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 98 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Viola hederacea form B Native Violet u u u Vitaceae Cayratia clematidea Native Grape o o u u u u u Cissus antarctica Native Grape u Cissus hypoglauca Water Vine o u u u u u u MAGNOLIOPSIDA: Liliideae Amaryllidaceae Crinum pedunculatum Swamp Lily u u Anthericaceae Burchardia umbellata Milkmaids u Caesia vittata Blue Grass Lily u Araceae Gymnostachys anceps Settler’s Flax o u u Arecaceae H Archontophoenix cunninghamiana Bangalow Palm u Livistona australis Cabbage Palm u u H* Phoenix canariensis Canary Island Date Palm u * Syagrus romanzoffianum Cocos Palm u u Asparagaceae * Myrsiphyllum asparagoides Bridal Veil Creeper u u u u * Protasparagus aethiopicus Asparagus Fern u u o o o o Colchicaceae * Gloriosa superba Gloriosa Lily u o u u Commelinaceae Aneilema acuminatum -uu Commelina cyanea Scurvy Weed ooou u uu * Tradescantia fluminensis Wandering Jew u u u u o o Cyperaceae Baumea juncea Bare Twig Rush c o u Baumea rubiginosa - uu

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 99 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Bolboschoenus fluviatilis -uu Carex declinata -u Carex longebrachiata Bergalia Tussock u o o u u Carex pumila Strand Sedge u o u Caustis flexuosa Old Mans’ Beard u Cyathochaeta diandra - uo * Cyperus eragrostis Umbrella Sedge u u u Cyperus laevigatus -uu Cyperus stradbrokiensis -uuuu Eleocharis acuta - Eleocharis sphacelata Tall Spike Rush Fimbristylis dichotoma -uuu Gahnia aspera - uu Gahnia clarkei -uu Gahnia sieberiana Red Fruited Saw Sedge u o u u Isolepis inundata -uuuu Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club Rush o c u o Lepidosperma laterale Rapier Sedge u u u o Ptilothrix deusta - uo Schoenus apogon - u Schoenus brevifolius Zig-zag Bog Rush u u Schoenus melanostachys Black Bog Rush u u Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea transversa Native Yam u Iridaceae * Gladiolus gueinzii -ou Patersonia glabrata Purple Flag u u Patersonia sericea Silky Purple Flag u Juncaceae Juncus kraussii var. australasica Sea Rush oo uu Juncus mollis - u Juncus planifolius Broad-leaved Rush u Juncus usitatus Common Rush u u u u u

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 100 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Liliaceae s. lat. * Lilium formosanum Formosa Lily u u Lomandraceae Lomandra filiformis subsp. - uu filiformis Lomandra longifolia Mat Rush oooooouu Lomandra multiflora Many-flowered Mat Rush u u u u Luzuriagaceae Eustrephus latifolius Wombat Berry o o o u u Geitonoplesium cymosum Scrambling Wire Lilyooououuuu Pandanaceae Pandanus tectorius var. Screw Pine ou australianus Phormiaceae Dianella caerulea var. producta Blue Flax Lily u u u Dianella longifolia var. longifolia - uu Poaceae Agrostis avenacea var. avenacea Blown Grass u u u u * Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass u u * Andropogon virginicus Whiskey Grass u u u u Aristida ramosa var. ramosa Three-Awn Speargrass u u * Avena fatua Wild Oats u u u o * Briza maxima Quaking Grass u u u u u * Briza minor Trembling Grass u u u * Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass u u u u u o * Chloris gayana Rhodes Grass u u u u o Cymbopogon refractus Barbed Wire Grass u u Cynodon dactylon Common Couch u u u u u u u o o Dichelachne crinita Longhair Plumegrass u u * Digitaria sanguinalis Summer Grass uo Echinopogon caespitosus var. Hedgehog Grass u o o o u u caespitosus

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 101 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 * Ehrharta erecta Panic Veldt Grass u u o o Entolasia marginata Bordered Panic u u o u u Entolasia stricta Wiry Panic u o Eragrostis brownii Brown’s Love Grass u u o u u * Eragrostis curvula African Love Grass u u u Imperata cylindrica var. major Blady Grass uoouuouuo Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides Meadow Rice Grass o o o u o u u u Oplismenus aemulus Basket Grass u u Oplismenus imbecillis Basket Grass o o o u u u u u * Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum uuuu uuoo * Paspalum urvillei Vasey Grass u u u u o o * Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu u u u u u o c Phragmites australis Native Reed o u Poa sieberiana Tussock Grass u u * Setaria sphacelata South African Pigeon uouu u Grass Spinifex sericeus Beach Spinifex u c u * Sporobolus indicus var. capensis Slender Rat’s Tail Grass u uuuuoo Sporobolus virginicus var. Sand Couch u o u virginicus * Stenotaphrum secundatum Buffalo Grass u u o u c c Stipa verticillata Speargrass u u Themeda australis Kangaroo Grass u o o o o u Zoysia macrantha Salt Couch u u u Restionaceae Baloskion tetraphyllum subsp. o meiostachys Empodisma minus Spreading Rope Rush u Leptocarpus tenax Tassel Rush u Lepyrodia scariosa - uu Smilacaceae Smilax australis -ouu Smilax glyciphylla Native Sarsaparilla u o o u u Typhaceae

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 102 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Typha orientalis Cumbungi u Uvulariaceae Schelhammera undulatum Lilac Lily u u Xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoea fulva Grass Tree u u Zingiberaceae Alpinia caerulea Native Ginger u * Hedychium gardnerianum Wild Ginger u u

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 103 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 APPENDIX 2 Table 7. Threatened fauna species previously recorded in the local area (10 km radius), their preferred habitat and likelihood of occurring in the study area. Key E Endangered (EPBC Act) V Vulnerable (EPBC Act) M Migratory Provision (EPBC Act)

Common Name Scientific Name TSC Act EPBC Act Recorded No. records Preferred Habitat Likelihood of (1995) (1999) in study < 10 km occurrence area Frogs Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula 2 - No 6 Shallow coastal acidic swamp and sedge Low. Possible land often in association with Melaleuca habitat in Map Units spp.1,2 3a, 5b. Reptiles Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta 1 E No 2 Forages in deep water throughout warm None temperate and tropical waters. 3 Green turtle Chelonia mydas 2 V No 2 Tropical coastlines and pan-tropical None distribution throughout the world. 3 Leathery Turtle Demochelys coriacea 2 V No 1 Throughout coastal waters of Australia. None 3 Birds Magpie Goose Anseranas 2 M No 1 Large seasonal wetlands and well None semipalmata vegetated dams with rushes and sedges. 4 Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus 1 M No 3 Coastal wetland systems, mangroves, None asiaticus tidal mudflats, open woodlands, irrigated lands, bore drains, farm dams and sewerage ponds. 4,5 Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura 2 M No 2 Open eucalypt forests, woodlands, High – habitat in timbered watercourses and mallee that Map Units 1a, 2a, are rich in passerine species. May 2b, 3a, 4a, 5a, 5b. forage over adjacent heaths and low

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 104 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Common Name Scientific Name TSC Act EPBC Act Recorded No. records Preferred Habitat Likelihood of (1995) (1999) in study < 10 km occurrence area scrub. 4,6,7 Osprey Pandion haliaetus 2 M Yes (2) 22 Coasts, estuaries, bays, inlets, islands Known from survey and surrounding waters, terrestrial area and adjacent wetlands, ascends larger rivers. sites. Requires extensive areas of clear open water for foraging. 4,6,7 Black-tailed Limosa limosa 2 M No 1 Tidal mudflats, estuaries, sand spits, Low – possible Godwit shallow river margins, sewerage ponds, habitat in Map inland on large lake systems both fresh Units 3a, 4a and brackish. 4 Comb-crested Irediparra gallinacea 2 M No 2 Floating vegetation of permanent and None Jacana semi permanent wetlands, well vegetated dams. 4,5,8 Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus 2 M No 3 Undisturbed sandy, shell grit and High – edges of longirostris pebbly beaches, sand spits, sandbars, Map Units 4a, 6a. tidal mudflats, coastal islands. Occasionally rocky reefs, shorelines, brackish or saline wetlands. 4 Sooty Haematopus 2 M Yes (2) 8 Intertidal rocky shores and reefs Known along rocky Oystercatcher fuliginosus although occasional tidal mudflats and foreshores (Map sand spits. 4 Unit 6a), possible habitat along edges of Map Unit 4a Little Tern Sterna albifrons 1 M No 1 Coastal waters, bays, inlets, saline, High – Map Units brackish lakes, salt fields, sewerage 4a, 6a. ponds near coast. 4 Wompoo Fruit Ptilinopus magnificus 2 - No 4 Rainforests, adjacent eucalypt forest, Moderate – some Dove vine thickets, mangroves, fruiting trees marginal habitat in in riparian zones and isolated habitats 4, Map Units 1a, 2a. 9,10

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 105 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Common Name Scientific Name TSC Act EPBC Act Recorded No. records Preferred Habitat Likelihood of (1995) (1999) in study < 10 km occurrence area Rose Crowned Ptilinopus regina 2 - No 1 Rainforests, vine scrubs, wet Moderate – some Fruit Dove sclerophyll forest, adjacent eucalypt marginal habitat in forest near rainforest, swamp Map Units 1a, 2a. woodlands, mangroves, isolated fruiting trees. 4,9,10 Glossy Black- Calyptorhynchus 2 - Yes (6) 29 Eucalypt woodlands and forest closely Known – evidence Cockatoo lathami associated with Allocasuarina and of chewed Casuarina species 4,6,11 Allocasuarina fruits in Map Units 5a, 5b. Powerful Owl Ninox strenua 2 - No 1 Mountain forests both wet and dry, High – possible gullies, forest margins, woodlands, foraging habitat in coastal forest, scrubs, plantations, Map Units 1a, 2a, riparian habitats, sometimes urban 2b, 5a. areas. Requires elevated hollows for nesting. 4,6,12,13,14,15,16 Barred Cuckoo- Coracina lineata 2 - No 2 Rainforests, vine scrub, eucalypt forest Moderate – possible shrike and woodlands, clearings in secondary habitat in Map growth, paperbark forests, timbered Units 1a, 2a, 2b, 3a, watercourses, native figs, plantations 4a. and gardens. 4 Mammals Brush-tailed Phascogale tapoatafa 2 - Yes (2) 8 Open dry sclerophyll forests and Known – habitat in Phascogale woodlands with an open understorey. Map units 2a, 2b, Uses variety of hollow resources. 8,17,18 5a, 5b. Koala Phascolarctos 2 - No 1 Closely associated with high nutrient Low – no primary cinereus soils in eucalypt forests. Preferred browse species on species include swamp mahogany, site, but may utilise tallowwood, forest red gum. 18,19,20,21,22 adjacent areas of Hat Head NP.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 106 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Common Name Scientific Name TSC Act EPBC Act Recorded No. records Preferred Habitat Likelihood of (1995) (1999) in study < 10 km occurrence area Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis 2 - Yes (2) 22 Inhabits dry sclerophyll forest and Known – habitat in woodland where it requires an Map Units 2a, 2b, abundance of tree hollows. A variety of 4a, 5a, 5b foraging resources are required to enable year round food supply i.e. winter flower Banksia spp or swamp mahogany. 18,24,25,26 Grey-Headed Pteropus 2 V Yes (2) 16 Throughout coastal eastern Australia Known – possible Flying Fox poliocephalus where it forages on a wide range of fruit habitat in Map and blossom. Roosts occur in dense Units 1a, 2a, 2b, forest types often close to water with 4a, 5a. animals dispersing up to 50 km a night to forage. Roost site at Arakoon 18, 27, 28, 34

Common Blossom Syconycteris australis 2 - No 1 A combination of heathland and coastal High – possible Bat littoral rainforest is essential for this habitat in Map species. 28,29 Units 1a, 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b Little Bent-wing Miniopterus australis 2 - No 3 Well timbered habitats, rainforest, High – possible Bat Melaleuca swamps, dry sclerophyll habitat in Map forests. Often roosts in caves, road Units 1a, 2a, 2b, 3a, culverts and tree hollows. 8,28,30,31,32 5a, 5b Greater Broad- Scoteanax rueppellii 2 - No 1 Preference for moist gully associated High – possible nosed Bat with coastal forest and rainforest. Also habitat in Map occupies woodland, sclerophyll forests. Units 1a, 2a, 2b, 5a, 28 5b Hoary Wattled Bat Chalinolobus 2 - No 1 Occupy range of forest types including High – possible nigrogriseus monsoonal forest, tall open forest, open habitat in Map woodland, vine thickets, coastal scrubs, Units 1a, 2a, 2b, 3a, sand dunes, grasslands and floodplains. 5a, 5b

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 107 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Common Name Scientific Name TSC Act EPBC Act Recorded No. records Preferred Habitat Likelihood of (1995) (1999) in study < 10 km occurrence area 28

Eastern Free-tail Mormopterus 2 - No 3 Found in dry eucalypt forest, woodland, High – possible Bat norfolkensis wet sclerophyll and rainforest east of habitat in Map the Great Dividing Range. 28, 33 Units 1a, 2a, 2b, 3a, 5a, 5b Eastern Cave Bat Vespadelus troughtoni 2 No 1 Cave dwelling species that inhabits Moderate – some tropical mixed woodland and wet foraging habitat in sclerophyll forest on the coast and Map Units 1a, 2a, dividing range. 28 2b Humpback Whale Megaptera 2 V & M No 6 Worldwide distribution where it None novaeangliae inhabits migrates to warmer water to breed. On east coast migration extends into Hervey Bay and southern Great Barrier Reef.18

1 = Ehmann (1997), 2 = (SFNSW 1995a), 3 = Cogger (1995), 4 = Pizzey and Knight (1997), 5 = Marchant and Higgins (1990), 6 = Garnett (1993), 7 = Marchant and Higgins (1993), 8 = B. Lewis pers. obs, 9 = Marchant and Davies (1996), 10 = Recher et al. (1995), 11 = Clout (1989), 12 = Kavanagh et al. (1995), 13 = Kavanagh and Bamkin (1994), 14 = Debus and Chafer (1994), 15 = Lavazanian et al. (1994), 16 = Webster et al (1999). 17 = Soderquist (1995), 18 = Menkhorst and Knight (2001), 19 = Lunney et al. (1998), 20 = Knott et al. (1998), 21 = Martin and Handasyde (1995), 22 = Reed et al. (1990). 23 = Suckling (1995), 24 = Suckling (1984), 25 = Menkhorst et al. (1998), 26= Rowston (1998), 27 = Tidemann (1995), 28 = Churchill (1998), 29 = Law (1993), 30 = Schultz (1997), 31 = Schultz and de Oliveira (1995), 32 = Dwyer (1995), 33 = Allison and Hoye (1995), 34 = Eby (2002).

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 108 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 APPENDIX 3 Table 8. Explanation of RoTAP codes (adapted from Briggs & Leigh 1996).

CONSERVATION STATUS CODES for NATIVE FLORA (Briggs & Leigh 1996).

Distribution Category 1 Known by only one collection only. 2 Species with a geographic range of less than 100 km. 3 Species with a geographic range of greater than 100 km.

Conservation Status X Presumed extinct: not collected or otherwise verified over the past 50 years. E Endangered: taxon in serious risk of disappearing from the wild within 10-20 years if present land use and other threats continue to operate. V Vulnerable: not currently endangered; at risk of disappearing from the wild state within 20-50 years. R Rare: but not currently endangered or vulnerable. K Poorly Known: taxon that is suspected, but not definitely known, to belong to one of the above categories. At present, accurate field distribution information is inadequate. C Reserved: has at least one population within a National Park, Conservation Reserve, or area dedicated for the protection of flora.

Size-class of all Reserved Populations a 1000 plants or more are known to occur within a conservation reserve(s). i less than 1000 plants are known to occur within a conserved reserve(s). - reserved population size is not accurately known. t Total known population reserved. + Overseas occurrence (included if the taxon has a natural occurrence overseas).

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 109 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118

APPENDIX 4 Table 9. Explanation of Noxious Weeds categories (Noxious Weeds Act 1993, Order No. 14, August 1999)

ACTION FOR NOXIOUS WEED CATEGORIES

W1 The presence of the weed on land must be notified to the local control authority and the weed must be fully and continuously suppressed and destroyed.

W2 The weed must be fully and continuously suppressed and destroyed.

W3 The weed must be prevented from spreading and its numbers and distribution reduced.

W4 In accordance with sections 8(3) and 9 of the Act, where a letter follows the letters W4, in the third column of the Schedule, the action as specified below must be taken in respect of the W4 weeds as follows: W4a The weed must not be sold, propagated or knowingly distributed and any part of the weed must be prevented from growing within 3 metres of the boundary of a property.

W4b The weed must not be sold, propagated or knowingly distributed and any existing weed must be prevented from flowering and fruiting.

W4c The weed must not be sold, propagated or knowingly distributed and the weed must be prevented from spreading to an adjoining property.

W4d The weed must not be sold, propagated or knowingly distributed and the weed must be fully and continuously suppressed and destroyed if it is:

three (3) metres in height or less, or within half a kilometre of remnant urban bushland, as defined by SEPP 19, and is not deemed by a council as having historical or heritage significance, or

is over three (3) metres in height and not included in a Management Plan approved by the local control authority W4e The weed must be fully and continuously suppressed and destroyed. All reasonable precautions must be taken to ensure produce, soil, livestock, equipment and vehicles are free of the weed before sale or movement from an infested area of the property. W4f The weed must not be sold, propagated or knowingly distributed. Any biological control or other control program directed by a local control authority must be implemented.

W4g The weed must not be sold, propagated or knowingly distributed.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 111 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 APPENDIX 5 Table 10. Regionally Significant Flora Species The site provides actual and potential habitat for a number of flora species which are of regional conservation significance in the north coast bioregion. Table 10 (below) privides notes on their habitat, based on information from Sheringham (2003) and NPWS Atlas of NSW Wildlife.

Key to Codes for Table 4

Status Conservation Status and known reservation Status Conservation Status and known reservation S1 Endangered (Schedule 1 of TSC Act, 1995) 8 N&S limit of dist S2 Vulnerable (Schedule 2 of TSC Act, 1995) 9 Atypical habitat E Endangered (EPBC Act, 1999) x possibly extinct V Vulnerable (EPBC Act, 1999) r reserved 1 RoTAP (Briggs & Leigh, 1995) u unreserved 2 Rare across entire range NP National Park 3 Rare in NSW NP Nature Reserve 4 Regionally uncommon SF State Forest 5 May occur in degraded habitats SRA State Recreation Area 6 Endemic SCA State Conservation Area 7 Disjunct >100km FR Forest Reserve

Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region Alisma plantago- 4 8N u Woodburn district Woodburn district _ Woodburn Grows in shallow Map Units 3a; also aquatica (1962) - northern (1962) - northern district fresh water in a possible in other limit limit (1962) - range of habitats. smaller wetland areas, northern but most of these limit highly disturbed.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 112 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region Aotus lanigera 8S r N of Taree _ _ - Grows in scrub or Possible in Map Units heath on sandy soils 5a, 5b. Austromyrtus 8S r N of Hunter Valley Sea Acres, Stotts _ - Dry rainforest Unlikely but minor bidwillii (Harden) Island; Booti possibility in Map Booti; Cape Units 1a, 2a. Hawke. Austromyrtus 8S r N of Urunga _ _ - Grows in heath or Possible in Map Units dulcis (Harden) dry sclerophyll forest 5a, 5b. on sandy soils. Baeckea 8N u S from Coffs _ _ - Grows in heath, Possible habitat in ramosissima ssp Harbour woodland or dry Map Units 5a, 5b. ramosissima sclerophyll forest on poor soils Baeckea 8S r N of Pt Macquarie _ _ - Grows in heath on Possible habitat in stenophylla sandy soil. Map Units 5a, 5b.

Banksia ericifolia 8N r Broadwater NP _ _ - Grows in deep sand, Unlikely given var. macrantha often seasonally apparent habitat damp requirements, but possible habitat in Map Unit 4a. Baumea acuta 4 r _ Lake Aragan, S of _ - In swamps and damp Recorded on survey Yamba heath on open sandy area. soils; mainly coastal. Boronia falcifolia 8S r N from Buladelah _ _ - Grows in heath in Possible habitat in damp sandy sites. Map Units 5a, 5b.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 113 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region Boronia 8S r N from Port _ _ - Grows in sandy wet Possible habitat in safrolifera Stephens heath Map Units 5a, 5b.

Bridelia exaltata 8S r N of Seal Rocks. _ _ - Moist and dry Possible habitat in rainforest from sea- Map Units 1a, 2a. level to 600 metres Buchnera gracilis 4 r _ Yuraygir NP. _ Grows in coastal Possible habitat in districts, north of the Map Units 2a, 5a, 5b. Macleay River. Caladenia 3x 7 u Brunswick Heads is Brunswick Heads _ 3 Localities Favours open forest Possible habitat in quadrifaria 8N northern limit; Lake (1942); Old Bar unreserved. and tall heathland in Map Units 4a, 5a, 5b, Munmorah is Taree (1933); stabilised dunes and 6a. southern limit Smith's Lake, interdunes close to Buladelah (1924); the sea. Lake Macquarie, Belmont (1931); Lake Munmorah . Caladenia sp B 4(k) k Restricted to _ _ - Restricted to Coastal Possible habitat in 8N Coastal Sclerophyll Sclerophyll Forest in Map Units 5a, 5b. Forest in sandy sandy soils. soils. Callistemon 8S r N from Raymond _ _ - Grows in moist Possible habitat in pachyphyllus Terrace ground in wallum Map Units 4a, 5a, 5b. heath and hind dunes. Callitris 8S r Brooms Head VCL _ _ - Grows in coastal Possible habitat in columellaris sandy soils. Map Units 5a, 5b.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 114 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region Callitris 8S r N from Pt Stephens _ _ - mainly found in Unlikely given limited macleayana rainforest on the extent of habitat on coast. site. Calochilus 8S r N from Buladelah _ _ - Grows in coastal Possible habitat in grandiflorus District heath scattered. Map Units 5a, 5b.

Calystegia 4 7 r _ NSWHER - _ - Grows in sandy and Possible habitat in soldanella Ballina (1892); rocky coatal areas. Map Units 5a, 5b. Angourie Point; cliff top at Red Cliff, near Brooms Head. Yuraygir NP. Casuarina 8S r N from Laurieton. _ _ - Grows on rocky Present in Map Units equisetifolia headlands on the 6a, 7a. coast; Often planted on sand dunes. Recorded in survey area. Chloanthes 4 7 8N u _ Red Rock; Shark _Not Grows in sclerophyll Present in Map Unit stoechadis Bay- Northern reserved forest and woodland 3a. Limit in sandy soil. Recorded in survey area. Coleocarya 8S r North West of _ _ - Grows in coastal Possible habitat in gracilis Hawk's Nest scrub on heath on Map Units 5a, 5b. sand

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 115 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region Crinum 5 r _ Broadwater NP; _ - Grows in swamps Present in Map Units pedunculatum Bundjalung NP; and along stream 3a, 4a. Yuraygir NP; banks in coastal Brunswick Heads districts. Recorded NR (Williams & in survey area. Harden 1985); Esk River Island. Cryptocarya 8S r N from Smoky __-Grows in warmerPossible habitat in triplinervis Cape. rainforest, especially Map Units 1a, 2a. littoral rainforest. Cynanchum 8S r N from Smoky _ _ - Salt Marshes, Inner Present in Map Unit carnosum Cape Fringe of Mangroves 3a and on headlands. Recorded in survey area. Cyperus odoratus 4 u _ Evans Head VCL; _ - On creek banks and Possible habitat in Maclean Wetlands in swamps; in coastal Map Units 2a, 3a. areas, rare. Cyperus 4 r _ Clarence River; _ - Grows on floating No habitat on site. platystylis Swanpool, Hat mats in swamps in Head NP; N of coastal areas. Kinchela Cyperus 8S r Hat Head = Sth _ _ - Grows in littoral Present in Map Units stradbrokensis limit rainforest and heath. 3a, 5a, 5b, 6a.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 116 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region Cyperus 5 8S r _ South of _ South of Grows on coastal Possible habitat in subulatus Pottsville; Pottsville dunes, occasionally Map Unit 4a. Brunswick in woodland. Heads;South of Pottsville;Back Beach, Bundjalung NP. Damasonium 4(k) u _ Clarence River Royal - Grows in shallow Unlikely given lack of minus Wetlands. National fresh water in a freshwater habitats on Park- Jibbon range of habitats. the site. Lagoon. Darwinia 4(k) k Laurieton to Clyde _ _ - Grows in heath on Possible habitat in leptantha 8N River. poorly drained Map Units 5a, 5b. sandstone soils, on the coast and ranges. Daviesia 4(k) rNorth from Myall __-Grows in dryPossible habitat in corymbosa 8N Lakes sclerophyll forest or Map Units 5a, 5b. heath on sandy soil over sandstone. Dendrobium 2 u _ Ballina (1891); Lower Blue - Grows frequently on Unlikely. melaleucaphilum Port Macquarie Mountains. Melaleuca (1922); styphelioides less Copmanhurst NW commonly on of Grafton rainforest trees or on rocks in coastal districts. Digitaria 3 8S r _ Bundjalung NP; _ - Grows in sandy soils Possible habitat in leucostachya Yuraygir NP. in coastal areas. Map Units 4a, 5a, 5b.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 117 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region Durringtonia 4 7 r - 'The Gap' Rd, SE - Dunbogan, ‘Grows in closed Possible habitat in paludosa of Woodburn, near sedgeland low-lying areas. Bundjalung NP; E Laurieton; communties in of Esk River Smith's coastal swamps.’ (P. NNW of Iluka; Lake.. Sherringham, Myall Lakes NP; NPWS) Hat Head NP (Numerous Localities); Fimbristylis 3 r _ Hat Head NP Moore Park - Grows on stream Possible habitat in bisumbellata NR. banks. Map Units 2a, 2b. Fimbristylis 8S r Hat Head- Southern _ _ - In woodlands and Possible habitat in cinnamometorum Limit wet flats, on sandy Map Units 2a, 2b, 5a. soil. Galactia k k North from near - - - Grows on coastal Possible habitat in tenuiflora var. Gloucester. headlands or in Map Units 5a, 5b, 6a. villosa (G. sp. A) sclerophyll forest. Genoplesium 4(k) k N from Doyalson _ _ - Grows in sparse Possible habitat in acuminatum 8S(k) (Newcastle?) sclerophyll forest Map Units 3a, 5a. and heath; favours open forest often containing melaleucas and tall grasses and sedges (Bishop, 1996). Genoplesium 4(k) u _ Wardell _ - Widespread Possible habitat within rufum througout coastal survey area. NSW (Bishop,

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 118 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region 1996).

Homoranthus 8S r N from Taree _ _ - Grows in coastal Possible habitat in virgatus heath or dry Map Units 5a, 5b. sclerophyll forest on sandy soil. Lepidosperma 7 8N r Evans Head - Evans Head - Gibraltar Evans Head In heath and Possible habitat in neesii Northern Limit Northern Limit; Range - Northern woodland on sandy Map Units 5a, 5b. SW of Black National limit; Port soils in seasonally Rocks, Park; Macquarie damp situations. Bundjalung NP; disjunct Port Macquarie; from coastal Crowdy Bay. occurences. Leptinella 4 r _ Ballina (1893); _ Marshalls Swamp Sclerophyll Possible habitat in longipes Marshalls Ck Ck VCL, forest Map Units 3a, 4a. VCL, New New Brighton N of Brighton N Brunswick Heads; of Ballina NR; Brunswick Broadwater NP Heads (Griffith 1988). Leptospermum 8N r S from Nambucca _ _ - Grows in coastal Occurs on site in Map laevigatum Heads heath on sand dunes Units 3a, 4a, 5a, 5b, and coastal cliffs. 6a. Recorded in survey area. Leptospermum 8S r N from Myall _ _ - Low lying swampy Unlikely given habitat liversidgei Lakes coastal heath requirements

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 119 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region Leptospermum 8S r N from Forster. _ _ - Coastal Heath on Possible habitat in semibaccatum poorly drained sand Map Units 5a, 5b. Lepyrodia 8S r N from Newcastle _ _ - Grows in wet peaty Possible habitat in caudata soils or sandy soil Map Units 2b, 3a, 5a, along creek banks or 5b. swamps Lepyrodia 8S r Crowdy Bay NP _ _ - Grows in deep sandy Possible habitat in interrupta (Qld herb) peaty soils and on Map Units 2b, 3a, 5a, the edges of swamps 5b. Leucopogon 8S r N from Hawks Nest _ _ - Grows in coastal dry Unlikely given habitat deformis sandplain heaths. requirements. Leucopogon 4 8N r NNW of Brooms NNW of Brooms Newfoundla - Gramoniod heath, Possible habitat in esquamatus Head Head (northern nd SF. Yuraygir NP Map Units 5a, 5b. limit = 29.35 (Griffith, pers.comm. 153.19); ); swampy heath on Yuryagir NP. sandy soils. Leucopogon 8S r N from Hawks Nest _ _ - Grows in coastal Possible habitat in leptospermoides heath and open Map Units 5a, 5b. woodlland on sand Leucopogon 4 7(k) r _ Iluka S end Sth - Dry sclerophyll Possible habitat in muticus Boonoo forest or exposed Map Units 5a, 5b. Boonoo NP, situations on sandy NE of soils. Tenterfield. Lindernia 4(k) 8S N of Buladelah _ _ - Swampy sites in Possible habitat in alsinoides sclerophyll forest Map Units 3a, 5a, 5b. and coastal heath

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 120 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region Lomandra laxa 8S u N from Buladelah _ _ - Commonly grows in Possible habitat in marginal rainforest, Map Units 1a, 2a, 2b, also in sandy soils 5a, 5b. over sandstone and in deep sands Lygodium 8S(k) r Hat Head Southern _ _ - Grows rock crevices; Possible habitat in microphyllum Limit. rare in NSW. Map Units 5a, 5b, 6a. Melastoma affine 8S r N from Kempsey _ _ - Grows in sclerophyll Possible habitat in forests with high soil Map Units 2a, 2b, 3a. moisture or swamps on sandy soil Mischocarpus 8S r Wallis Lake _ _ - Littoral, riverine and Possible habitat in pyriformis dry rainforest. Map Units 1a, 2a. Monococcus 8S r N from Forster _ _ - In subtropical Unlikely but possible echinophorus rainforest near the habitat in Map Unit coast, or along the 1a. banks of coastal streams; not common Ochrosperma 6 7 r Pt Macquarie to _ _ - Grows in heath on Possible habitat in citriodorum Ballina sand, in coastal and Map Units 5a, 5b. near coastal sites. Ochrosperma 8S r N from Forster _ _ - Heath or dry Possible habitat in lineare sclerophyll forest on Map Units 3a, 4a, 5a, sand,in a variety of 5b, 6a. habitats, including wallum flats, foredunes, headlands, swamp

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 121 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region margins

Olax retusa 8S r Crowdy Bay NP _ _ - Grows in heath and Possible habitat in (Griffith) scrub on sandy soil Map Units 5a, 5b. Patersonia 7 r _ Bonny Hills; Boonoo Bonny Hills, Grows in wet heath Possible habitat in fragilis Angourie; Boonoo NP; Angourie on the coast but also Map Units 5a, 5b. Bundjalung NP; Nymboida on the tablelands in Myall Lakes SF; E of high altitude National Park. Backwater; swamps. Mt Kremnos; Round Mountain. Patersonia 4 8N r Near Station Ck, Near Station Ck, _ Arrawarra Grows in dry Possible habitat in longifolia Yuraygir NP - Yuraygir NP - (S. sclerophyll forest Map Units 5a, 5b. northern limit northern limit; Clemesha, and heath on sandy Arrawarra (S. pers. soils Clemesha, pers. comm.). comm.). Persoonia 4(k) r Arakoon SRA Arakoon SRA; _ - Grows in heath to Recorded in survey lanceolata 7(k) Tomaree NP. dry sclerophyll forest area in Map Unit 5b. 8N coastal sand and sandstone.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 122 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region Persoonia levis 8N r Arakoon SRA _ _ - Grows in heath to Recorded in survey dry sclerophyll area in Map Units 5a, forest; North coast 5b. records from Herbarium are fro the coast; this species is common on sandstone. Persoonia 8N r NW of Lake _ _ - Grows in Dry Recorded in survey linearis Arragon, Yuraygir sclerophyll forest or area in Map Units 2b, NP woodland on varoius 5a. soils. Persoonia 8S r N from the _ _ - Grows in coastal Recorded in survey stradbrokensis Hastings River heath to dry area in Map Units 2a, sclerophyll forest on 2b, 5a, 5b. coastal sand. Persoonia 8S r N from Kempsey. _ _ - Grows in dry Recorded in survey virgata sclerophyll forest to area in Map Unit 5b. heath on sandy soils Pisonia 4x u - Ballina (1891); Ballina Ballina ‘…in coastal Possible habitat in Map umbellifera Nelson's Bay (1891); (1891); rainforest north from Unit 1a. (1911) Nelson's Bay Nelson's Bay the Shoalhaven (1911) (1911) River.’ (P. Sherringham, NPWS) Planchonella 8S r North from Forster - - - ‘…Grows in dry and Possible habitat in Map myrsinoides littoral rainforest…’ Unit 1a. (P. Sherringham, NPWS)

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 123 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region Prasophyllum 4 u _ Nabiac (1949); _ Coastal sites to Possible habitat in patens Buladelah (1926); inland districts. Map Units 5a, 5b. Nelson's Bay Grows in heathland, (1972); Raymond woodland and forests Terrace District in a wide range of (1938). soil types. Pterostylis 4 r _ East Ballina Halfway Ck, Banksia integrifolia Possible habitat in ophioglossa (1968); S of Grafton ssp integrifolia dry Map Units 4a, 5a, 5b. Bundjalung NP (S. sclerophyll forest. (Griffith 1983); Clemesha, Woolgoolga pers. Lake;Cudgen comm.); Lake Nature Red Hill, Reserve. near Coffs Harbour (1957). Ripogonum 8S r N from Myall Lake __ Widespread in moistPossible habitat in discolor (Mungo Brush) rainforest, coastal Map Units 1a, 2a. districts Scaevola aemula 4(k) r S from South West _ _ - Dry sclerophyll Possible habitat in 8N Rocks forest on sandy soil, Map Units 5a, 5b. chiefly in coastal districts Schoenus 8N r N from South West _ _ - Grows in wet heath Possible habitat in scabripes Rocks on sandy soils. Map Units 5a, 5b.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 124 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region Sophora 4 r Grows on sea Woody Head, _ Grows on seashores Unlikely, but possible tomentosa shores N of Port Bundjalung NP; north from Port habitat in or near Map Macquarie Arrawarra Macquarie. Unit 4a. Headland; Tweed Heads (1907); Iluka (1961); Yuraygir National Park; Tweed Heads (1907). Sparganium 4(k) k _ _ _ Still or slow flowing Unlikely given habitat subglobosum water to 50cm deep. requirements. Sprengelia 4 8N r Lennox Head- N side of Brooms _ - Grows in swampy Possible habitat in incarnata Northern Limit. Head, Yuraygir heath on sand. Map Units 5a, 5b. NP; S of Minnie Waters, Yuraygir NP; Broadwater NP; Lennox Head- Northern Limit. Stackhousia 4(k) u _ Alumy Creek, _ - Often near beaches Possible habitat in spathulata near Grafton; or lagoons; Map Units 3a, 4a. Kyogle (1957). widespread in coastal district. Symphionema 4(k) r Point Plomer Nabiac VCL _ Grows in swampy Possible habitat in paludosum 8N heath Map Units 5a, 5b. Syzygium 8S r N from Kempsey _ _ - Grows in littoral and Possible habitat in leuhmannii subtropical rainforest Map Unit 1a. Utricularia aurea 4(k) 8S k Kempsey (1968) Kempsey (1968); Myrtle Grows in lakes pools Unlikely given habitat Broadwater NP Creek, and swamps requirements.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 125 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Botanical Name Status Reserved Known Known Known Known Known Habitat Potential Occurrence Distribution occurrence in occurrence unreserved on Site Coastal Region outside Locations. Coastal Region (1915)

Utricularia 4(k) k S from Kendall. _ _ Grows in still or Unlikely given habitat australis 8N slowly flowing water requirements. Utricularia 4 r _ Byron Bay (1896); _ Grows in wet sand Unlikely but marginal biloba vacant crown land and shallow water in habitat in Map Unit N of Lennox coastal heath. 5b. Head; Crash Fire Trail, Broadwater NP; Bundjalung NP. Utricularia 4 8N r SW of Evans Head, SW of Evans _ Grows in bogs or wet Unlikely given habitat uniflora Bundjalung NP - Head, Bundjalung soils by streams requirements. northern limit NP - northern limit; Barcoongere Airstrip, N of Red Rock (1959). Vigna marina 8S r N from Pt North Solitary Hastings - Dune Bean; Grows Possible habitat in Macquarie Island; Arrawarra Point, E of in coastal situations Map Unit 4a. Headland N of Murwillumb Woolgoolga; ah. Bundjalung NP; NE of Rocky Pt Headland, Yuraygir NP.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 126 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 APPENDIX 6 Table 11. Conservation Significance of Vegetation Communities in the North Coast Bioregion where they occur within or near the survey area (extracted from Sheringham; NPWS, 1998; Griffith, 1993).

Occurrence of Vegetation Formation (described by dominant and co-dominant species for each formation or sub-formation) within dedicated Reserves (ha) Formation/Subformation/Community NPWS Code Forest Type NR Ballina NR Tyagarah 1 Sub-Region Totals River Richmond NR Broadwater NP NP Bundjalung Iluka NR Yuraygir NR 2 Sub-Region Totals Moonee Beach NR Bay NP Crowdy Hat Head NP & Arakoon SCA Kattang NR Lake InnesNR Limburners Creek NR 4 Sub-Region Totals

Formation: Forest & Woodland Subtropical Rainforest: Livistona australis 000370 0 1.50001.5008 0008 Littoral Rainforest: Cupaniopsis anacardioides 050224022 023.56841.55579 40070 Lophostemon confertus 0503 25 0 7 7 000014 012510027 Wet Sclerophyll Forest: Lophostemon confertus 3002 53 0 0 1 44 8.5 13 66.5 0 0 74.5 05079.5 Corymbia intermedia 3005 N/A 0 0 17.5008.5 0000000 Corymbia intermedia - Eucalyptus 3015?650 0 05005000 0000 siderophloia - Eucalyptus tereticornis Lophostemon confertus - Corymbia 3016 53 0 0 0 335 15 0 350 0 0 0.5 0000.5 intermedia Dry Sclerophyll Forest & Woodland: Eucalyptus tereticornis 3512 92 0 0 0 10.5 0 87 97.5 0 0 17.5 0611795.5 Allocasuarina littoralis 3513 N/A 0 13 13 1 0 0 0 4 31 0 65.5 30 4 6 3 108.5

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 127 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Banksia integrifolia ssp. integrifolia 3523 107 0 0 2 0 8.5 12 73.5 95.5 6 13 0 30319 Casuarina equisetifolia ssp. incana 3524 N/A 0 0 0120618 10 4 1 1.5 0 0 6.5 Angophora floribunda - Corymbia 35251290 0 00000010 92214 intermedia/Banksia serrata Leptospermum laevigatum 3527 N/A 0 0 00000 018011 0 0 28.5 Corymbia intermedia 3528 N/A 0 0 4 57.5 0.5 0 62 5 0 30 0 66.5 95.5 192 Corymbia intermedia - Eucalyptus 3533 ?92 0 0 0 70 4 0 74 0 0 8 022131 tereticornis Corymbia intermedia - Banksia serrata 3551 N/A 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 0 0 16 00016 Allocasuarina littoralis - Jacksonia 3553N/A0 0 000000050.5 00050.5 scoparia/Banksia integrifolia ssp. integrifolia Swamp Sclerophyll Forest & Woodland: Melaleuca quinquenervia 4003 31 90 121 211 2 276 2525 0 1559 4784 10 1199 863 5 1294 1340 4701 Casuarina glauca 4005 32 170 170 13 0 20 0 93 466 3 18 3 0 107.5 184 312.5 Melaleuca quinquenervia - Casuarina glauca 4099 31/32 70 6 76 0 102 0 162 416 5 66 132 1 170 249 618 Formation: Shrubland (Scrub) Dry Sclerophyll Shrubland: Banksia aemula - Allocasuarina littoralis 5403 224 0 19 19 29 0 0 0 67 0 25 0 32030 Banksia serrata - Allocasuarina littoralis - 5405 224 0 0 80008 0000000 Leptospermum trinervium Acacia sophorae 5408 224 0 0 00000 15 74 5 0.5 0 0 79.5 Banksia integrifolia ssp. integrifolia - 54092240 0 00000000 057057 Allocasuarina littoralis - Themeda australis Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata - 5411 224 0 0 0 49 25 0 74 0 0 0 0000 Acacia sophorae Swamp Sclerophyll Shrubland Melaleuca quinquenervia 5506 224 0 0 86 6.5 0 19 111.5 0 0 42 10043 Formation: Heathland Dry Heathland Banksia aemula - Allocasuarina littoralis 5803 223 0 0 17 0 0 110 127 0 40 3 11 0 0 54 Graminoid Clay Heathland Banksia oblongifolia - Allocasuarina littoralis 5902 223 0 0 0 22 0 1169 1191 2 1 0 0001 - Aristida warburgii - Ptilothrix deusta

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 128 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Banksia oblongifolia - Allocasuarina 5903 223 0 0 00000 01020000102 littoralis - Hakea teretifolia - Aristida warburgii - Ptilothrix deusta Banksia oblongifolia - Allocasuarina 5904 223 0 0 00000 002000020 littoralis - Hakea teretifolia - Aristida warburgii - Themeda australis Formation: Chenopod Shrubland Sarcocornia quinqueflora ssp. quinqueflora 6102 N/A 0 0 00000 000047.5047.5 - Sporobolus virginicus Formation: Tussock Grassland Spinifex sericeus 62022300 0 000000632 0.5 0 0 65.5 Formation: Sod Grassland Themeda australis 6302 230 0 0 0 1 0 14 15 1 5 8 3.5 0 4 20.5 Formation: Sedgeland Baumea juncea 6402 231 0 1 1 3 12 0 87 104 0 4.5 74 0 272 95.5 446 00 0 Formation: Rushland Juncus kraussii ssp. australiensis 6502231088 00042001.50 0 147 0 148.5 Typha orientalis 6504 231 0 0 00000 00006.506.5 00 0 * Communties of conservation significance on north coast are highlighted in bold. Areas of vegetation communities occurring within Hat Head NP and Arakoon SCA are highlighted in bold and underlined

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 129 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 APPENDIX 7 Table 12. Fauna species of conservation significance recorded within 10km of the subject site (NP&WS Atlas database)

Common Name Scientific Name Recorded in Preferred Habitat Likelihood of occurrence study area Frogs Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula No Shallow coastal acidic swamp and sedge land Low. Possible habitat in Map often in association with Melaleuca spp.1,2 Units 3a, 5b. Reptiles Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta No Forages in deep water throughout warm None temperate and tropical waters. 3 Green turtle Chelonia mydas No Tropical coastlines and pan-tropical distribution None throughout the world. 3 Leathery Turtle Demochelys coriacea No Throughout coastal waters of Australia. 3 None Birds Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata No Large seasonal wetlands and well vegetated dams None with rushes and sedges. 4 Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus No Coastal wetland systems, mangroves, tidal None mudflats, open woodlands, irrigated lands, bore drains, farm dams and sewerage ponds. 4,5 Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura No Open eucalypt forests, woodlands, timbered High – habitat in Map Units 1a, 2a, watercourses and mallee that are rich in passerine 2b, 3a, 4a, 5a, 5b. species. May forage over adjacent heaths and low scrub. 4,6,7 Osprey Pandion haliaetus Yes (2) Coasts, estuaries, bays, inlets, islands and Known from survey area and adjacent surrounding waters, terrestrial wetlands, ascends sites. larger rivers. Requires extensive areas of clear open water for foraging. 4,6,7 Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa No Tidal mudflats, estuaries, sand spits, shallow river Low – possible habitat in Map Units margins, sewerage ponds, inland on large lake 3a, 4a systems both fresh and brackish. 4 Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea No Floating vegetation of permanent and semi None permanent wetlands, well vegetated dams. 4,5,8 Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris No Undisturbed sandy, shell grit and pebbly beaches, High – edges of Map Units 4a, 6a.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 130 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Common Name Scientific Name Recorded in Preferred Habitat Likelihood of occurrence study area sand spits, sandbars, tidal mudflats, coastal islands. Occasionally rocky reefs, shorelines, brackish or saline wetlands. 4 Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus Yes (2) Intertidal rocky shores and reefs although Known along rocky foreshores (Map occasional tidal mudflats and sand spits. 4 Unit 6a), possible habitat along edges of Map Unit 4a Little Tern Sterna albifrons No Coastal waters, bays, inlets, saline, brackish lakes, High – Map Units 4a, 6a. salt fields, sewerage ponds near coast. 4 Wompoo Fruit Dove Ptilinopus magnificus No Rainforests, adjacent eucalypt forest, vine thickets, Moderate – some marginal habitat in mangroves, fruiting trees in riparian zones and Map Units 1a, 2a. isolated habitats 4, 9,10 Rose Crowned Fruit Ptilinopus regina No Rainforests, vine scrubs, wet sclerophyll forest, Moderate – some marginal habitat in Dove adjacent eucalypt forest near rainforest, swamp Map Units 1a, 2a. woodlands, mangroves, isolated fruiting trees. 4,9,10 Glossy Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami Yes (6) Eucalypt woodlands and forest closely associated Known – evidence of chewed with Allocasuarina and Casuarina species 4,6,11 Allocasuarina fruits in Map Units 5a, 5b. Powerful Owl Ninox strenua No Mountain forests both wet and dry, gullies, forest High – possible foraging habitat in margins, woodlands, coastal forest, scrubs, Map Units 1a, 2a, 2b, 5a. plantations, riparian habitats, sometimes urban areas. Requires elevated hollows for nesting. 4,6,12,13,14,15,16 Barred Cuckoo-shrike Coracina lineata No Rainforests, vine scrub, eucalypt forest and Moderate – possible habitat in Map woodlands, clearings in secondary growth, Units 1a, 2a, 2b, 3a, 4a. paperbark forests, timbered watercourses, native figs, plantations and gardens. 4 Mammals Brush-tailed Phascogale Phascogale tapoatafa Yes (2) Open dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands with Known – habitat in Map units 2a, 2b, an open understorey. Uses variety of hollow 5a, 5b. resources. 8,17,18 Koala Phascolarctos cinereus No Closely associated with high nutrient soils in Low – no primary browse species on eucalypt forests. Preferred species include swamp site, but may utilise adjacent areas of mahogany, tallowwood, forest red gum. 18,19,20,21,22 Hat Head NP.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 131 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Common Name Scientific Name Recorded in Preferred Habitat Likelihood of occurrence study area Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis Yes (2) Inhabits dry sclerophyll forest and woodland Known – habitat in Map Units 2a, 2b, where it requires an abundance of tree hollows. A 4a, 5a, 5b variety of foraging resources are required to enable year round food supply i.e. winter flower Banksia spp or swamp mahogany. 18,24,25,26 Grey-Headed Flying Pteropus poliocephalus Yes (2) Throughout coastal eastern Australia where it Known – possible habitat in Map Fox forages on a wide range of fruit and blossom. Units 1a, 2a, 2b, 4a, 5a. Roosts occur in dense forest types often close to water with animals dispersing up to 50 km a night to forage. Roost site at Arakoon 18, 27, 28, 34 Common Blossom Bat Syconycteris australis No A combination of heathland and coastal littoral High – possible habitat in Map Units rainforest is essential for this species. 28,29 1a, 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b Little Bent-wing Bat Miniopterus australis No Well timbered habitats, rainforest, Melaleuca High – possible habitat in Map Units swamps, dry sclerophyll forests. Often roosts in 1a, 2a, 2b, 3a, 5a, 5b caves, road culverts and tree hollows. 8,28,30,31,32 Greater Broad-nosed Scoteanax rueppellii No Preference for moist gully associated with coastal High – possible habitat in Map Units Bat forest and rainforest. Also occupies woodland, 1a, 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b sclerophyll forests. 28 Hoary Wattled Bat Chalinolobus nigrogriseus No Occupy range of forest types including monsoonal High – possible habitat in Map Units forest, tall open forest, open woodland, vine 1a, 2a, 2b, 3a, 5a, 5b thickets, coastal scrubs, sand dunes, grasslands and floodplains. 28 Eastern Free-tail Bat Mormopterus norfolkensis No Found in dry eucalypt forest, woodland, wet High – possible habitat in Map Units sclerophyll and rainforest east of the Great 1a, 2a, 2b, 3a, 5a, 5b Dividing Range. 28, 33 Eastern Cave Bat Vespadelus troughtoni No Cave dwelling species that inhabits tropical mixed Moderate – some foraging habitat in woodland and wet sclerophyll forest on the coast Map Units 1a, 2a, 2b and dividing range. 28 Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae No Worldwide distribution where it inhabits migrates None to warmer water to breed. On east coast migration extends into Hervey Bay and southern Great Barrier Reef.18

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 132 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Key to references in Table XXXXX: 1 = Ehmann (1997), 2 = (SFNSW 1995a), 3 = Cogger (1995), 4 = Pizzey and Knight (1997), 5 = Marchant and Higgins (1990), 6 = Garnett (1993), 7 = Marchant and Higgins (1993), 8 = B. Lewis pers. obs, 9 = Marchant and Davies (1996), 10 = Recher et al. (1995), 11 = Clout (1989), 12 = Kavanagh et al. (1995), 13 = Kavanagh and Bamkin (1994), 14 = Debus and Chafer (1994), 15 = Lavazanian et al. (1994), 16 = Webster et al (1999). 17 = Soderquist (1995), 18 = Menkhorst and Knight (2001), 19 = Lunney et al. (1998), 20 = Knott et al. (1998), 21 = Martin and Handasyde (1995), 22 = Reed et al. (1990). 23 = Suckling (1995), 24 = Suckling (1984), 25 = Menkhorst et al. (1998), 26= Rowston (1998), 27 = Tidemann (1995), 28 = Churchill (1998), 29 = Law (1993), 30 = Schultz (1997), 31 = Schultz and de Oliveira (1995), 32 = Dwyer (1995), 33 = Allison and Hoye (1995), 34 = Eby (2002).

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 133 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 APPENDIX 8 Table 13. Natural and cultural values of vegetation types on the site A summary of the natural landscape features of the site and their contribution to the significance of the site is presented in Table 13 (below). These natural features include a variety of native vegetation types, habitats, geology and plantings.

Site/ area Map Unit Conservation value Natural values Cultural values

Natural Cultural

Areas of heath and 5b High High (cemetery Ecologically valuable habitat for a variety of Provides natural backdrop for the Monument, with scrub on upper on Monument threatened or regionally significant flora and fauna extensive views enabling visitors to contemplate slopes of Monument Hill) species, and includes at least one vegetation type significance of site. Allows visitors opportunities to Hill considered of regional conservation value. Coastal experience natural surroundings of the area. headland heath and scrub not extensive on north Monument attracts considerable numbers of visitors coast. Low scrub and heathland provides structural, and is integral part of the site’s cultural floristic and aesthetic contrast with surrounding significance. forested areas, and allows for extensive views across site and over adjacent areas for a considerable distance. Also provides naturally vegetated link for fauna and flora species’ dispersal between site and large expanses of natural vegetation and habitats within Hat Head NP to south.

Areas of scrub and 5a High Moderate Ecologically valuable habitat for a variety of No sites of special cultural interest, but track up to woodland on upper threatened or regionally significant flora and fauna Monument Hill passes through this vegetation type, and mid-slopes of species, and forms ecotone between heath on upper and allows for occasional views over rock cliffs Monument Hill slopes and forested sites at lower elevations. Low which were quarried for stone for the gaol and scrub and woodland provides structural, floristic and breakwater. aesthetic contrast with surrounding forested areas, and allows for some views across site and over adjacent areas. Also provides naturally vegetated link for fauna and flora species’ dispersal between site and large expanses of natural vegetation and habitats within Hat Head NP to south.

Creekline and 1a High Moderate Natural vegetation along creekline creates habitat and Occasionally used for passive recreation, screens

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 134 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation value Natural values Cultural values

Natural Cultural drainage channel in corridor for dispersal for fauna, provides natural camping area from adjacent sites. Drainage channel centre of camping backdrop to camping areas, functions as natural filter dammed in two places, forming vegetated wetlands, area for water quality, enhances natural beauty of the site but upper wetland generally weed-infested and and breaks up otherwise montonous expanses of overgrown, while lower wetland largely hidden grass. from view and not readily accessible.

Areas of regnerating 1a High Moderate Ecologically valuable habitat for a variety of Occasionally used for passive recreation, screens Littoral Rainforest threatened bird and mammalian fauna species, and road from camping sites and open space areas, and e.g. to south-west provides some potential habitat for a number of provides very effective screen for kiosk from access and north of kiosk threatened and regionally significant flora species. roads and foot trails. All littoral rainforest on north coast considered ecologically valuable and sensitive to disturbance. Provides natural backdrop to kiosk and open space areas, and contributes significantly to identity of the site. Also functions as natural water filter, and contrasts with “dry sclerophyll” vegetation types and open space areas elsewhere on the site.

Forest on lower 2a High Moderate Ecologically valuable habitat for a variety of Occasionally used for passive recreation, screens slopes, mostly to threatened bird and mammalian fauna species, and road from camping sites and open space areas, and west of entrance provides some potential habitat for a number of provides very effective screen for kiosk from access road threatened and regionally significant flora species. road to south and foot trails. Most “wet sclerophyll” forest types on north coast considered ecologically valuable, and most are sensitive to disturbance. Provides natural backdrop to kiosk and open space areas, contributes significantly to identity of the site and provides naturally vegetated link for fauna and flora species’ dispersal between site and adjacent forested areas to south and west of the site. Also functions as natural water filter, and contrasts with “dry sclerophyll” vegetation types and open space areas elsewhere on

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 135 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation value Natural values Cultural values

Natural Cultural the site.

Forest and open 2b Moderate High (powder Ecologically valuable habitat for a variety of Foot tracks exist along lower slopes of Monument forest in gullies, magazines); threatened bird and mammalian fauna species, and Hill to powder magazine blocks, which receive mostly to east of otherwise provides some potential habitat for a number of some visitors. Otherwise areas of this vegetation entrance road moderate threatened and regionally significant flora species. type used for bushwalking, or as link between Most “wet sclerophyll” forest types on north coast campgrounds/ kiosk/access road to Monument Hill considered ecologically valuable, and most are and memorial. sensitive to disturbance. Provides naturally vegetated link for fauna and flora species’ dispersal between site and adjacent forested areas to south of the site. Also functions as natural water filter (especially along lower and mid-sections of a minor creekline which originates on Monument Hill), and is important as an ecotone between “wet” (forest) and “dry sclerophyll” (woodland/open forest) vegetation.

Swampy areas to 3a Moderate Moderate Provides valuable habitat for a number of threatened Occasional foot tracks through this vegetation type west and south-west flora and fauna species as well as actual and potential used for passive recreation including bushwalking, of kiosk and habitat for regionally significant species. Most and as access to western sections of Front Beach. camping grounds, “swamp sclerophyll” vegetation types occur on and to rear of poorly-drained soils sensitive to disturbance (PASS)5. foredunes along Provides naturally vegetated link for fauna and flora Front Beach. species’ dispersal between site and adjacent areas to south-west of the site, as far as South West Rocks. Also functions as natural water filter for both surface and groundwater purification, acts as temporary detention site for surface runoff and eliminates ecological damage associated with PASS.

5 Potential Acid Sulphate Soils

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 136 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation value Natural values Cultural values

Natural Cultural

Woodland and 4a Moderate Moderate Provides potential habitat for a number of threatened Occasional foot tracks through this vegetation type scrub along flora and fauna species as well as for regionally used for passive recreation including bushwalking, stabilised dunes to significant species. Most vegetation types occurring and as access to western sections of Front Beach. rear of Front Beach on dune systems are highly sensitive to disturbance, and wind and water erosion highly likely if vegetation is removed or severely disturbed. Provides naturally vegetated link for fauna and flora species’ dispersal between site and adjacent areas to south-west and west of the site, as far as South West Rocks. Also functions as natural water filter for both surface and groundwater purification, provides natural setting for Front Beach and provides shelter and shade from sunlight.

Vegetation between 4a Moderate High Vegetation along beach front (to west of Laggers Important backdrop to camping areas and as natural camping area and (disturbed) Point) necessary for stabilisation of highly erodible frame for views of gaol site from Front Beach. beach front sandy soils exposed to wave erosion. Vegetation also Provides some shade and shelter to visitors and provides natural backdrop to camping areas, campsites. contributes to identity of the site, enhances natural beauty of the site and provides shelter for visitors and campsites from strong winds, shade from sun.

Vegetation on 6a/4a Moderate Moderate Vegetation along headlands and rocky foreshores (to Natural and some horticultural vegetation provides headlands and rocky east and south of Laggers Point) necessary for natural backdrop for users of this area. Provides foreshores stabilisation of highly erodable soils. Vegetation also some limited shade and shelter from sun and strong provides natural backdrop to gaol and picnic areas, coastal winds, plays minor role in defining BBQ enhances natural beauty of the site and provides sites. shelter for fauna, shade from sun for day visitors and recreational users.

Horticultural 7a Low High Horticultural plantings of native and exotic species Horticultural tree plantings create strong sense of vegetation and may provide limited habitat and foraging resources local identity, give shelter from sunlight, help to

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 137 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation value Natural values Cultural values

Natural Cultural camping areas for fauna. delineate boundaries between open space areas which have different purposes. Areas of mown turf and grass create accessible camping sites, easy pedestrian access and safe play area for children.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 138 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 APPENDIX 9 Table 14. Summary of natural values and conflicts with cultural values and usages.

Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Natural values Conflicts/ Issues value Areas of heath 5b High Ecologically valuable habitat for a variety of threatened or Erosion along sides of footpath to Monument Hill, with and scrub on regionally significant flora and fauna species, and includes consequent effects on surrounding native vegetation; also upper slopes of at least one vegetation type considered of regional forms means of dispersal for weed propagules, especially Monument Hill conservation value. Coastal headland heath and scrub not during heavy rain. Weeds also spread via pedestrian traffic, extensive on north coast. Low scrub, heathland and and Noxious Weeds (such as St. John’s Wort) may easily Areas of scrub 5a High woodland provides structural, floristic and aesthetic contrast spread to other areas. Some vegetation also trampled along and woodland on with surrounding forested areas, and allows for extensive edges of track especially where track is narrow. Some taller upper and mid- views across site and over adjacent areas for a considerable vegetation broken or damaged for views, illegal access. slopes of distance. Also provides naturally vegetated link for fauna High visitation rates may also cause disturbance to fauna Monument Hill and flora species’ dispersal between site and large expanses life cycles. Areas surrounding Monument and within of natural vegetation and habitats within Hat Head NP to cemetery also require better design and management, as this south. area appears to be a source of weeds. While native vegetation provides a scenic background to the area, limited information is available to visitors which would provide some appreciation of the diversity and significance of the vegetation and its habitats – the (few) interpretive signs along the track do not give a sufficiently broad scope of information to be useful, or are misleading or inaccurate. Creekline and 1a High Natural vegetation along creekline creates habitat and Camping areas currently at or near maximum capacity for drainage channel corridor for dispersal for fauna, provides natural backdrop significant periods, therefore extra space required. in centre of to camping areas, functions as natural filter for water Unregulated pedestrian access to areas of natural vegetation camping area quality, enhances natural beauty of the site and breaks up is creating network of footpaths, with consequent trampling otherwise montonous expanses of grass. and removal of vegetation, erosion, soil compaction and spread of weed species. This vegetation is not currently being allowed to function as a corridor, due to unrestricted public access. In addition, there is no information available which explains the

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 139 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Natural values Conflicts/ Issues value importance of such remnant vegetation on the site – it is therefore possible that visitors to the site only view such vegetation as being of little or no value. Areas of 1a High Ecologically valuable habitat for a variety of threatened bird Weed infestation, especially along edges, roads and tracks. regnerating and mammalian fauna species, and provides some potential Weeds are being spread via pedestrian traffic and are likely Littoral habitat for a number of threatened and regionally significant to spread to new sites where pedestrian access is not Rainforest e.g. to flora species. All littoral rainforest on north coast adequately defined or restricted. Rubbish dumped along south-west and considered ecologically valuable and sensitive to edges of vegetation, particularly along the main access road north of kiosk disturbance. Provides natural backdrop to kiosk and open to the gaol site. Vegetation on roadsides obscures visibility space areas, and contributes significantly to identity of the for traffic and pedestrians, leaving some “blind” bends site. Also functions as natural water filter, and contrasts which are especially hazardous to pedestrians and cyclists. with “dry sclerophyll” vegetation types and open space In addition, there is no information available which explains areas elsewhere on the site. the importance of such remnant vegetation on the site, its local or regional significance, or its importance as habitat for a number of threatened species – it is therefore possible that visitors to the site only view such vegetation as being of little or no value. Forest on lower 2a High Ecologically valuable habitat for a variety of threatened bird Weed infestation, especially along edges, roads and tracks. slopes, mostly to and mammalian fauna species, and provides some potential Weeds are being spread via pedestrian traffic and are likely west of entrance habitat for a number of threatened and regionally significant to spread to new sites where pedestrian access is not road flora species. Most “wet sclerophyll” forest types on north adequately defined or restricted. Rubbish dumped along coast considered ecologically valuable, and most are edges of vegetation, particularly along the main access road sensitive to disturbance. Provides natural backdrop to kiosk to the site. Vegetation on roadsides obscures visibility for and open space areas, contributes significantly to identity of traffic and pedestrians, leaving some “blind” bends which the site and provides naturally vegetated link for fauna and are especially hazardous to pedestrians and cyclists. flora species’ dispersal between site and adjacent forested In addition, there is no information available which explains areas to south and west of the site. Also functions as natural the importance of such remnant vegetation on the site, its water filter, and contrasts with “dry sclerophyll” vegetation local or regional significance, or its importance as habitat types and open space areas elsewhere on the site. for a number of threatened species – it is therefore possible that visitors to the site only view such vegetation as being of little or no value.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 140 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Natural values Conflicts/ Issues value Forest and open 2b Moderate Ecologically valuable habitat for a variety of threatened bird Weed infestation, especially along edges, roads and tracks. forest in gullies, and mammalian fauna species, and provides some potential Weeds are being spread via pedestrian traffic and are likely mostly to east of habitat for a number of threatened and regionally significant to spread to new sites where pedestrian access is not entrance road flora species. Most “wet sclerophyll” forest types on north adequately defined or restricted. Very narrow track to coast considered ecologically valuable, and most are Powder Magazines eroding in some short sections; also sensitive to disturbance. Provides naturally vegetated link track edges poorly defined. Natural contours of minor for fauna and flora species’ dispersal between site and creekline altered adjacent to main entry road, with adjacent forested areas to south of the site. Also functions consequent aterations to creek flow. as natural water filter (especially along lower and mid- In addition, there is no information available which explains sections of a minor creekline which originates on the importance of such remnant vegetation on the site, its Monument Hill), and is important as an ecotone between local or regional significance, or its importance as habitat “wet” (forest) and “dry sclerophyll” (woodland/open forest) for a number of threatened species – it is therefore possible vegetation. that visitors to the site only view such vegetation as being of little or no value. Swampy areas to 3a Moderate Provides valuable habitat for a number of threatened flora Weed infestation, especially along edges, roads and tracks. west and south- and fauna species as well as actual and potential habitat for Weeds are being spread via pedestrian traffic and are likely west of kiosk regionally significant species. Most “swamp sclerophyll” to spread to new sites where pedestrian access is not and camping vegetation types occur on poorly-drained soils sensitive to adequately defined or restricted. grounds disturbance (PASS)6. Provides naturally vegetated link for In addition, there is no information available which explains fauna and flora species’ dispersal between site and adjacent the importance of such remnant vegetation on the site, its areas to south-west of the site, as far as South West Rocks. local or regional significance, its importance as habitat for a Also functions as natural water filter for both surface and number of threatened species or its function as a link to groundwater purification, acts as temporary detention site adjacent natural areas – it is therefore possible that visitors for surface runoff and eliminates ecological damage to the site only view such vegetation as being of little or no associated with PASS. value. Woodland and 4a Moderate Provides potential habitat for a number of threatened flora Weed infestation, especially along edges, roads and tracks. scrub along and fauna species as well as for regionally significant Weeds are being spread via pedestrian traffic and are likely stabilised dunes species. Most vegetation types occurring on dune systems to spread to new sites where pedestrian access is not

6 Potential Acid Sulphate Soils

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 141 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Natural values Conflicts/ Issues value to rear of Front are highly sensitive to disturbance, and wind and water adequately defined or restricted. Beach erosion highly likely if vegetation is removed or severely In addition, there is no information available which explains disturbed. Provides naturally vegetated link for fauna and the importance of such remnant vegetation on the site, its flora species’ dispersal between site and adjacent areas to local or regional significance, its importance as habitat for a south-west and west of the site, as far as South West Rocks. number of threatened species or its function as a link to Also functions as natural water filter for both surface and adjacent natural areas – it is therefore possible that visitors groundwater purification, provides natural setting for Front to the site only view such vegetation as being of little or no Beach and provides shelter and shade from sunlight. value. Vegetation 4a Vegetation along beach front (to west of Laggers Point) Camping areas currently at or near maximum capacity for between (disturbed) necessary for stabilisation of highly erodible sandy soils significant periods, therefore extra space required. camping area exposed to wave erosion. Vegetation also provides natural Unregulated pedestrian access to areas of natural vegetation and beach front backdrop to camping areas, contributes to identity of the is creating network of footpaths, with consequent trampling site, enhances natural beauty of the site and provides shelter and removal of vegetation, erosion, soil compaction and for visitors and campsites from strong winds, shade from spread of weed species. sun. This narrow strip of vegetation is not sufficiently wide to be able to function as a natural system. In addition, the issues outlined above with respect to unregulated pedestrian access are contributing to its decline, and does not contribute to the aesthetic appeal of the site. Little or no information available on the significance of foreshore vegetation or environments as habitat for a range of fauna species (especially migratory or wading bird species), which would contribute to an increased valuation of such habitats. Vegetation on 6a/4a Vegetation along headlands and rocky foreshores (to east Vehicle access for boat ramp and recreational users of site headlands and and south of Laggers Point) necessary for stabilisation of (e.g. fishing) is currently poorly managed, with unrestricted rocky foreshores highly erodible soils. Vegetation also provides natural pedestrian access, poorly-defined vehicle access and backdrop to gaol and picnic areas, enhances natural beauty parking. Soils eroding where vegetation is being trampled of the site and provides shelter for fauna, shade from sun for or removed due to unregulated access, weeds spreading, day visitors and recreational users. grassed areas around BBQ sites poorly-defined, often

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 142 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Natural values Conflicts/ Issues value composed mostly of weed species. Remnant native vegetation becoming fragmented, often subject to weed infestation. Little or no information available on the significance of foreshore vegetation or environments as habitat for a range of fauna species (especially migratory bird species), which would contribute to an increased valuation of such habitats. Horticultural 7a Low Horticultural plantings of native and exotic species may Poorly-defined edges of native vegetation leading to vegetation and provide limited habitat and foraging resources for fauna. excessive foot traffic; permitted parking of vehicles over camping areas tree root systems causing soil compaction, erosion and decreased tree health and lifespan. Heavily used areas (vehicle and pedestrian) creating large areas of bare soil with little chance of groundcover re-establishing. Less regularly maintained areas harbour weed species.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 143 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 APPENDIX 10 Table 15. Summary of management options for identified conflicts.

Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Conflicts/ Issues Management Options value Areas of heath 5b High Erosion along sides of footpath to Monument Hill, with Management issues to consider include:- and scrub on consequent effects on surrounding native vegetation; also upper slopes of forms means of dispersal for weed propagules, especially • Erosion control measures along track sides; Monument Hill during heavy rain. Weeds also spread via pedestrian traffic, and Noxious and Environmental Weeds (such as St. John’s • removal of Noxious and Environmental weed Areas of scrub 5a High Wort) may easily spread to other areas. Some vegetation species; and woodland on also trampled along edges of track especially where track is upper and mid- • removal or control of other environmental or narrow. Some taller vegetation broken or damaged for easily-spread weed species; slopes of views, illegal access. Monument Hill High visitation rates may also cause disturbance to fauna • replanting areas of bare soil alongside track with life cycles. Area surrounding Monument and within locally-derived stock, where appropriate; cemetery also requires better design and management, as this area appears to be a source of weeds. • instigate new management guidelines for area surrounding and within existing cemetery, in order While native vegetation provides a scenic background to the to remove or control weeds, improve aesthetic area, limited information is available to visitors which appeal of site, and discourage removal of native would provide some appreciation of the diversity and vegetation for views; significance of the vegetation and its habitats – the (few) interpretive signs along the track do not give a sufficiently • design and distribute information pamphlet or broad scope of information to be useful, or are misleading brochure which gives an adequate description of or inaccurate. the values of the native vegetation in this area. If trackside interpretive signs are to be used, they should be designed to ensure that the information they provide is worthwhile and accurate.

Creekline and 1a High Camping areas currently at or near maximum capacity for Management issues to consider include:- drainage channel significant periods, therefore extra space required. in centre of Unregulated pedestrian access to areas of natural vegetation • fencing off native vegetation so that natural and camping area is creating network of footpaths, with consequent trampling assisted regeneration can proceed; and removal of vegetation, erosion, soil compaction and • prevention of unregulated pedestrian access (via

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 144 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Conflicts/ Issues Management Options value spread of weed species. fencing, dense plantings etc.);

This vegetation is not currently being allowed to function as • provision of adequate, rationally-placed paths for a corridor, due to unrestricted public access. In addition, access to and from campgrounds to beach and vice there is no information available which explains the versa; importance of such remnant vegetation on the site – it is therefore possible that visitors to the site only view such • weed eradication and control programmes, vegetation as being of little or no value. particularly for invasive or other environmental Planting of macrophytes throughout the dammed portion of weed species; the creekline is likely to contribute to overall water quality • prevention of further soil erosion (e.g. mechanical, as well as a reduction in the perpetuation of algae (such as plantings); Blue-green algae) throughout areas where water flow is minimal. • design and distribute information pamphlet or brochure which gives an adequate description of the values of the native vegetation in this area, particularly with respect to its function as an area for dispersal and habitat. If interpretive signs are to be used, they should be designed to ensure that the information they provide is worthwhile and accurate;

• remove weeds from both artificially-derived wetlands along this creekline – design and implement new planting and maintenance regimes, bearing in mind that one of these wetland systems is adjacent to camping sites and therefore needs to be aesthetically pleasing.

Areas of 1a High Weed infestation, especially along edges, roads and tracks. Management issues to consider include:- regnerating Weeds are being spread via pedestrian traffic and are likely Littoral to spread to new sites where pedestrian access is not • fencing off native vegetation so that natural and Rainforest e.g. to adequately defined or restricted. Rubbish dumped along assisted regeneration can proceed; south-west and edges of vegetation, particularly along the main access road

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 145 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Conflicts/ Issues Management Options value north of kiosk to the site. Vegetation on roadsides obscures visibility for traffic and pedestrians. • prevention of unregulated pedestrian access (via fencing, dense plantings etc.); In addition, there is no information available which explains the importance of such remnant vegetation on the site, its • provision of adequate, rationally-placed paths for local or regional significance, or its importance as habitat access to and from campgrounds to other parts of for a number of threatened species – it is therefore possible he site and vice versa; that visitors to the site only view such vegetation as being of little or no value. • weed eradication and control programmes, particularly for invasive or other environmental weed species;

• prevention of further soil erosion (e.g. mechanical, plantings);

• design and distribute information pamphlet or brochure which gives an adequate description of the values of the native vegetation in this area, particularly with respect to its function as an area for dispersal and habitat. If interpretive signs are to be used, they should be designed to ensure that the information they provide is worthwhile and accurate;

• remove weeds from both artificially-derived wetlands along this creekline – design and implement new planting and maintenance regimes, bearing in mind that one of these wetland systems is adjacent to camping sites and therefore needs to be aesthetically pleasing.

Forest on lower 2a High Weed infestation, especially along edges, roads and tracks. as above slopes, mostly to Weeds are being spread via pedestrian traffic and are likely west of entrance to spread to new sites where pedestrian access is not

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 146 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Conflicts/ Issues Management Options value road adequately defined or restricted. Rubbish dumped along edges of vegetation, particularly along the main access road to the site. Vegetation on roadsides obscures visibility for traffic and pedestrians. In addition, there is no information available which explains the importance of such remnant vegetation on the site, its local or regional significance, or its importance as habitat for a number of threatened species – it is therefore possible that visitors to the site only view such vegetation as being of little or no value. Forest and open 2b Moderate Weed infestation, especially along edges, roads and tracks. Management issues to consider include:- forest in gullies, Weeds are being spread via pedestrian traffic and are likely mostly to east of to spread to new sites where pedestrian access is not • fencing off native vegetation so that natural and entrance road adequately defined or restricted. Very narrow track to assisted regeneration can proceed; Powder Magazines eroding in some short sections; also track edges poorly defined. Natural contours of minor • prevention of unregulated pedestrian access (via creekline altered adjacent to main entry road, with fencing, dense plantings etc.); consequent aterations to creek flow. • provision of adequate, rationally-placed paths for In addition, there is no information available which explains access to and from campgrounds to beach and vice the importance of such remnant vegetation on the site, its versa; local or regional significance, or its importance as habitat for a number of threatened species – it is therefore possible • weed eradication and control programmes, that visitors to the site only view such vegetation as being of particularly for invasive or other environmental little or no value. weed species; • prevention of further soil erosion (e.g. mechanical, plantings);

• design and distribute information pamphlet or brochure which gives an adequate description of the values of the native vegetation in this area, particularly with respect to its function as an area

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 147 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Conflicts/ Issues Management Options value for dispersal and habitat. If interpretive signs are to be used, they should be designed to ensure that the information they provide is worthwhile and accurate;

• remove weeds from both artificially-derived wetlands along this creekline – design and implement new planting and maintenance regimes, bearing in mind that one of these wetland systems is adjacent to camping sites and therefore needs to be aesthetically pleasing.

Swampy areas to 3a Moderate Weed infestation, especially along edges, roads and tracks. Management issues to consider include:- west and south- Weeds are being spread via pedestrian traffic and are likely west of kiosk to spread to new sites where pedestrian access is not • fencing off native vegetation so that natural and and camping adequately defined or restricted. assisted regeneration can proceed; grounds In addition, there is no information available which explains • prevention of unregulated pedestrian access (via the importance of such remnant vegetation on the site, its fencing, dense plantings etc.); local or regional significance, its importance as habitat for a number of threatened species or its function as a link to • weed eradication and control programmes, adjacent natural areas – it is therefore possible that visitors particularly for invasive or other environmental to the site only view such vegetation as being of little or no weed species; value. • design and distribute information pamphlet or brochure which gives an adequate description of the values of the native vegetation in this area, particularly with respect to its functions as a vegetated link/corridor to adjoining areas, water filter, potential for adverse ecological impacts if disturbed (e.g. PASS). If interpretive signs are to be used, they should be designed to ensure that the information they provide is worthwhile and accurate.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 148 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Conflicts/ Issues Management Options value Woodland and 4a Moderate Weed infestation, especially along edges, roads and tracks. Management issues to consider include:- scrub along Weeds are being spread via pedestrian traffic and are likely stabilised dunes to spread to new sites where pedestrian access is not • fencing off native vegetation so that natural and to rear of Front adequately defined or restricted. assisted regeneration can proceed; Beach In addition, there is no information available which explains • prevention of unregulated pedestrian access (via the importance of such remnant vegetation on the site, its fencing, dense plantings etc.); local or regional significance, its importance as habitat for a number of threatened species or its function as a link to • weed eradication and control programmes, adjacent natural areas – it is therefore possible that visitors particularly for invasive or other environmental to the site only view such vegetation as being of little or no weed species; value. • design and distribute information pamphlet or brochure which gives an adequate description of the values of the native vegetation in this area, particularly with respect to its functions as a vegetated link/corridor to adjoining areas, stabilisation of highly erodible soils.

Vegetation 4a Camping areas currently at or near maximum capacity for Management issues to consider include:- between (disturbed) significant periods, therefore extra space required. camping area Unregulated pedestrian access to areas of natural vegetation • fencing off native vegetation so that natural and and beach front is creating network of footpaths, with consequent trampling assisted regeneration can proceed; and removal of vegetation, erosion, soil compaction and spread of weed species. • replanting of suitable suite of native species in degraded/denuded areas, and extending to link This narrow strip of vegetation is not sufficiently wide to be vegetation near Laggers Point and the boat able to function as a natural system. In addition, the issues launching area with that to the west along Front outlined above with respect to unregulated pedestrian access Beach; are contributing to its decline, and does not contribute to the aesthetic appeal of the site. • prevention of unregulated pedestrian access (via fencing, dense plantings etc.); Little or no information available on the significance of foreshore vegetation or environments as habitat for a range • design and instal suitable pathways and access

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 149 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Conflicts/ Issues Management Options value of fauna species (especially migratory or wading bird points in rational locations; species), which would contribute to an increased valuation of such habitats. • weed eradication and control programmes, particularly for invasive or other environmental weed species;

• design and distribute information pamphlet or brochure which gives an adequate description of the values of the native vegetation in this area, particularly with respect to its functions in stabilisation of highly erodible soils.

Vegetation on 6a/4a Vehicle access for boat ramp and recreational users of site Management issues to consider include:- headlands and (e.g. fishing) is currently poorly managed, with unrestricted rocky foreshores pedestrian access, poorly-defined vehicle access and • fencing off native vegetation so that natural and parking. Soils eroding where vegetation is being trampled assisted regeneration can proceed; or removed due to unregulated access, weeds spreading, grassed areas around BBQ sites poorly-defined, often • replanting of suitable suite of native species in composed mostly of weed species. degraded/denuded areas, and extending to link vegetation near Laggers Point and the boat Remnant native vegetation becoming fragmented, often launching area with that to the west along Front subject to weed infestation. Little or no information Beach; available on the significance of foreshore vegetation or environments as habitat for a range of fauna species • prevention of unregulated pedestrian access (via (especially migratory bird species), which would contribute fencing, dense plantings etc.); to an increased valuation of such habitats. • design and instal suitable pathways and access points in rational locations;

• weed eradication and control programmes, particularly for invasive or other environmental weed species;

• redesign vehicle access and parking, particularly

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 150 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Conflicts/ Issues Management Options value around existing boat launching area and in or near BBQ facilities along shoreline;

• create vegetated barriers between car parking/access points and BBQ/picnic sites, using suitable suite of native species

• design and distribute information pamphlet or brochure which gives an adequate description of the values of the native vegetation in this area, particularly with respect to its functions in stabilising erodible soils, and as a windbreak.

Horticultural 7a Low Poorly-defined edges of native vegetation leading to Management issues to consider include:- vegetation and excessive foot traffic through vegetation; permitted parking camping areas of vehicles over tree root systems causing soil compaction, • fencing off native vegetation where it adjoins erosion and decreased tree health and lifespan. Heavily artificial landscapes so that natural and assisted used areas (vehicle and pedestrian) creating large areas of regeneration can proceed; bare soil with little chance of groundcover re-establishing. Less regularly maintained areas harbour weed species. • planting of suitable suite of native species along edges and in landscaped edges and beds – this would help to create defined areas and help to soften “hard” landscape areas;

• prevention of unregulated pedestrian access (via fencing, dense plantings etc.);

• design and instal suitable pathways and access points in rational locations;

• weed eradication and control programmes, particularly for invasive or other environmental weed species;

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 151 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 Site/ area Map Unit Conservation Conflicts/ Issues Management Options value • redesign vehicle access and parking, particularly where current usage is creating bare soils in and around campgrounds and other heavily-used sites;

• restrict vehicle access where current usage is compacting soil and damageing root zones of planted trees (e.g Norfolk Island pines in beachfront campsites).

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 152 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 APPENDIX 11 Fig. 1 Vegetation mapping for the survey area

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 153 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 APPENDIX 12 Key Threatening Processes which should be taken in to consideration.

Key threatening process listing - pending finalisation Infection of frogs by amphibian chytrid causing the disease chytridiomycosis - proposed key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee is considering declaring amphibian chytrid infection to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for this. On public exhibition until 7 February 2003.

Invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses - proposed key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee is considering declaring introduced grasses to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for this.

Removal of dead wood, dead trees and logs - proposed key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee is considering declaring the removal of dead wood to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for proposing this.

Key threatening process listing - final Alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers, streams, floodplains & wetlands - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared the alteration to the natural flow of watercourses to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Infection by Psittacine circoviral (beak and feather) disease affecting endangered psittacine species and populations - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared psittacine circoviral (beak and feather) disease to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Infection of native plants by Phytophthora cinnamomi - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared Phytophthora cinnamomi to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Bushrock removal - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared bushrock removal to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Clearing of native vegetation - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared land clearing to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Competition and grazing by the feral European rabbit - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared rabbits to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Competition from feral honeybees - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared feral honeybees to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Ecological consequences of high frequency fires - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared high frequency fires to be a 'key

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 154 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118 threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Human-caused climate change - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared human-caused climate change to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Importation of red imported fire ants into NSW - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared fire ants to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Invasion of native plant communities by bitou bush and boneseed - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared bitou bush to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Loss and/or degradation of sites used for hill-topping by butterflies - key threatening process declaration Many species of butterfly rely on hilltops for mating, but these sites are often used for housing, communications and other purposes. The NSW Scientific Committee has declared the loss of hill-topping sites to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. Find out why.

Predation by feral cats - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared feral cats to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Predation by the European red fox - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared foxes to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Predation by the plague minnow (Gambusia holbrooki) - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared plague minnows to be a 'key threatening process' in NSW. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Predation by the ship rat on Lord Howe Island - key threatening process declaration The NSW Scientific Committee has declared ship rats to be a 'key threatening process' on Lord Howe Island. See its reasons for making this declaration.

Bangalay Botanical Surveys 155 Flora, Fauna and Bushfire Risk Components Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Trial Bay Gaol, NSW. Ref: BBS0403118