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The Importance of Intermodal Transport in Poland in the Context of Sustainable Development

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The Importance of Intermodal Transport in Poland in the Context of Sustainable Development Transport Geography Papers of Polish Geographical Society 2020, 23(3), 69-83 DOI 10.4467/2543859XPKG.20.021.12789 Received (Otrzymano): 06.05.2020 Received in revised form (Otrzymano poprawioną wersję): 16.06.2020 Accepted (Zaakceptowano): 20.06.2020 Published (Opublikowano): 30.06.2020 THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERMODAL TRANSPORT IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Znaczenie transportu intermodalnego w Polsce w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju Gabriela Czapiewska Department of Socio-Economic Geography and Regional Studies, Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Tourism, Pomeranian University in Słupsk. Arciszewskiego 22a, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Citation: Czapiewska G., 2020, The importance of intermodal transport in Poland in the context of sustainable development, Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG, 23(3), 69–83. Abstract: Sustainable development is becoming a paradigm of civilisation changes of the contemporary world. Transport must be sustainable in the light of the challenges ahead. One of the most forward-looking types of transport, in terms of economy and ecology, namely intermodal transport, i.e., transport which uses more than one mode of transportation, has been recently gaining in importance. The purpose of this article is to present the role and importance of intermodal transport in Poland in the context of sustainable development. The first part of the study concentrates on the analysis of the issue of intermodal transport development, taking into account the assumptions of the policy of sustainable development. The further part of the study presents the essence of intermodal transport and its development potential in Poland, identifying the basic advantages and barriers in this area. The author has indicated the conditions that have shaped intermodal transport market and defined areas where changes and innovations need to be put in place to enable sustainable development of the intermodal market in the country. Intermodal transport is still struggling with many barriers, but the increasingly better infrastructure and policies of the European Union, which creates sustainable transport, have a positive impact on the growth of transport cohabitation. Based on the results of the conducted research, it can be concluded that there are both favourable external conditions and prospects for the intermodal transport development in Poland. Keywords: transport, intermodal transport, sustainable development, sustainable transport 70 Gabriela Czapiewska 1. Introduction is strongly promoted in the European Union (Lib- eradzki, Mindur, 2006; Grzelakowski, 2012; Kostrze- The directions of the development of the world econ- wski, 2013). In Poland, there are good prospects and omy have fundamentally influenced changes in trans- conditions for the development of intermodal trans- port, which has become an indispensable element of port in relation to international and domestic trans- modern social and economic processes. Transport port. The location of our country at the intersection constitutes the foundation of the national economy, of important trans-European transport corridors East- and mobility is extremely important not only for the West and North-South is an important asset, which domestic market, but also for the quality of citizens’ means that we have a chance to become a significant lives (Kościelniak, 2014; Rodrigue et al., 2017). Adverse intermodal hub of Central Europe (Wronka, 2017). effects of transport are felt by both environment and The purpose of this article is to present the role society. They are primarily associated with the conse- and importance of intermodal transport in Poland quences of road accidents and collisions, congestion, in the context of sustainable development. The first using fossil fuels (mainly crude oil), air, water and soil part of the study is devoted to an analysis of the issues pollution, emission of traffic noise and limiting the of intermodal transport development in view of the land area (Motowidlak, 2017). implementation of the assumptions of a sustainable A deteriorating condition of the natural envi- development policy. The further part of the study ronment is one of the most important problems of presents the essence of intermodal transport and its 21st century societies. Transport enables economic development potential in the country, identifying growth and job creation, and its development must basic advantages and barriers in this area. The cur- be sustainable in the light of future challenges. There- rent conditions affecting the intermodal transport fore, a need for environmental protection that affects market have been indicated, and the areas in which the preference for environmentally friendly transport it is necessary to implement changes and innovations branches and technologies is an important premise enabling sustainable development of the presented for the development of transport (Rosa, 2013). How- type of transport in Poland have been defined. The ever, for sustainable development to be effective, study has primarily applied a research method of close international cooperation is required (Korul- a critical comparative-descriptive analysis of the sub- czyk, 2014). Implementation of the assumptions of ject literature and the method of desk research. The economics and the policy of sustainable develop- conducted study was based on analysing the existing ment in terms of transport can be considered as an sources which are of a secondary nature – CSO data, important course of action, conducive to achieving available reports of the Office of Rail Transport as a balance between further economic and social well as materials developed and published by other development of the globalizing economy and the researchers. The issues discussed in the paper are preservation of environmental values and resources quite broad and difficult to explore in depth, so only (Motowidlak, 2017). One of the most forward-looking its selected aspects are illustrated, which is a certain types of transport, in terms of economics and ecol- indication for further considerations and research. ogy, is intermodal transport. Ecology is the essential element in favour of intermodal solutions. 2. The development of transport and the Intermodal transport is a category that has been paradigm of sustainable development given much attention in recent years, which results from globalisation, a growing importance of eco- A review of the literature enables defining differ- logical aspects, high external costs of transport with ent meanings and applications of the concept of a large share of road transport, a growing transport sustainable development. A necessity to meet the role of general cargo with a high degree of processing needs of the present generation with equal attention and a decreasing number of bulk transport (Agamez- to satisfy them by future generations is the start- Arias, Moyano-Fuentes, 2017; Przybylska, 2019). Glo- ing point in debates on sustainable development. balisation of world production and emerging of new To achieve sustainable development, coherence of markets require efficient transport systems, including three key elements is necessary: economic growth, intermodal ones, that can move relatively large load social inclusion and environmental protection. They streams (Rydzkowski, 2015; Whitty, 2018). Particular are all interconnected and extremely important to attention is paid to the possibilities associated with achieve well-being of individuals and entire socie- the development of railway as a branch with the best ties (Przekształcanie..., 2015). Therefore, stability of applicable parameters in intermodal transport. Due wealth in the intergenerational dimension is a feature to its pro-ecological nature and support for the co- of sustainable development (Kiełczewski, 2010). The modality of transport systems, this form of transport paradigm of sustainable development is primarily The importance of intermodal transport in Poland in the context of sustainable development 71 based on the policy of economic interventionism. development until 2030, it is a tool that allows achiev- In recent years, there has been a growing interest ing both economic-social goals and those related to all over the world in the phenomenon of sustain- the use and preservation of the natural environment. ability and its implications for the processes of plan- The concept of sustainable development of transport ning and functioning of the transport system (Litman, (2019) is a planning concept that is a medium-term Burwell, 2006; Pawłowska, 2013). In practice, how- integrated action plan. It aims to achieve strategic ever, there are great difficulties in the development goals that are embedded in the general strategy of transport in the convention of integrated order, of sustainable development. The first dimension of i.e. in the context of broadly understood sustainable these goals (economic) is expressed by a desire to transport (Motowidlak, 2017). improve the economic efficiency of passenger and The goal of sustainable development on trans- cargo transport. In the social dimension, activities port service market is to provide society with a vision are subordinated to increase availability, quality and of long-term escalation. It is important to align the safety of transport. However, their third dimension, elements of the system shaping the community’s i.e. the environmental one, aims, among others, to prospects so that the development of one of
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